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岩体具有流变性能 ,围岩开挖后 ,视之为粘弹性体与粘塑性体的组合体比较恰当 ;在围岩的粘弹性区采用中村模型 ,用数学的方法 ,求出粘弹性区、粘塑性区的应力和位移表达式 相似文献
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Ecological classifications of stream ecosystems have been used to develop monitoring programs, identify reference and impacted systems, and focus conservation efforts. One of the most influential, but highly variable, components of stream ecosystems is water temperature but few geographically broad-scale and long-term programs exist to assess and monitor temperatures. This study evaluated if existing ecological classifications could be used to categorize the similarities and differences in stream temperatures across the Ontario portion of the Great Lakes Basin. Concordance between the spatial variability in temperatures and an existing ecological classification would support the use of that classification to define areas with similar temperatures, guide the development of a monitoring program, and inform management programs. The five classifications evaluated were the ecoregions and ecodistricts defined in the National Ecological Framework for Canada, the ecoregions and ecodistricts defined in the Ecological Land Classification of Ontario, and the aquatic ecosystem units defined in the Aquatic Ecosystem Classification (AEC) for the Ontario portion of the Great Lakes Basin. Hierarchical linear modelling and corrected Akaike Information Criterion indicated that the ecodistrict classifications characterized more of the spatial variability in temperatures than the ecoregion and AEC classification but temperatures were more variable among sites within classes than between classes. Therefore, none of the existing ecological classifications could be used to characterize thermal variability. Future research should examine if the inability of the existing classifications to capture the thermal variability translates into inaccurate classification of other ecosystem components such as water quality, and macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages. 相似文献
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利用有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,采用隐式应力积分回映算法编制了UMAT子程序。对不同围压下的三轴压缩试验和蠕变试验进行有限元数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比分析,结果表明所编写的本构模型数值模拟结果与试验结果非常接近,可以有效反映软岩的力学特性,丰富了ABAQUS的材料库。采用该模型对地下开挖进行数值计算,得到了岩体表面的位移关系和洞口顶部的下沉随时间的变化规律,结果表明该子程序是正确和可信的,可以为地下工程分析提供合理的建议。 相似文献
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针对同一系列某花岗岩堆石料不同应力路径加载试验,进行了修正广义塑性模型与修正南水模型的应力路径适应性对比研究。研究结果表明:两类模型均可以很好地预测常规三轴加载试验结果;对于等p加载应力路径试验,二者可以很好地预测强度特征,但是预测的体变偏差较大,两类模型均低估了等p试验下堆石料的体缩特性;对于等应力比加载试验,南水模型预测结果优于广义塑性模型,对剪胀(缩)规律预测较好。广义塑性模型预测结果与试验值相差较大, 主要原因在于常规三轴试验下的剪胀方程并不适用于等应力比试验,采用本文建议的修正剪胀方程后,广义塑性模型对等应力比路径试验预测精度明显提高。 相似文献
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应力洛德角变化影响的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文提出的土体弹塑性应力 应变关系的完全应力增量表述,可把应力洛德角变化对土体应力 应变关系的影响归因于应力增量中广义剪分量引起的剪切屈服与剪胀。同时也给出了纯应力洛德角变化引起的土体塑性变形(排水)与孔压生成(不排水)的计算式。具体算例与有关实验定性一致。 相似文献
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粘性土的抗剪强度特性试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用环剪仪针对塑性指数不同的三种粘性土,在不同的固结状态下进行了较系统的试验研究,探讨了大变形粘土的抗剪强度变化规律,分析了残余强度的影响因素。试验结果表明:(1)本试验所采用的环剪仪无论对于粉质粘土还是粘土均具有良好的稳定性,测试精度高,因此能够保证试验结果的准确性;(2)对于塑性指数不大的粉质粘土,应力历史对其抗剪强度的影响并不显著;(3)对于塑性指数较大的粘土,应力历史对残余强度没有影响,而峰值强度随着超固结比的增大而增大,最终接近粉质粘土的峰值强度;(4)塑性指数是影响残余强度非常重要的因素,随着塑性指数的增大,残余强度显著降低;(5)粘性土剪切沉降曲线的类型与塑性指数和超固结比有关。 相似文献
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George E. Host Katya E. Kovalenko Terry N. Brown Jan J.H. Ciborowski Lucinda B. Johnson 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2019,45(3):609-618
We describe development anthropogenic stress indices for coastal margins of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Indices were derived based on the response of species assemblages to watershed-scale stress from agriculture and urbanization. Metrics were calculated for five groups of wetland biota: diatoms, wetland vegetation, aquatic invertebrates, fishes, and birds. Previously published community change points of these assemblages were used to classify each watershed as ‘least-disturbed’, ‘at-risk’, or ‘degraded’ based on community response to these stressors. The end products of this work are an on-line map utility and downloadable data that characterize the degree of agricultural land use and development in all watersheds of the US and Canadian Great Lakes basin. Discrepancies between the observed biological condition and putative anthropogenic stress can be used to determine if a site is more degraded than predicted based on watershed characteristics, or if remediation efforts are having beneficial impacts on site condition. This study provides a landscape-scale evaluation of wetland condition that is a critical first step for multi-scale assessments to help prioritize conservation or restoration efforts. 相似文献
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《Journal of Great Lakes research》2022,48(2):289-299
Understanding dreissenid mussel population dynamics and their impacts on lake ecosystems requires quantifying individual growth across a range of habitats. Most dreissenid mussel growth rates have been estimated in nutrient rich or nearshore environments, but mussels have continued to expand into deep, cold, low-nutrient habitats of the Great Lakes. We measured annual quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) growth at 15 m, 45 m, and 90 m in Lake Ontario using caged mussels near Oswego, New York, USA from June 2018 to May 2019. Quagga mussel growth (starting size 12 mm) was greatest at 15 m (mean shell length increase = 10.2 mm), and was lower at 45 m (5.9 mm) and 90 m (0.7 mm). Caged mussels were obtained from near the 90-m site and those reared at 15 and 45 m developed thicker shells than those that were caged at 90 m. We observed relatively high colonization by quagga and, to a lesser degree, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) at 15 m, very few colonizers at 45 m, and none at 90 m. Higher growth potential, but low natural mussel densities observed at 15 m and 45 m suggest factors other than growth limit dreissenid abundance at these depths. The relatively slow dreissenid growth rates observed in offshore habitats are consistent with the gradual abundance increases documented in these zones across the Great Lakes and suggest new mussels that become established in these habitats may contribute to ecosystem effects for decades. 相似文献
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通过斑块密度、斑块平均面积、斑块平均形状破碎化指数和面积加权平均形状破碎化指数4项景观格局指数,结合形态学空间格局分析法(MSPA),从景观和像元层面探索了1995~2015年鄱阳湖生态经济区湿地景观格局演变过程。结果表明:①鄱阳湖生态经济区湿地面积呈现波浪状增长,其内部湿地类型变化较剧烈;②4项景观格局指数均表明研究区湿地呈越加破碎的变化趋势:③MSPA的分析结果与景观格局指数相一致,研究区湿地以\"核心区\"形态为主。研究结果可为鄱阳湖生态经济区的景观破碎化研究提供参考,并为区域景观格局优化、土地合理管理提供借鉴。 相似文献
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开展水系统优化调控是实现缺水胁迫区人-水-生态和谐可持续发展的关键措施之一,对于保障地区经济社会稳定发展和生态健康具有重要意义。本文以京津冀作为典型缺水胁迫区案例,通过解析水系统内涵,总结得出缺水胁迫区水系统存在深度耦合、强烈竞争和系统失衡三大现象,发现水系统呈现非稳态和稳态之间交替演进的模式,并通过构建水系统稳态指数,研判了京津冀地区水系统状态变化发展过程。研究以实现自然社会水系统健康为调控目标,提出缺水胁迫区水系统“高内聚-低耦合”解耦式调控模式,结合京津冀现实状态,在需求侧开展“保障刚需-压缩弹性-抑制奢侈”层次化调控,在供给侧进行“自然水网-人工水网-虚拟水网”适配性优化,提出京津冀“三线七河、四区八源”一体化水网布局,进而实现水系统的整体健康。 相似文献
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屋顶花园不但具有削减雨水径流、储水、净化雨水等功能,而且还具有净化空气、吸收噪音、缓解热岛效应等生态功能.因此在建设生态小区雨水利用系统时,屋顶花园是不可缺少的一部分.由于屋顶花园净化雨水的能力有限,必须与其他雨水净化设施结合成一个有机整体,才能发挥屋顶花园的最大效应. 相似文献
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基于抚河流域河道外生态需水的调查分析和研究,对研究区的水资源自然条件和城市化水平之间的规律进行剖析,根据生态需水机理研究,结合河道外生态需水计算方法,分析抚河流域生态环境存在的问题,探索抚河流域水资源和水环境状况得到改善的方法。 相似文献
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Shakhawat Chowdhury 《国际水》2013,38(1):61-77
The chlorination of drinking water forms various disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which present potential risks to humans. This study investigates occurrences, trends, and regional and seasonal variability of DPBs in two Canadian provinces: Ontario and Quebec. The findings demonstrate that trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) can be represented better by region-based analysis than by province-based analysis. THMs in summer months are much higher than in cold months, while HAAs show variable results. The seasonal and regional variability of DBPs can have implications for the selection of DBP sampling locations, sampling frequency, regulatory limitations of DBPs, exposure analysis and risk characterization. 相似文献
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《Journal of Great Lakes research》2020,46(5):1207-1220
We investigated the hypothesis that ostracode populations are sensitive to variations in sediment discharge related to watershed differences at Lake Tanganyika. Many ostracode species are documented to be sensitive to high turbidity which increases during runoff from strong rainfall events and changes in ostracode populations can impact organisms higher in the food web. We compared surficial death assemblages of ostracodes around two sites with extensive shell beds, the highly deforested Luiche Platform area, heavily populated since the 20th Century, and the less deforested Mahale Platform area, with recent population increases, to understand the impacts of increasing sedimentation within and between sites. The study found that whereas the Mahale Platform area is less disturbed, the faunal differences between sites is not large. The data showed high species richness and abundance of ostracodes at 10–20 m depth at both sites, within shell bed zones, with no statistical difference in raw species richness between the sites. The Mahale Mountain area ostracode populations were however statistically more diverse (Shannon H) than at Luiche. We conducted a multi-response permutation procedure and found that the sites are statistically different, but with very small differences in species richness and ostracode abundance. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of species assemblages shows that most samples overlap on both major axes. This study synthesized with ongoing research about shell bed communities in less disturbed regions of the lake will give insights into how conservation projects can be optimized to preserve the lake’s benthic ecosystem from the effects of deforestation. 相似文献
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River histories provide important guidance with which to inform river management. Evolutionary trajectories and appraisals of system responses to changing flux conditions and disturbance events can be used to determine the range of potential future states and associated behavioural regimes, assessing the likelihood that that these states will be attained over a given timeframe. In these analyses, natural or historical reference reaches may not provide a realistic basis to set target conditions for management actions, as what has gone before does not necessarily provide a complete and reliable picture of prospective future conditions. This paper outlines the use of a conceptual tool, the river evolution diagram, as a geomorphic platform to assess river history and the potential range of river futures for any given system. Evolutionary adjustments of a sand bed river in southeastern Australia are used to demonstrate the application of this approach. Applying adaptive management principles, ‘moving targets’ for river management are framed in relation to the range of likely future states and trajectories of adjustment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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《Journal of Great Lakes research》2022,48(1):97-109
The Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria is considered eutrophic with degrading water quality, as shown by harmful algal blooms formed by cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis. The dilution of gulf water occurs mainly through the wide Rusinga Channel, whereas the much narrower and shallower Mbita Channel was reopened in May 2017. Specific conductivity and phytoplankton biovolume composition were monitored monthly from July 2017 to July 2018 at three stations and compared with records during 2008 – 2009, when higher eutrophication was observed, in the west gulf (WG, closely located to the Mbita Channel), the mid gulf (central part of the gulf), and the east gulf (EG, close to Kisumu City). As previously observed, conductivity showed a distinct increase from the WG to the EG but compared with records 2008–2009 it had decreased. Water level fluctuations, resulting from wind possibly causing water exchange with the main basin, were related to the decrease in conductivity at the EG. When all three stations were compared, the environmental variable transparency was positively related to most phytoplankton genera, whereas the genera Dolichospermum, Microcystis, and Aulacoseira were related to eutrophication. Compared with the period 2008–2009, the proportion of Microcystis decreased, while the proportion of Aulacoseira increased. Compared with the period 2008–2009, the observed dilution at the EG was primarily related to the overall increased water level in the main basin. The observed dilutional influence might have led to a decline in nuisance phytoplankton and overall improved water quality conditions. 相似文献
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为探究混凝土在潮汐、蓄放水等循环水压环境下工作的情况,对饱和混凝土进行了不同次数(0,50,100,200)的有压水循环预处理,并在有围压的水环境中直接对混凝土进行加载,加载速率恒定为10-4 s-1。分别在应力空间上和应变空间上探究了循环水压对混凝土力学性能和损伤演化的影响。研究结果表明:①循环次数对混凝土力学性能的影响包含了有利影响与不利影响,有利影响主要表现为混凝土内部的Stefan效应,会增加混凝土的峰值应力与变形能力,同时延缓损伤的发展;②Stefan效应在循环次数较少时(≤100)占据主导地位,且随循环次数的增加而增大,并在孔隙水使混凝土内部孔隙发生连通和贯穿后开始减弱;③在混凝土受压过程中,由于混凝土内部共轭面的相对滑移,Stefan效应有一定的滞后性,但总体的影响程度大于不利影响;④所推导的损伤变量计算方法从能量耗散角度出发,将塑性应变能作为材料损伤耗能的一部分,反映了材料变形模量的退化,且比较符合实际工程经验。 相似文献