新型导电高聚物对神经元修补元件的表面改性

利用一种新型的导电聚合物——聚3,4-二氧化乙烷噻吩(PEDOT)的衍生物PEDTM,成功地在用微加工技术制作的神经元修补元件的电极上制得了导电涂层。该导电聚合物既克服了聚吡咯由于α—β(β?键接而产生的缺陷, 又克服了EDOT在水中溶解度小,无法在生物分子的掺杂下电化学合成PEDOT/生物分子导电涂层的缺陷。SEM和AFM照片表明PEDTM/PSS导电涂层具有粗糙的表面形貌,表面积增加,其阻抗也比未涂层前降低很多,在1 kHz处其阻抗值降低了两个数量级。研究结果表明,PEDTM/生物分子导电涂层的阻抗比聚吡咯/生物分子涂层降低得更多。     

各向异性导电胶膜新型填充粒子的研究

用分散聚合法合成了直径为3μm左右的聚苯乙烯核,在核表面化学镀形成带小突起的镍合金导电层,制成ACF新型填充粒子,对聚合物核做了粒径分布、比表面积测试,对核以及导电微球做了环境扫描电镜(ESEM)测试。结果表明:制备的导电微球密度小,呈单分散,镀层结构致密,镀层表面形成了近球形、锥形及其它不定形突起。这些突起可以刺穿电极的氧化膜。实践证明通过控制工艺参数实现控制镀层结构是一条可行方法。     

基于分子印迹聚合膜的胆固醇丝网印刷生物传感芯片

该文基于自组装技术在丝网印刷金电极表面制备分子印迹膜,研制胆固醇电化学仿生生物传感芯片。利用扫描电镜(SEM)对平面裸金电极、厚膜裸金电极及其修饰电极进行了形貌的分析比较,采用循环伏安分析法对电极修饰过程的电化学特性进行表征,采用计时电流法对胆固醇生物传感芯片的浓度响应特性进行检测。结果表明, 基于丝网印刷工艺的厚膜电极不仅能满足自组装分子印迹仿生膜的修饰,而且电极表面具有明显的纳米放大效应。传感器对0~700 nM不同浓度胆固醇进行检测,线性范围50 nM~700 nM,灵敏度达到-4.94 A/[lg(nM)],线性相关系数为0.994。该胆固醇传感芯片具有较高的准确性,检测准确度达到了99.56%。     

基于纳米修饰导电高分子的电化学气体报警器

针对公共安全领域对甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)等神经性毒剂模拟剂的高灵敏度检测的需求,该文提出了一种基于纳米修饰导电高分子电化学阻抗型气体传感方法,通过开展改性修饰导电高分子聚合物材料和平面叉指微电极研究,制备了电化学阻抗型气体传感器,并设计了传感器阵列化结构和报警器总体架构;研制出电化学阻抗型气体报警器,并开展了性能测试。实验结果表明,该电化学阻抗型气体报警器可对质量浓度低至1 μg/L的DMMP进行有效检测,响应时间低至52 s。     

纳米二氧化硅对镀银铜粉导电性能的影响研究

文章研究了纳米SiO2作为涂料添加剂对丙烯酸树脂导电涂料导电性能的影响,测试了加入不同量纳米SiO2时涂层的体积电阻;用扫描电镜观察了导电涂层的表面及截面形貌,用XRD研究了镀银铜粉的结构特性。结果表明在镀银铜粉涂料中加入适量的纳米SiO2可以提高其导电性能,同时还观察到纳米SiO2可以加快涂料的固化速度,增加膜层与基板的结合度。     

BDD电极电化学氧化清洗工艺氧化性研究

为了改进现有的RCA清洗法以及臭氧/过氧化氢湿式清洗技术,利用金刚石膜(BDD)电极的高级电化学氧化技术生成过氧化物氧化有机物,以实现简化清洗设备及节能环保。为研究金刚石膜电极的氧化能力,电解不同浓度的硫酸钾溶液,通过高锰酸钾滴定法进行氧化性的测量,研究原料浓度对生成过氧硫酸盐浓度的影响;通过添加KOH调节pH值,研究pH值对电化学制备过氧化物的影响,用该电化学氧化方法与RCA清洗法进行清洗效果对比。实验结果显示,金刚石膜电化学氧化能力可以通过阳极电解液浓度以及pH值的调整得到控制,清洗效果在Si片表面粗糙度方面明显优于传统的RCA清洗法,而且更加节能环保。     

NiCu双金属电极电催化析氢

采用恒电流共沉积方法制备了具有纳米结构的NiCu双金属电极。采用线性扫描、塔菲尔曲线、电流时间曲线及电化学阻抗谱对NiCu双金属电极电催化析氢的性能进行了测试;并且还利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和循环伏安测试手段对其组成、相结构和表面形貌进行了表征和分析。实验结果表明,NiCu双金属电极的电催化析氢性能明显优于Ni电极或Cu电极,这可能与Cu和Ni的协同作用有关。在所研究的NiCu双金属电极中,NiCu0.04具有较好的电化学析氢活性,这主要与其电化学反应电阻较小和比表面积较大有关。     

激光辐照制备PTFE、FEP、PFA涂层

烘烤炉高温烧结固化是传统的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚全氟乙丙稀(FEP)、聚全氟代烷氧基聚合物(PFA)涂层制备工艺。针对传统工艺的诸多缺陷,提出激光辐照固化技术。在室温空气条件下,利用1070 nm连续光纤激光辐照系统取代原有高温烘烤固化工艺来制备三种氟聚合物涂层。同时,通过控制激光扫描路径,制备出图形化的PTFE、FEP、PFA氟聚合物涂层,得出制备三种涂层的最佳工艺参数。分析发现制备机理是利用激光的热效应,使三种涂层膜处于熔融状态,发生交联固化而成。     

镍基MOF电极材料物理超声改性及电化学性能

采用水热法合成了以4,4′-联苯二甲酸(BPDC)为配体的Ni-金属有机框架(MOF),利用低成本、无污染的物理超声法在不改变Ni-MOF晶体结构的前提下对其进行改性,使块状Ni-MOF表面产生孔隙,改善Ni-MOF表面微/纳米结构,提高其电化学性能。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图、X射线衍射(XRD)谱、循环伏安(CV)曲线和恒电流充放电(GCD)曲线分析了改性前后Ni-MOF的微结构形貌和电化学性能。结果表明,经过超声处理后,Ni-MOF的比表面积从40.6 m^2·g^-1增加到65.8 m^2·g^-1,平均孔径从12 nm增加到22 nm。在0.5 A·g^-1电流密度下,超声处理后Ni-MOF电极比电容从420 F·g^-1增加到515 F·g^-1,提高了22.6%,电荷转移电阻明显降低,从25.11Ω降低到15.51Ω。因此,物理超声法可有效改善Ni-MOF表面微/纳米结构,提高其电化学性能。     

聚合物支撑法制备活性炭膜材料及其超级电容性能

利用聚合物支撑法制备活性炭基碳膜材料,应用于超级电容器电极材料。研究了浓酸改性时聚合物支撑对碳膜的结构和电化学性能的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、氮气等温吸脱附(BET)等方法表征材料的微观结构,采用循环伏安、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等研究其电化学电容性能。结果表明,聚合物支撑法制备的碳膜在1 A·g~(–1)的电流密度下的比电容为128.9 F·g~(–1),低于纯活性炭的比容量(173.3 F·g~(–1));但是,该碳膜在浓酸改性后的比电容达到了185.6 F·g~(–1),远高于浓酸改性的活性炭(71.1 F·g~(–1))。主要原因是支撑聚合物在高温热处理留下的碳基支撑点对于活性炭丰富的孔道结构具有保护作用。     

Processing and Characterization of Dry-Etch Benzocyclobutene as Substrate and Packaging Material for Neural Sensors

Electrode substrate is one of the most important factors affecting the recording or stimulation efficiency and long-term stability of chronically implanted neural sensors for laboratory research. Various biocompatible polymers have been investigated as potential substrate and packaging material for neural sensors in neuroscience research applications. Dry-etch benzocyclobutene (BCB) is one candidate due to its desirable combination of electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties and its biocompatibility. In this paper, processing techniques were investigated to control the uniformity and pin-pole density of dry-etch BCB film. Dry-etch BCB film as thick as 25 mum with a surface roughness less than 1000 A and a pinhole density less than 1.5 x 10^-3 mm^-2 has been acquired using an optimized coating and curing recipe. A traditional surface micro-machining technique was used to form the metallization and etch masks during the fabrication of the neural electrode based on dry-etch BCB substrate. Special consideration was given to the study of dry-etch BCB thin film patterning using plasma reactive ion etching dry etching. The optimized plasma etch condition shows that greater than 1 mum etch rate and 65deg via angle are the most suitable for the packaging and patterning of the neural probes. The results show that this fabrication process is optimal for chronically implantable neural sensors based on dry-etch BCB thin film as substrate. The process may find applications in other devices using BCB as substrate.     

Supported Lipid Bilayer on Nanocrystalline Diamond: Dual Optical and Field‐Effect Sensor for Membrane Disruption

It is demonstrated that a good biomimetic model lipid membrane with dynamic fluidity can be established on optically transparent nanocrystalline diamond (OTND) with surface roughness below 10 nm. Maigainin II, an antimicrobial peptide, is chosen to investigate the permeation of artificial bacterial membranes constructed on OTND. Due to the unique combination of optical transparency and highly sensitive surface conducting channel, intrinsic OTND affords the possibility of dual‐mode sensing based on optical and field effect properties. This opens up new possibilities for making integrated biomolecule–semiconductor microdevices, or sensors where the binding of biomolecules can be tracked using confocal microscopy whilst the associated changes in charge density during membrane perforation can be tracked using the space charge effect in the semiconductor. Such a synergistic approach may provide a powerful methodology for the screening of specific bactericidal activity on biomimetic membrane systems.     

RCS reduction of canonical targets using genetic algorithmsynthesized RAM

Radar cross section (RCS) reduction of canonical (planar, cylindrical, and spherical) conducting targets is the focus of this paper. In particular, a novel procedure is presented for synthesizing radar absorbing materials (RAM) for RCS reduction in a wide-band frequency range. The modal solutions of Maxwell's equations for the multilayered planar, cylindrical, and spherical canonical structures is integrated into a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique to obtain the best optimal composite coating. It Is shown that by using an optimal RAM, the RCS of these canonical structures can be significantly reduced. Characteristics of bistatic RCS of coated cylindrical and spherical structures are also studied and compared with the conducting structures without coating. It is shown that no optimal coating can be found to reduce the RCS in the deep shadow region. An in-depth study has been performed to evaluate the potential usage of the optimal planar coating as applied to the curved surfaces. It is observed that the optimal planar coating can noticeably reduce the RCS of the spherical structure. This observation was essential in introducing a novel efficient GA with hybrid planar/curved surface implementation using as part of its initial generation the best population obtained for the planar RAM design. These results suggest that the optimal RAM for a surface with arbitrary curvature may be efficiently determined by applying the GA with hybrid planar/curved surface population initialization     

高阶张量阻抗边界条件的纵向电磁场分量表达式

首先导出转换矩阵表示的有导体或各向同性介质衬底的旋转对称双各向异性媒质平面的精确阻抗张量。然后利用多项式近似和横向与纵向场分量的基本方程组推导出相应的近似高阶张量阻抗边界条件。该阻抗边界条件是用纵向电磁场分量表示的二个关系式,表达式中的阻抗和导纳算符是介质涂层平面法向导数的三次幂多项式。所导出的高阶张量阻抗边界条件能够直截了当地模拟双各向异性介质涂层对电磁场的影响,并能够方便有效地简化相关电磁场边值问题的求解。     

不同表面处理对石英晶体传感器频移响应的影响

液相环境下振荡的压电石英晶体传感器的谐振频移主要受液体性质和表面质量负载的影响。通过压电石英晶体传感器在液体粘度测量中，对不同表面粗糙度和亲和性的晶体谐振频移的实验。结果表明，晶体的不同表面性质对传感器的频移响应存在较大的影响。就液体粘度测量的灵敏度和准确性而言，经紫外照射处理的聚苯乙烯涂层石英晶体的传感器性能最佳。     

Multifunctional Nanobiomaterials for Neural Interfaces

Neural electrodes are designed to interface with the nervous system and provide control signals for neural prostheses. However, robust and reliable chronic recording and stimulation remains a challenge for neural electrodes. Here, a novel method for the fabrication of soft, low impedance, high charge density, and controlled releasing nanobiomaterials that can be used for the surface modification of neural microelectrodes to stabilize the electrode/tissue interface is reported. The fabrication process includes electrospinning of anti‐inflammatory drug‐incorporated biodegradable nanofibers, encapsulation of these nanofibers by an alginate hydrogel layer, followed by electrochemical polymerization of conducting polymers around the electrospun drug‐loaded nanofibers to form nanotubes and within the alginate hydrogel scaffold to form cloud‐like nanostructures. The three‐dimensional conducting polymer nanostructures significantly decrease the electrode impedance and increase the charge capacity density. Dexamethasone release profiles show that the alginate hydrogel coating slows down the release of the drug, significantly reducing the burst effect. These multifunctional materials are expected to be of interest for a variety of electrode/tissue interfaces in biomedical devices.     

Scattering from coated targets using a frequency-dependent, surfaceimpedance boundary condition in FDTD

One method for reducing the radar cross section of objects such as aircraft and missiles is the application of a lossy coating. Computing scattering from targets coated with dielectric/magnetic materials is challenging due to the reduced wavelengths of an incident field inside the coating. These smaller wavelengths require finer sampling of the fields. A technique for implementing this calculation without greatly increased memory requirements or computation times has previously been developed using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code which has been tested in one, two, and three dimensions. The method requires knowledge of the frequency behaviour of the complex permittivity and permeability, and the thickness of the dielectric coating and is applicable to thin coatings when one or more reflections from the conducting surface are significant. The impedance at the surface of the coating is computed based on the given information and then approximated using a summation of causal functions. The approximated impedance is Z-transformed and added to the FDTD code in special update equations for the fields at the surface of the coating. No computations are required inside the coatings so the FDTD grid can be sized based on the free-space wavelength. The result obtained is valid over the entire frequency range of interest, assuming that the approximated surface impedance is a good match over the entire range. Comparisons with measurements of a scale model coated missile show good agreement and almost no increase in resource requirements over a standard FDTD calculation for an uncoated metal target     

Characteristics of pH sensors fabricated by using protein-mediated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

The pH sensors using protein-mediated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) structure have been investigated. The hydrophobic cylindrical cavity of the chaperonin (GroEL) protein template was used to trap CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on hydrophobically treated SiO₂ surface. The CdSe/ZnS quantum dot with a small diameter of 3.98 nm is observed by atomic force microscope. A fair pH response with a sensitivity of 39 mV/pH and a linearity of 99.48% are obtained by using CdSe/ZnS quantum dot based EIS sensor, while those values are found to be 53 mV/pH and 99.95% for bare SiO₂ based EIS pH sensors. The pH response and linearity of CdSe/ZnS based quantum dot sensors are inferior (slightly) as compared to the bare SiO₂ sensors owing to the initial negative charges of CdSe quantum dots membrane, which has been explained by energy band diagrams. It is expected that this kind of quantum dot membrane can be useful in future bio-molecule detections.     

声表面波气体传感器的研究进展

介绍了声表面波气体传感器的基本结构和研究进展,指出了其存在的主要问题及解决方法:如温度控制电路可解决温度的影响;仿钻结晶碳覆盖层可解决湿度影响;人工神经网络技术可解决响应时间;监视声表面波的频率和振幅在高次谐波下的变化,可解决在低浓度工作时的灵敏度等问题。展望了声表面波气体传感器的发展趋势,认为该传感器的研究价值很高,市场前景广阔。