Diet partitioning, habitat preferences and behavioral interactions between juvenile yellow perch and round goby in nearshore areas of Lake Erie

Ecological interactions between native and non-indigeneous species depend on interspecies dietary and habitat overlap and species-specific behavior. In the Great Lakes, the exotic round goby (Apollonia melanostoma) is very abundant in littoral areas used by the native yellow perch (Perca flavencens). We examined yellow perch-round goby interactions using multiple approaches. Field surveys analyzing dietary overlap among three size classes of yellow perch and round goby detected significant overlap only between juvenile perch (< 95 mm TL) and gobies (< 60 mm TL). Laboratory experiments using juvenile stages tested for habitat preference differences (open sand, macrophytes and dreissenids) in solitary, intraspecific (2 perch) and interspecific (1 perch, 1 goby) treatments. In macrophyte and dreissenid habitats, we tested for treatment differences in fish behavior (intraspecific vs. interspecific) and yellow perch growth (solitary, intraspecific and interspecific). Round goby consistently preferred complex habitats. Yellow perch showed diurnal preference of complex habitats, but increased nocturnal use of sand in the solitary and interspecific treatments. Activity was greater in dreissenid than macrophyte habitat, but prey attacks showed the opposite trend. Activity and prey attacks were greater in the intraspecific than interspecific treatments. The trend was due to lower prey attacks executed by round goby. In macrophytes, individual yellow perch growth was lower in the intraspecific than in the solitary and interspecific treatments. In dreissenids, intraspecific and interspecific competitors equally decreased yellow perch growth. Our results suggest differences in diet, habitat preference and behavior between juvenile round goby and yellow perch may allow their coexistence in nearshore areas.     

黄河口拦门沙对尾闾河道反馈影响的试验研究

通过模型试验,研究河口淤积延伸、不同尺寸和位置拦门沙对尾闾河道的反馈影响,并探讨河口径流与潮流交汇点(滞流点)与拦门沙的关系。研究结果表明,河口拦门沙的形成与滞流点的关系非常密切,滞流点的位置基本在拦门沙顶部变动,在径流量为500～1500m3s时,滞流点的变化范围在5km左右。河口演变对尾闾河道泄洪排沙的影响包括河口淤积延伸的影响和拦门沙的影响,河口淤积延伸的影响是主要的,拦门沙尺寸变化的影响是有限的,其影响范围一般在口门以上25km以内。     

黄河口清水沟行水年限的计算

八十年代中，人们提出黄河口应该改道了，报到中央，引起很大震动，报经作者研究，发现当时河口大堤防御水位尚有2m富余，河道比降也偏大较多，不必改道，以河道防洪条件作为改道标准，过去并不明确，作者进而用5种方法计算，得到河口还可以使用50年，不必加高河口大堤，而且都加了较大的安全系数，计算考虑了不能淤坏小清河口的问题，还进行了河口液次淤积延伸，附近潮汐因素依次变化的数学计算，没有发现有较大的不良影响。     

黄河口泥沙输运三维数值模拟Ⅱ--河口双导堤工程应用

黄河口双导堤工程是继国家“八五”攻关项目:“延长清水沟流路行水年限”完成后提出的黄河口治理的重大工程设想。本文利用河口海岸三维数学模型(HEM-3D)对黄河口双导堤工程实施后河口高、中流量条件及低流量与东北风组合条件下的河口泥沙输送过程进行了数值计算。对比不同方案下的计算结果发现,当河口流量控制在1 500m3/s以上时,泥沙可以经由河口双导堤顺畅入海,在潮流作用下向导堤两侧输送,这对疏通河口拦门沙并进一步稳定黄河入海流路能够起到积极的作用。在低流量与东北大风的组合条件下,河口泥沙难以通过双导堤顺畅入海,大部分的泥沙可能会在导堤内部淤积。因此,在目前形势下如何通过水库调度保证充足的入海径流量是工程实施前需要深入研究的重要问题。     

未来黄河下游治理的主要对策

针对黄河下游治理难度大、河情十分特殊的实际,提出了黄河下游治理的主要对策：①必须把握黄河未来水沙变化的规律;②要解决好黄河下游水资源不足的实际问题,在加大减沙入黄措施的同时寻求调水济黄途径;③应加大宽河道整治力度,重点研究“二级悬河”治理的对策;④对黄河下游宽河道边界应有新的布局;⑤黄河口治理应采取“输、挖、分”并举的方案,即束水冲沙、输沙入海,挖沙疏浚和科学分洪。     

黄河三角洲冲淤平衡的来沙量临界值分析

黄河三角洲在整体淤进的同时伴随着蚀退,近年来黄河来水来沙递减趋势,现行河流路海岸线淤进行减缓,原行河流流路岸线出现了严重的蚀退,三角洲造陆的趋势又速度制约着三角洲经济的持续发展和生态环境的演变,本文以近20年来黄河水文,泥沙,三角洲滨海区水深等的实测资料及卫星遥感照片为依据,研究了黄河三角洲面积变化的趋势以及与流域来水来沙的关系,得出三角洲整体趋于冲淤平衡的年来沙量临界值为2．45亿t。     

Re-engineering the eastern Lake Erie littoral food web: The trophic function of non-indigenous Ponto-Caspian species

The trophic roles of key Ponto-Caspian invaders (quagga mussels Dreissena bugensis, amphipods Echinogammarus ischnus and round goby Apollonia melanostomus) within the littoral food web of eastern Lake Erie were quantified using stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N). A dual stable isotope parameter search with a mass balance component was used to assess the isotopic importance of quagga mussels and amphipods as dietary items to two size classes of round goby. The utility of the mass balance simulation was also evaluated as a tool to approximate isotopic contributions of feasible prey and identify gaps incurred by “missing” prey items not included in the sampling. The mass balance dietary simulation, confirmed by stomach content data, indicated that isotopically important prey to small round goby (< 11.2 cm) were chironomids and Ponto-Caspian amphipods, while large round goby (≥ 11.2 cm) showed strong preference for quagga mussels. The dietary mass balance simulation output also supported the isotopic importance of round goby to the somatic growth of smallmouth bass, rock bass and freshwater drum. The isotopic mass balance output for yellow perch was more ambiguous, which may be in line with their known broadly omnivorous diet. The white bass output was in line with published data indicating increasing consumption of round goby for this species, while the brown trout output strongly favoured alewife isotopic contributions. However for white perch and walleye, the mass balance simulations were not in line with their known published diets in Lake Erie, probably due to a lack of key prey items in the sample set (e.g. zooplankton for white perch and shiner species for walleye). As expected, the Ponto-Caspian species have integrated themselves into the littoral food webs, and the “quagga mussel–round goby–smallmouth bass” food chain forms one of the key components within the trophodynamics of Lake Erie.     

利用潮汐治理河口拦门沙的探讨

黄河是弱潮河口,潮差小于２ｍ,但是黄河三角洲沿岸存在Ｍ２发潮“无潮点”,是一个高流速辐射流场,最大流速１２０ｃｍ／ｓ以上,影响着沿岸潮流场特性,同时,黄河河口段河道稳定,沙嘴突出后,河口外流场显增强,加强河口治理,可维持沿岸强潮流带,减缓河口淤积延伸。根据黄河口淤答延伸快、有广阔潮滩的特点,提出了在河口沙嘴上设置活动式橡皮坝的设想,并对橡皮坝增大纳潮量作了初步估算,冲刷降低拦门沙效果明显,尤其是     

Assessment of landed and non-landed by-catch of walleye, yellow perch and white perch from the commercial gillnet fisheries of Lake Erie, 1994-2007

Theoretical by-catch (including landed and non-landed bycatch) of walleye (S. vitreus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and white perch (Morone americana) from the Lake Erie commercial gillnet fisheries during 1994-2007, was predicted by a delta model developed on the fishery-independent survey data (Lake Erie Partnership Index Fishing Survey). The delta model consisted of one generalized additive model and one AdaBoost model. The generalized additive model was used to predict non-zero catches of the by-catch species, and the AdaBoost model was used to predict the probability of obtaining non-zero catches. Non-landed by-catch was estimated as the difference between the theoretical by-catch predicted from the delta model and the landed by-catch recorded in the commercial fishery data. The theoretical by-catch of walleye was relatively higher in the west basin in October. A higher theoretical by-catch of yellow perch occurred in the west central basin in November, and a higher theoretical by-catch of white perch occurred in the west central basin in October. We observed higher levels of non-landed by-catch of walleye in the west basin during August to September, higher levels of non-landed by-catch of yellow perch in the west central and east central basins in November, and higher levels of non-landed by-catch of white perch in the west basin in August and November. The combination of the AdaBoost model with the delta model provided an alternative model in by-catch analyses when the percentage of zero observations was high.     

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection in Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, in Lake Erie

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infects wild and hatchery fish in Europe, Japan, and the Great Lakes and Pacific regions of North America. The virus was associated with a large die-off of yellow perch, Perca flavescens, in Lake Erie in 2006. To determine the infection pattern of VHSV, we sampled yellow perch during the spring, summer, and fall of 2007 and 2008 in the central basin of Lake Erie during routine sampling by the Ohio Division of Wildlife with bottom trawls in nearshore, mid-depth, and offshore locations near the Chagrin River. The Ohio Department of Agriculture's Diagnostic Laboratories and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's La Crosse Fish Health Center tested for VHSV from homogenized samples obtained from yellow perch kidney, spleen, and brain. At each lake sample location, we also measured temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity. In both years, we found yellow perch infected with VHSV during a three-week period starting in the last week of spawning to early June. A high proportion of adult male and female yellow perch tested positive for VHSV during the infection period in our sample population. Infection appeared to be associated with temperatures between 12 and 18 °C and with significantly higher yellow perch densities during spawning. No large mortalities of yellow perch were observed during the VHSV infection period in 2007 and 2008.     

2002年黄河调水调沙试验河口形态变化

近年来黄河河口水沙条件基本处于维持不断流状态,汛期非汛期界限已非常不明显,河口形态变化基本特征发生明显改变。调水调沙试验前河口径流作用微弱,河口沙嘴长时间主要受潮流侵蚀作用逐渐向临界平衡状态调整。但是2002年7月调水调沙试验河口有一个14天的0．664亿t泥沙人海口门快速堆积过程,河口形态又形成一个不稳定的快速堆积状态。本文通过2001年6月与2002年7月两次拦门沙测验地形与相关水文资料,计算输海泥沙的数量及其分布,分析了该次调水调沙试验后河口形态特征变化。     

论长江口的综合整治与开发

长江口河道多级分汊,江面宽阔,江中沙洲密布,在径流、潮流、波浪等多种动力因素的作用下,河势演变复杂。随着河口地区社会经济的快速发展,对长江口的综合整治与开发利用提出了越来越迫切的要求。为了在新修订完成的长江口综合整治开发规划的指导下,整治、开发、利用和保护好长江口,就长江口综合整治开发所涉及的若干重要问题进行了探讨：①科学把握长江口的自然演变趋势,是制定长江口综合整治与开发的基础;②切实贯彻维护健康长江、促进人水和谐的治江新思路,是保障长江口地区社会经济可持续发展的关键;③满足航运发展需要是长江口综合整治与开发的首要任务;④人工河口是长江口综合整治与开发的长远方向;⑤整治、围垦、疏浚相结合是长江口综合整治与开发的主要措施;⑥控制和稳定河势是当前长江口综合整治与开发中急迫需要解决的问题;⑦加强长江口的统一管理是促进长江口科学整治和合理开发的有力保障。     

Habitat utilization and preferences in juvenile atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in streams

Young Atlantic salmon appear to occupy similar suitable stream habitats year round. The salmon is stationary, often associated with “home stones”. At low water temperatures in winter, the fish seek shelter in the substrate, which has to be coarse enough to provide interstices for the fish to hide in. In summer, salmon select habitats within tolerable ranges of habitat variables, rather than narrow optima. It is suggested that a genetic basis to habitat evaluation allows incorporation of the full range of behavioural responses. This is important as partially different habitats may be selected in diverse streams. Habitat availability influences both habitat use and habitat preferences. Suitable summer habitats have depths in the range 5–90 cm; mean water velocities 10–80 cm s^?1, and gravel-to-boulder substratum. Fish size affects habitat use, as young of the year are found in the more shallow habitats closer to the stream banks, whereas the older parr use a wider range of habitats. In the absence of brown trout, the Atlantic salmon parr, and especially young of the year, use habitats otherwise inhabited by brown trout. Water velocities are in many cases the principal physical habitat variable determining the distribution of Atlantic salmon in streams, but other variables are also important. Depth is more important in small streams than in large streams.     

青藏高原不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征

为揭示青藏高原区域水文循环机制和促进水资源合理利用,基于氢氧稳定同位素技术分析不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征和转化关系,应用端元混合径流分割模型和IsoSource软件进行流域水源解析。结果表明：区域大气降水δ（18O）值2—5月上升、5—10月下降;氘盈余值冬季高夏季低;δ（18O）在青藏高原北部地区表现出“逆海拔效应”,区域内其他地区“海拔效应”明显。河水、湖水、地下水的平均蒸发损失量分别为20.8%、30.9%、23.6%。河水氢氧稳定同位素的沿程变化受补给水源和蒸发作用影响,降水补给使得河水δ（18O）减小,重同位素相对富集的地下水补给导致河水δ（18O）增大,蒸发作用使得河水δ（18O）增大,蒸发效应使得湖水重同位素富集,湖水注入河道后导致河水δ（18O）增大。降水是拉萨河流域的最主要补给水源,而对于疏勒河流域的补给水源来说,降水和地下水平均贡献率相近,岷江流域则以地下水补给居多。那曲河流域下游受错那湖调节,随着沿程距离的增加,湖水补给贡献率呈下降趋势。     

淮河中游河床倒比降的形成、演变与治理

淮河中游河床倒比降的形成机制有二：（１） 淮河入洪泽湖河口形成与地貌演变;（２） 洪泽湖湖底淤高。５０年代以来,由于淮河中上游大量水库和蓄洪区的兴建、中游地区水土保持,使河流输沙量和含沙量不断减少,淮河中游河床处于侵蚀状态,河床倒比降又有新的发展。在严重的水资源紧缺形势面前,根治倒比降的关键措施是洪泽湖反季节运用、下游直流入海。     

黄河口河道的大型变迁 一

本文在分析了50年代以来黄河口各次大型变迁的性质、条件以及对河口形势和河道的影响后认为:考虑河道冲淤性质必须分清是水流变化引起的还是河口变化引起的;1953年并汊引起强烈冲刷是河道长期分汊形成三角堆积体的结果;来水条件、河道条件和海域条件共同塑造河口形势;河道散乱分汊,不适当改道对河口形势危害很大;清水沟改道不能以河口淤坏为理由等。同时还提出了分汊段平均河长、汊道河相、时段水流造床能量、断面形态指标等表达式。     

水沙过程变异条件下黄河口拦门沙的演变响应与调控

1986年以来,黄河口的来水来沙过程发生了变异,黄河口拦门沙的发育演变经历了复杂的响应过程,对黄河口演变产生了很大影响。本文采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合等方法,揭示了黄河口拦门沙区水沙变异特征,分析了黄河口拦门沙的演变响应过程,概化出了黄河口拦门沙立体动态演进模式,探讨了黄河口拦门沙演变响应机理,提出了黄河口拦门沙淤进与蚀退的水沙调控临界指标,为新形势下黄河口拦门沙的治理提供科学的依据。     

基于InVEST 模型的潦河流域生境质量时空演变分析

为了揭示潦河流域生境质量时空演变特征,本文基于2000 年、2010 年、2020 年土地利用数据,采用InVEST 模型,对潦河流域3 期生境质量及其退化状况进行研究。结果表明：2000 年—2020 年潦河流域主要土地利用类型为林地,其次为耕地、建设用地、水域。林地、耕地面积均呈现减少的趋势,建设用地呈现增长趋势,三者之间的相互转化较为明显。从空间上来看,潦河流域生境质量呈现出“西北高、东南低”的空间分布特征。生境质量高等级占比最大,均在65%以上。生境质量退化程度呈现出“东南高、西北低”的空间分布特征。3 期生境质量指数均值分别为0.783、0.777、0.770。从时间上来看,生境质量呈现出逐渐下降趋势,但总体变化不大。生境质量退化程度则呈现出退化加剧且有向西北方向蔓延的趋势。