钢轨轮廓测量中的车体振动补偿问题研究

采用车载方式进行钢轨轮廓高精度测量,必须进行车体振动补偿.针对车体振动对钢轨轮廓测量带来的误差影响,提出将车体振动分解为同一平面内的平移振动分量和旋转振动分量,对左右股钢轨轮廓数据各个振动分量分别进行补偿.研究了用于钢轨轮廓测量的激光摄像式传感器标定计算方法、车体振动补偿计算方法.给出了基于激光摄像技术的钢轨轮廓测量方案.针对现场钢轨轮廓测量数据检测精度难验证的问题,建议采用钢轨磨耗测量数据验证.研制了基于激光摄像技术和车体振动补偿技术的钢轨轮廓检测装置.每隔100 m共选取10个采样点,分别在人工静态、振动补偿前动态、振动补偿后动态测量钢轨磨耗数据,以静态测量数据为基准,验证振动补偿有效性.结果表明,采用车体振动补偿后,左右股钢轨磨耗测量误差标准差各自减小2.0 mm,测量误差百分比各自减小38.8％、39.7％.选取200 m长线路分别以10 km/h、40 km/h、80 km/h进行钢轨轮廓动态测试,以10 km/h测量数据为基准,验证钢轨磨耗测量数据一致性.结果表明,动态测量钢轨磨耗数据重复性误差均方差控制在0.40 mm以内.     

模式向量法提取点云数据线轮廓点

本文以表面连续的折线型边缘和小圆弧屋脊型边缘为研究对象,提出了一种基于扫描点云数据的线轮廓提取方法。该方法通过构造万向切片从点云数据中提取包含线轮廓点的截面数据,根据截面数据上线轮廓点两侧的分布形式,定义了基于法向夹角分布规律的模式向量,将截面数据的相邻点法向夹角序列进行等元素划分,计算各组与模式向量的欧氏距离,在欧氏距离最小的组内提取线轮廓点。为验证方法的准确度,分别对直线型折线轮廓、弯曲折线轮廓和4个圆形屋脊轮廓进行试验,并将提取的线轮廓点进行最小二乘拟合,以线轮廓点相对拟合曲线的偏差评价方法的准确度。提取的直线轮廓点和曲线轮廓点的拟合标准偏差分别为0.076mm和0.047mm;4个圆形轮廓点的拟合标准偏差不大于0.1mm,圆半径相对三坐标测量结果的偏差不大于0.1mm。模式向量法适用于提取折线型边缘和小圆弧屋脊型边缘上的轮廓点数据,具有计算简单,适用性强的特点。当扫描仪准确度优于0.03mm时,模式向量法的准确度在0.1mm的量级。     

大面积形体三维测量数据拼接技术的研究

大面积形体三维无接触测量,一般采用多视场测量和测量数据拼接的方法,存在积累误差大、测量精度低的问题.采用框架拼接法,通过编码标志点的匹配,求得标志点的空间三维坐标,完成物体空间框架的重构;然后通过局部三维扫描点云与空间框架之间的特征点的提取,得到一组匹配点对,运用SVD矩阵分解算法求出旋转矩阵R和平移向量T,实现局部三维扫描数据的精确拼接.实例表明,该方法有效地提高了大面积形体三维测量的精度.     

经验模式分解在旋转机械非平稳振动信号表征中的应用分析

由于旋转机械常工作于非平稳、高负荷等工况,易出现故障.测试得到的振动信号中包含丰富的设备运行状态信息,对研究旋转机械的非平稳信号非常重要.旋转机械振动加速度信号通常为多源激励响应,其构成成分多、频率结构复杂,是一种典型的多分量信号.经验模式分解可以实现多分量信号的自适应分解,为旋转机械非平稳多分量振动信号时变特征的揭示...     

曲面工件自动超声检测轨迹规划

航空发动机叶片是典型复杂曲面结构,为实现叶片的自动化超声检测,提出基于曲面点云数据重建的自动化检测轨迹规划方法,在此基础上实现7轴联动复杂曲面自动扫描成像。叶片点云采用线激光轮廓仪配合工件旋转轴自动扫描获取,数据拼接整理后采用数据拟合方法获得曲面轮廓方程,基于曲面上的曲线方程规划加减速扫描轨迹,进一步对各扫描轨迹点进行多轴运动分解,获得包括六轴机械手和工件旋转轴在内的各轴轨迹。实际检测试验表明,轨迹规划算法可以实现叶片自动扫描,获得清晰C扫描图像。     

多摄像机线结构光的钢轨表面三维缺陷检测

为实现钢轨表面缺陷的实时全方位检测,提出基于多摄像机线结构光的三维检测方法。首先,通过标定线结构光和摄像机平面之间的位置参数,获取该摄像机视角下的钢轨表面线结构光的三维形状变化。其次,标定多个摄像机之间旋转平移参数,将多个视角下的三维点云进行拼接形成完整钢轨三维模型。同时,设计了钢轨三维检测的硬件装置,通过硬件编码器获取传送带运动的距离,形成钢轨在长度方向上的全貌三维形状。针对存在缺陷的钢轨样品进行了三维轮廓测量,实验结果表明,该方法的在钢轨深度方向上的精度能达较高精度,符合钢轨表面缺陷检测的要求。     

基于UG的水轮机叶片的逆向反求

借助三坐标测量机测量叶片原始点数据并在三维CAD软件UGS NX中用进行三维造型的逆向反求工程方法.叶片建模的点数据来自实物叶片的测量资料,包括样板曲线和叶片表面上不规则的测量点云.逆向反求过程为数据采集、数据处理转换、数据导入、创建叶片轮廓曲线、用三维数据创建叶片轴面型线、创建叶片网格曲线、创建叶片外表面曲面、创建叶...     

面向叶片弯扭变形分析的测量采样方法

针对叶片弯扭变形分析的问题,对等参数、等弧长及等弦高测量采样方法进行了研究.采用以上三种测量采样方法对叶片CAD截面线进行离散,对得到的离散点集进行平移、旋转及加噪处理,作为叶片弯扭变形的截面测量数据;通过采用奇异值分解和最近点迭代相结合的算法,将叶片截面测量数据与计算机辅助设计模型的截面轮廓线进行配准,计算出测量截面线相对于CAD模型截面线的扭转角度和平移量,并得出不同测量采样方法对应的叶片弯扭变形分析的精度.通过基于仿真数据和实测数据的叶片截面模型配准实验及对比分析,总结出一些可用于指导叶片弯扭变形分析的测量采样策略.     

叶片型面在线自动测量方法

为了实现叶片型面的在线自动测量,提出了一种基于机器视觉技术和机器人相结合的叶片型面测量方法。通过机器人带动叶片回转,由扫描仪获取不同视角下叶片型面的点云数据,根据旋转拼接原理将点云数据拼接到一起,完成叶片型面的测量。阐述采用机器人进行旋转拼接的原理,提出一种自动标定机器人法兰盘回转轴线的方法,利用该方法可在线完成扫描仪与机器人法兰盘之间位置关系的标定。试验表明,该方法简单有效,拼接后的叶片表面光滑,无分层现象,可实现叶片型面的在线自动测量。     

小圆心角小圆弧半径精确测量方案研究

采用加工精度为0.05 mm的圆弧类标准件模拟汽车“四门两盖”间隙中小圆弧,提出一套小圆心角小圆弧半径精确测量方案,并取其中理论半径分别为1 mm,2 mm,5 mm的圆弧进行点云数据采集并控制圆弧所对圆心角为30°、45°、60°来验证该方案的有效性,其中5 mm组为对照组。该方案通过限制拍摄角度范围,变换线结构光相机拍摄位姿对标准件圆弧处进行多次拍摄采集并提取圆弧轮廓数据后,进行点云粗配准,通过将多组不同角度拍摄提取得到的小圆心角小圆弧点云进行配准,增加小圆心角小圆弧的点云密度以增多其可用信息点数量,再用将传统拉普拉斯平滑算法与两步平滑算法结合而提出的普拉斯深度平滑算法,将点云进行平滑处理,得到较光滑的圆弧轮廓点云,最后利用最小二乘法进行拟合得到小圆心角小圆弧的半径。对标准件的测量实验验证结果表明,该方案无论在圆心角度数较低时,或者圆心角度数相对较高时,均可提高圆弧半径拟合精度;其改善了小圆弧所对圆心角度数为30°～60°时,可用信息点不够引起的拉普拉斯深度平滑过度拉伸的问题;同时,也改善了当小圆弧所对圆心角度数大于60°时,点云配准带来的较大的点云波动的问题。该方案测量小圆心角小...     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.