Application of a 3D hydrodynamic-biological model for seasonal and spatial dynamics of water quality and phytoplankton in Lake Erie

In large lakes, temporal variability is compounded by strong spatial variability associated with mesoscale physical processes such as upwelling and basin-scale circulation. Here we explore the ability of a three dimensional model (ELCOM-CAEDYM) to capture temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton and nutrients in Lake Erie. We emphasized the east basin of the lake, where an invasion by dreissenid mussels has given special importance to the question of spatial (particularly nearshore-offshore) variability and many comparative observations were available. We found that the model, which did not include any simulation of the mussels or of smaller diffuse nutrient sources, could capture the major features of the temperature, nutrient and phytoplankton variations. Within basin variability was large compared to among-basin variability, especially but not exclusively in the western regions. Consistent with observations in years prior to, but not after, the mussel invasion the model predicted generally higher phytoplankton concentrations in the nearshore than the offshore zones. The results suggest that the elevated phytoplankton abundance commonly observed in the nearshore of large lakes in the absence of dreissenid mussels does not have to depend on localized nutrient inputs but can be explained by the favourable light, temperature and nutrient environment in the shallower and energetic nearshore zone. The model is currently being extended to allow simulation of the effects of dreissenid mussels.     

Occurrence of a Cylindrospermopsis bloom in Louisiana

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii occurs predominantly in tropical to subtropical freshwaters but appears to be spreading to temperate regions. After the hurricanes of 2005, a bloom of this organism took place in Lake Dauterive and Lake Fausse Pointe in Louisiana. The cyanobacterium dominated the phytoplankton community for three months. Of the three known morphotypes (straight, coiled and spiral) only coiled and spiral were found. In June 2006, 60% of the organisms were of the spiral morphotype but the relative abundance of this morphotype decreased dramatically within the month of June. However, the average density for both morphotypes remained the same until September. Densities (up to 160,000 cells/mL) significantly exceeded the threshold for toxicity. Because the sampled region offers optimal light and nutrient conditions, it is likely that C. raciborskii has been established in this region and future blooms can be expected. Therefore, a monitoring program should be implemented.     

The influence of kielder water on trichopteran (Caddisfly) populations in the river North Tyne (Northern England)

Impounding the North Tyne has reduced the frequency of high peak flows, eliminated periods of extremely low flow and modified the temperature regime downstream from the Kielder dam. This paper compares the results of a recent survey of North Tyne trichopteran populations (Hydropsychidae, Rhyacophilidae, and Polycentropodidae) with those from previously published work in order to assess the impact of river regulation. Benthic samples were collected monthly upstream and downstream from the reservoir. Although nine out of the ten species found previously were also collected in the post-impoundment survey, species diversity was reduced downstream from the dam. This was mainly the result of disproportionate increases in Hydropsyche siltalai population densities which were up to 9.6 times greater than before; flow regulation and its effect on substrate stability may be largely responsible for this. Rhyacophila dorsalis also increased in abundance downstream probably in response to the altered flow regime. In contrast Hydropsyche pellucidula constituted a smaller proportion in downstream samples with population densities in places only a fifth of pre-impoundment levels. The differential effect of regulation on these two hydropsychid species may be explained by their different flow velocity preferences. Upstream from the reservoir, standing crops were frequently lower than before possibly due to the disruption of colonization cycles. Growth rates of H. siltalai, H. pellucidula, and R. dorsalis below the dam were accelerated at certain times of the year and retarded at others, apparently correlated with the winter-warm, summer-cool discharges from the reservoir. Since this study was completed Kielder Water has now begun generating hydroelectricity, and the flow regime downstream has consequently changed to one of regular, daily fluctuations. It is suggested that any adverse effects of this on the benthic community are likely to be offset by the continued benefit of eliminating flash floods with high peak flows.     

Downstream effects of a new hydropower impoundment on macrophyte,macroinvertebrate and fish communities

The downstream effects of Valparaíso Reservoir (Río Tera, north-western Spain) on macrophyte, macroinvertebrate and fish communities are examined by comparing their respective structures before (1986) and after (1990-1991) the creation of this hydropower impoundment. A single sampling station was selected 2.4 km below the dam. Macrophytes significantly (p < 0.05) decreased their total biomass, although the species composition remained dominated by two species (Myriophyllum verticillatum and Ranunculus fluitans). The macroinvertebrate community, on the other hand, exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in taxonomic richness, total density and total biomass. In general, planarians, ephemer-opterans, coleopterans, plecopterans and trichopterans disappeared or decreased their abundances. Scrapers (as relative biomass) were the functional feeding group most adversely affected by the new flow regulation. With regard to the fish community, the most significant change was the absence of all resident coarse fishes (cyprinids, primarily) at the sampling site during the 1990 and 1991 sampling surveys. Conversely, salmonids (Salmo trutta) persisted; the trout population was dominated by individuals of the 0+ age group (? 1 year old) both before and after the construction of Valparaíso Dam. It is concluded that short-term flow fluctuations induced by hydroelectric power generation were the main factor causing the observed adverse effects. In this respect, some management measures to minimize these effects are recommended.     

关于生态环境需水量的探讨

文章探讨了维持生态系统平衡所需的水量,包括河湖水生生物生存的最小需水量;防止河流系统泥沙淤积 的河道最小径流量;水体自净的最小基流量;防止海水入侵的河道最小流量;防止河湖断流、湖库萎缩的河道最小径 流量。必须合理预留生态环境需水,以实现水资源的科学配置和有效管理,维持生态平衡。     

Effects of river regulation on the lower Ebro river (NE Spain)

The regulation of the Ebro River in the 1960s has changed the discharge pattern: spring floods have been reduced and, as the reservoirs are used for hydroelectrical purposes, discharge varies daily. The last 50 km of the river have been studied for two years (1986 and 1987). Our main purpose was to establish the particulate organic and inorganic transport of the river and its seasonal changes. Particulate material was sampled in surface and deep waters. Water conductivity ranges between 0.9 and 53 mS, and anoxia is common in summer situations. Particulate C ranges between 1 and 3 mg l^?1 with higher values in summer; particulate N is very similar along the year with values between 0.1 and 0.5 mg l^?1. Effects of regulation seem to be important in supplying very high nutrient content to algae and producing a high biomass and production in the lower part of the river, especially in summer. Diatoms and Chlorophyta are the most abundant groups. Phosphorus is higher than 5 μmol l^?1, with lower values in summer. Most of particulate material is very fine (between 0.45 and 50 μm). The high biomass also explains the presence of abundant filter-feeders, such as Hydropsyche and Ephoron virgo. In some parts, where light reaches the bottom, stones and boulders are covered by Cladophora. In this case, grazers such as the gastropods Melanopsis and Theodoxus are abundant.     

Temporal variations in the pelagic fish community of Lake Winnipeg from 2002 to 2019

Lake Winnipeg has undergone extensive changes in environmental conditions and fish community structure during recent decades. The presence of cyanobacteria and invasive species as well as eutrophication, flow regulation, fishing pressure, and climate change all have potential impacts on the native fish community. Since 2002, pelagic forage fish species and early life stages of large-bodied fish species in the pelagic zone in Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) have been monitored. Catch data were used to study the temporal variation in species-specific occurrence and catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and to analyse the effects of lake condition on species occurrence and CPUE estimates. To account for the temporal variation observed for commonly caught prey species in Lake Winnipeg, we used a Bayesian approach, Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA), to compare the effects of environmental variables on occurrence and CPUE. The pelagic fish community composition varied among years, and CPUE declined by 2.2-fold between 2005–2008 and 2015–2018. Emerald shiner was the most dominate prey fish species but decreased in the catches since the early 2000’s, while rainbow smelt have almost entirely disappeared from the catches in recent years. Overall, we observed a decrease in CPUE in four of six most caught, pelagic species. Important environmental variables explaining occurrence and CPUE of the six most caught species in the survey were temperature and Secchi, trawl, and water depths. The trawl survey serves as a valuable long-term monitoring tool to study trends in responses of both native and non-native species to ecosystem changes in Lake Winnipeg.     

Phytoplankton community composition of Saginaw Bay,Lake Huron,during the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion: A multivariate analysis

The colonization of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Saginaw Bay dramatically altered the phytoplankton community composition resulting in exclusion of light sensitive species and dominance of species with oligotrophic preferences and light resistance. In 1990, the NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory initiated a 7-year survey program to monitor changes in the lower food web of Saginaw Bay, where zebra mussels became established in the fall of 1991. To investigate shifts in the phytoplankton community composition over the 7-year period from 1990 to 1996 we searched for clusters of similar composition using multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) on proportions of 22 taxonomic groupings of the total phytoplankton density (cells per milliliter). We then used an agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis of the PCA scores. We identified five characteristic phytoplankton communities in configurations that allowed recognizing four distinct periods in Saginaw Bay linked to the zebra mussel invasion. Significant changes were indicative of increased water clarity and eutrophic conditions being replaced by more oligotrophic conditions as clusters dominated by light sensitive species, such as the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria redekii, became immediately rare and clusters dominated by diatoms such as Cyclotella spp. became common. Microcystis spp., a light tolerant cyanobacteria not grazed by zebra mussel, dominated assemblages after 1994. The shifts in phytoplankton composition confirm that zebra mussels effects on phytoplankton communities are mediated by both direct (filtration) and indirect (nutrient cycling) mechanisms and also suggests that increased light penetration is an important mechanism behind some changes.     

基于P-IBI指数的大宁河生态健康度评价

为了全面了解大宁河各个河段的具体生态健康状况,为大宁河及其他库区支流的河流管理提供参考依据,根据2017年3月对大宁河源头至河口16个典型断面的浮游植物生态调查分析的结果,选取了25个备选指标,通过分布范围、判别能力和相关性分析,筛选出核心指标,计算了其浮游植物完整性指数(P-IBI)。基于该指数,构建了大宁河河流生态健康度的评价指标体系和标准,并对其进行了评价。结果显示:本次大宁河河流总体处于亚健康状态,其中上游段较为健康,中、下游段处于亚健康状态,局部样点呈现病态,尤其是\"龙井湾-双龙镇\"段,其生态健康度较差,是受损严重的河段。初步推断这主要是由于该河段人口密集,污染物负荷大造成的。建议对受损河段重点关注,并有针对性地开展生态修复治理。     

Macrozoobenthos of floodplain waters of the rivers rhine and meuse in the Netherlands: A structural and functional analysis in relation to hydrology

The river systems of the Rhine and Meuse include a large number of floodplain waters showing differences in hydrology and geomorphology. A classification of 100 water bodies based on their macroinvertebrate communities has been worked out as a tool for ecological management. Analyses were performed on structural (species composition) and functional (trophic relations) aspects of macrozoobenthos in relation to hydrological, vegetational, and physicochemical parameters. Based on the classification of macroinvertebrate communities, three major groups of water bodies can be distinguished, which are related to the frequency of inundation. The flood frequency constitutes the major environmental gradient which structures the zoobenthos communities in the Dutch floodplain waters. Faunal composition is mediated by substrate availability, water chemistry, and the availability of nutritional resources. This typology serves as a basis for the prediction of the impact of hydrology changes on the macrozoobenthic communities of floodplain waters of highly eutrophic and polluted rivers.     

Effect of a changed temperature regime on the benthos of a norwegian regulated river

The lowermost 20 km of the River Surna, north-western Norway receives cool water during summer from a hypolimnetic release mountain reservoir. The benthic fauna is completely dominated by insects. Benthic densities immediately below the power station are much lower than at all other localities. Although benthic densities increase downstream of the power station, they never exceed the densities above. The dominant insect group, chironomids, can be divided into four categories according to their abundance and distribution above and below the power station: (1) rare or absent above, but common or abundant below; (2) abundant or common above but rare or absent below; (3) slightly less abundant below; (4) unchanged abundance. No major differences in the species composition were recorded for stonefilies, mayflies and caddisflies.     

全球气候变化对水资源管理影响的研究综述

气候变化已成为当今科学界、各国政府和社会公众普遍关注的环境问题之一,气候变化可能对生态系统和社会经济产生灾难性的影响。评价全球气候变化对水资源及水文条件的影响显得非常迫切。本文回顾了全球气候变化对水文水资源影响的研究进展,总结了其发展趋势,进一步分析了我国在这方面的研究进展,在此基础上,提出了主要问题及未来的发展趋势。     

Causes of phytoplankton changes in Saginaw Bay,Lake Huron,during the zebra mussel invasion

Colonization of the Laurentian Great Lakes by the invasive mussel Dreissena polymorpha was a significant ecological disturbance. The invasion reached Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, in 1991 and initially cleared the waters and lowered algal biomass. However, an unexpected result occurred 3 years after the initial invasion with the return of nuisance summer blooms of cyanobacteria, a problem that had been successfully addressed with the implementation of phosphorus controls in the late 1970s. A multi-class phytoplankton model was developed and tested against field observations and then used to explore the causes of these temporal changes. Model scenarios suggest that changes in the phytoplankton community can be linked to three zebra mussel-mediated effects: (1) removal of particles resulting in clearer water, (2) increased recycle of available phosphorus throughout the summer, and (3) selective rejection of certain Microcystis strains. Light inhibition of certain phytoplankton assemblages and the subsequent alteration of competitive dynamics is a novel result of this model. These results enhance our understanding of the significant role of zebra mussels in altering lower trophic level dynamics of Saginaw Bay and suggest that their physical re-engineering of the aquatic environment was the major force driving changes in the phytoplankton community composition.     

环境流计算新方法:水文变化的生态限度法

水文变化的生态限度框架(ELOHA)是环境流理论最新成果。ELOHA要求对河流按照水文情势特征进行分类,相同类型河流的水文—生态关系具有相似性。ELOHA还要求对开发前后水文情势变化进行分析,计算现状水文条件与基准水文条件的偏离程度。ELOHA提出了水文情势变化预期生态响应的若干假定,总结了一套为建立水文—生态关系采用的生态指标。在建立大型水文和生物数据库的基础上,运用统计学方法拟合水文—生态函数关系。最后,各利益相关者对水文变化引起的生态风险进行评估,认定可以接受的生态风险水平,再依据水文—生态曲线,确定环境流标准。     

基于遥感和GIS的天津滨海新区30年间生态用地变化分析

利用天津滨海新区1979年和2004年的TM影像以及2009年的SPOT影像资料,通过目视解译方法及GIS软件的空间叠加分析功能,获取了研究区土地利用/覆被变化数据。以此为基础,结合相关资料研究了滨海新区生态用地的总体特征、生态用地与非生态用地以及生态用地内部的相互转化特点,并对这些变化的驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明:1979年-2009年,研究区的生态用地总面积在不断下降,2004年前后分别有56 424.74hm2和8 874.35hm2的生态用地转变为农田和建设用地;在生态用地内部,林地和城市绿地的比例太低,生态服务功能较高的滩涂大量转变成盐田,部分海域变为滩涂。研究区生态用地变化的主要驱动因素是自然因素、城市扩张及经济因素。     

西北地区陆地生态系统未来生态需水量预估

采用偏差校正空间分解(BCSD)法对CMIP6的5个GCMs数据进行降尺度处理,基于考虑CO_(2)浓度影响的Penman-Monteith公式与有效降水计算方法,结合单作物系数法与saxton方程,预估了中等强迫(SSP2-4.5)和高强迫(SSP5-8.5)气候情景下西北地区生态需水量与生态缺水量的变化。结果表明:西北地区未来生态需水量在SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下分别以3.83亿、6.95亿m^(3)/a的趋势上升;21世纪末期(2070—2100年)SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下年生态需水量均值分别为5679亿、5881亿m^(3),年有效降水量均值分别为3985亿、4106亿m^(3),年生态缺水量均值分别为1732亿、1798亿m^(3);西北地区整体上处于水分亏缺状态,缺水格点占比为60.2%,主要分布在新疆北部和西部、青海中部以及陕西、甘肃、宁夏的绝大部分区域。