Pair programming teams and high-quality knowledge sharing: A comparative study of coopetitive reward structures

There has been a growing research interest in understanding knowledge sharing in agile development. Yet, empirical research that sheds light on its underlying practices, such as pair programming, is evolving. This study uses insights from coopetition and software literature to focus inquiry on the relation between coopetitive rewards and high-quality knowledge sharing in pair programming teams. Theoretical hypotheses are developed and validated, suggesting that: ‘coopetitive rewards influence high-quality knowledge sharing both directly and over time through their impact on the level of knowledge sharing satisfaction’, and, ‘the impact of coopetitive rewards on high-quality knowledge sharing is dependent upon task complexity and the history of working under similar reward structure’. This study generates new understanding related to the use of rewards in pair programming teams, and offers a rigorous and replicable seven-step experimental process for simulating coopetitive structures and investigating their role in pair programming and in similar collaborative contexts.     

Coopetitive relationships in cross-functional software development teams: How to model and measure?

Understanding simultaneous cooperative and competitive (coopetitive) dynamics in cross-functional software development teams is fundamental to the success of software development process. The recent coopetition research is, however, hampered by a lack of conceptual focus, and the corresponding inconsistent treatment of the constructs associated with cross-functional coopetitive relationships. This study conceptualizes and operationalizes the multi-dimensional construct of cross-functional coopetition, and then presents an instrument for measuring this construct. Cross-functional coopetition is conceptualized with 5 distinct and independent constructs; 3 of them are related to cross-functional cooperation, and 2 are associated with cross-functional competition. The data collected from 115 software development project managers in Australia confirms the applicability of the constructs and their measures. This study contributes to the extant literature by providing a consensus on the conceptualization of cross-functional coopetitive behaviors, particularly in multi-party software development teams. The conceptual basis for cross-functional coopetition and its instrument will aid researchers and project managers interested in understanding coopetition in cross-functional collaborative contexts. Research and practical implications are discussed.     

To compete or cooperate? This is the question in communities of autonomous services

Frameworks for aggregating similar services into structures called communities have been recently advocated. A common assumption in those frameworks is that residing services are coopetitive, i.e., competing over received requests, but also cooperating, for instance in terms of substituting each other. In this coopetition context, deciding to compete or cooperate at different moments in time is an open question yet to be addressed. The contribution of this paper is the answer to this challenging question by proposing a game-theoretic-based decision mechanism that services can use to effectively choose competition or cooperation strategies that maximize their payoffs. To achieve this objective, we investigate autonomous services’ characteristics and their expected utilities over different strategies. We propose a game-theoretic best response technique to measure the threshold that services can use in order to decide about the two strategies. We prove that the proposed decision mechanism is efficient and can be implemented in time linear in the length of the time period considered for the analysis and the number of services in the community. Moreover, we conduct extensive simulations to analyze various scenarios and confirm the obtained theoretical results. Those results show that our model outperforms existing competitive and random coopetitive strategies and the more services deviate from our game-theoretic-based coopetitive strategy the more they make less benefits.     

Perceived job effectiveness in coopetition: A survey of virtual teams within business organizations

This study establishes a model by drawing from key postulates and findings under coopetition to explain the formation of perceived job effectiveness in team collaboration. In the proposed model, perceived job effectiveness is influenced directly by knowledge sharing, cooperative attitude, and competitive conflict, while knowledge sharing is influenced by cooperative attitude and competitive conflict. Accordingly, perceived job effectiveness is influenced indirectly by shared value, perceived trust and perceived benefit via the mediation of cooperative attitude and competitive conflict. Empirical testing of this model, by investigating personnel in information technology (IT) organizations, confirms the applicability of coopetition in virtual teams. The test results indicate that all the model paths except one (linking shared vision and competitive conflict) are significant. Finally, managerial implications and limitations of the research are provided.     

个体在线知识分享行为的惯性效应分析

在线知识社群是大数据时代组织学习、协同创新、知识与信息交流与转移的重要方式。针对这种在线知识网络的分析、预测和管控,是大数据对经济社会实现数据服务和决策咨询功能的重要环节。以CMKT咨询俱乐部2群QQ群为例,搜集分析该群在2016年3月份所有的专业交流、讨论和分享记录,并基于这些实时数据建构CMKT动态知识网络,分析了在线动态知识网络中个体知识分享行为的策略性选择,最终验证了动态知识网络中个体分享行为的惯性效应。基于这一惯性效应,在大数据技术的支撑下,政府、高校或科研机构以及大型企业可以对其所构建的跨组织学习知识网络的动态演化趋势进行有效的分析和预测,并适时地选择干预或管控手段以引导知识网络更好地发挥在协同创新、知识转移、跨组织学习等方面的作用。     

Combining transaction cost and resource-based insights to explain IT implementation outsourcing

This empirical work aims to shed some light on the governance choice for information technology (IT) outsourcing decisions. By combining transaction cost and resource-based arguments, we explain the role that some economic and strategic factors as well as their relationships may play. Hypotheses are tested for the implementation of an HR software application with primary data collected from large Spanish firms. Findings seem to provide more support for resource-based arguments than for transaction-cost propositions. Thus, our results suggest that cumulative knowledge from either coordination and interaction between internal units or experience in IT outsourcing is not a significant factor unless the organization is able to develop a strategic capability. Unlike for technology specificity, no evidence was found for the significance of behavioral uncertainty and strategic contribution.     

Evaluation of intranets in a distributed environment

The capture and dissemination of intra-organizational information is widely recognized to be essential for supporting operational and strategic corporate decision-making. Intranet technology has proven to be effective in accessing and disseminating intra-organizational data and knowledge, yet because of the novelty of intranets, very little research has been conducted to understand this technology in terms of its planning, management, and implementation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of intranet technology in a distributed environment with respect to its contributions to interconnectivity, information dissemination, process reengineering, organizational performance, and team collaboration.     

Networked Knowledge and Complex Networks: An Engineering View

Along with the development of information technologies such as mobile Internet, information acquisition technology, cloud computing and big data technology, the traditional knowledge engineering and knowledge-based software engineering have undergone fundamental changes where the network plays an increasingly important role. Within this context, it is required to develop new methodologies as well as technical tools for network-based knowledge representation, knowledge services and knowledge engineering. Obviously, the term “network” has different meanings in different scenarios. Meanwhile, some breakthroughs in several bottleneck problems of complex networks promote the developments of the new methodologies and technical tools for network-based knowledge representation, knowledge services and knowledge engineering. This paper first reviews some recent advances on complex networks, and then, in conjunction with knowledge graph, proposes a framework of networked knowledge which models knowledge and its relationships with the perspective of complex networks. For the unique advantages of deep learning in acquiring and processing knowledge, this paper reviews its development and emphasizes the role that it played in the development of knowledge engineering. Finally, some challenges and further trends are discussed.      

The Strategic Impact of Internet Technology in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Firms: Insights from a Knowledge Management Perspective

This paper conceptualises the strategic impact of new Internet technology in biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms. It argues that competitiveness of modern, agile pharmaceutical businesses depend on their ability to create and commercialise new knowledge as much as on their ability to produce new products. Hence, knowledge production and intellectual property management provide a strong foundation for emerging, successful e-commerce strategies. The authors suggest Knowledge Management (KM) plays a key role in determining organizational performance levels and value creation. KM refers to technologies for processing information and generating and distributing knowledge, but also to organizational structures (such as virtual enterprise designs) that increase strategic fit and effectiveness of KM implementations. The Internet is seen as core technology enabling the creation of organizational networks (virtual teams; virtual customer-supplier communities). More specifically, this paper devises a new classificatory framework that categorises the strategic impact of Internet technology in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, which is based on three key dimensions: converting information into knowledge, the redesign of the innovation process, and knowledge-oriented organisational structuring. The authors extend their framework beyond the boundaries of the firm to include relationship with customers, suppliers, intermediaries such as specialist biotech companies and healthcare professionals.     

Knowledge Workers for Information Support: Executives' Perceptions and Problems

Traditional executive information systems (EIS) user support tends to focus on technical support rather than information support. Letting executives use EIS directly for strategic information has not been successful. Adopting a combined method of case study and survey, this study explored and examined the role of information support functions from U.K. executives' point of view. It found that the use of information specialists for external information scanning, information refining, and information reporting has been perceived as important to support executives in acquiring strategic information. However, information specialists' knowledge and capability in sensing and interpreting information, executive culture, the cost of establishing such a support role are the main concerns of executives. the paper suggests that EIS users need information support, as opposed to technical support. To be effective and successful, managers' knowledge in sensing, interpreting, and using information should be elicited and shared among information specialists in light of knowledge management.     

Friends or foes? Strategic technology opening and adopting under competition between technological firms

This study investigates the motivation behind an incumbent firm's strategy to open up its technology and an entrant's decision on whether to adopt this technology. We model the interactions between firms’ strategies toward coopetition and the entrant's technology development capacity, as well as the technology transformation rate, which occurs in the technology adopting process. We find that the two technological parameters exert significant influence on the coopetition decisions of firms. Moreover, consumer surplus and social welfare are compared under different configurations. We further verify the robustness of our main results in two extension cases.     

网络技术应用于现代档案信息化管理中的作用以及价值评析

网络技术在现代档案信息化管理中具有重要作用：实现数字档案信息资源的全面共享,为数字档案信息资源构造提供统一的管理平台,网络为档案用户提供知识服务,网络为档案信息资源的安全提供保障等。加强网络技术在现代档案信息化答理中应用需做到：促进档案管理信息系统网络化的发展,加强信息资源共享,选择适用的档案管理系统,完善档案信息的安全保障体系。     

New knowledge in strategic management through visually mining semantic networks

Today’s highly competitive business world requires that managers be able to make fast and accurate strategic decisions, as well as learn to adapt to new strategic challenges. This necessity calls for a deep experience and a dynamic understanding of strategic management. The trait of dynamic understanding is mainly the skill of generating additional knowledge and innovative solutions under the new environmental conditions. Building on the concepts of information processing, this paper aims to support managers in constructing new strategic management knowledge, through representing and mining existing knowledge through graph visualization. To this end, a three-stage framework is proposed and described. The framework can enable managers to develop a deeper understanding of the strategic management domain, and expand on existing knowledge through visual analysis. The model further supports a case study that involves unstructured knowledge of profit patterns and the related strategies to succeed using these patterns. The applicability of the framework is shown in the case study, where the unstructured knowledge in a strategic management book is first represented as a semantic network, and then visually mined for revealing new knowledge.     

网络安全综述

人类已迈入信息时代,信息资源已成为最能代表一个国家综合国力的重要战略资源。因此,如何确保信息的安全就成为了一个重要课题,网络的安全性也成为了人们重点研究的领域。该文探讨了网络安全的存在的主要威胁以及几种目前主要网络安全技术,并提出了实现网络安全的相应对策。     

How different connectivity patterns of individuals within an organization can speed up organizational learning

Knowledge sharing within a cooperative organization is an important issue since the power of its outcome has been the principal source of competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. However, without a proper collective knowledge management, its utilization as a strategic weapon or competitive advantage becomes difficult and inefficient. From an organizational perspective, the most important aspect of knowledge management is to transfer knowledge. In this regards, organizations must adopt structures that allow them to create and transfer more knowledge. Organizational communication structure affects the nature of human interactions and information flow which in its own turn can lead to a competitive advantage in the knowledge economy. However, in addition to that, social relationships between individuals in an organization can also be utilized to produce positive returns. In this article we emphasize the role of individual structural importance within an organizational informal communication structure as a mechanism for knowledge flow and speeding up organizational learning. Our experimental results indicate the fact that structural position of individuals within their informal communication networks can help the network members to have a better access to ongoing information exchange processes in the organization. The results of our analyses also show that organizational learning through an informal communication network of people in the form of scale-free connectivity pattern is faster comparing to the small-world connectivity style.     

提高计算机通信网络可靠性的分析与研究

在现代信息时代,计算机通信网络技术在各行业领域的推广,使其研究和实际应用越来越受到人们的广泛关注。其中,计算机通信网络系统的可靠性引起了人们的高度重视,逐渐成为信息网络技术发展研究的重大课题之一。文章阐述了计算机通信网络可靠性理论的概况,分析了影响计算机通信网络可靠性的因素,论述了计算机通信网络可靠性设计的原则,并针对计算机通信网络可靠性优化设计的具体实施提出了战略对策。     

网上科技信息深度分析方法及应用

对网上科技信息进行专业化聚合,实现定制分享和态势分析,营造有利于知识发现的研究环境,已成为知识创新和科技管理所面对的重要课题。因此,在分析科技工作者对科技领域公共信息搜索需求的基础上,借鉴行业搜索模式,设计运用垂直搜索引擎等技术手段聚合网上科技信息资源,构建科技信息资源库和共享平台。探讨为科技工作者提供网上科技资源搜索以及科技信息深度分析服务的方法,为知识创新服务。     

Not the Usual

Because IS managers must obtain knowledge on a variety of issues, this column reviews several books that are designed to help them gain expertise in such areas as the strategic use of information technology in manufacturing, the business implications of computer simulation, the problems of excessive use of graphic designs, and the need for improved knowledge of mathematics.     

网络信息管理中入侵检测技术分析

文章基于工作实践,分析了目前网络信息管理入侵检测技术存在的相关问题,并着重介绍了异常检测和误用检测两种网络信息管理入侵检测技术。其中异常检测又包括特征量的选择和参考阈值的选择两类。希望有关人员加以借鉴和参考,对网络信息管理入侵检测技术能够有一个更加深入的了解,逐步掌握网络信息管理入侵检测技术的实际内容,促进入侵检测技术在网络信息管理中的应用发展。     

网络信息污染综述

随着互联网技术的迅速发展和知识经济的到来,信息作为一种社会发展的战略资源,越来越受到人们的重视。由于网络环境下信息量的激增,信息传递的无序性和失控性,导致信息污染日益加剧,给社会造成了严重危害。因此,必须采取有效措施,进行网络环境下信息控污,净化网络信息空间,为更好地利用网络信息资源创造有利条件。针对网络信息环境,分析了信息污染的内涵、外在表现、污染原因,指出了信息污染的危害,给出了相关的解决对策。