液滴碰撞液膜复合level set-VOF法的数值分析

液滴碰撞液膜现象广泛存在于化工领域中。采用CLSVOF法建立了液滴碰撞液膜数值模型,并开展实验验证了模型的准确性。通过分析结果,研究了碰撞速度对液滴运动形态的影响,揭示了液滴内部流动传热和飞溅机理,并探索了液滴撞击液膜动力学和传热特性随碰撞速度的变化规律。研究表明:液滴碰撞液膜后随碰撞速度的增加依次呈现出波动、皇冠射流和射流飞溅等形态;碰撞速度越大,射流飞溅特征越明显。碰撞中心区域较大的压力梯度是液滴铺展的主要原因;铺展边缘较大气液压差是产生射流的主要原因;射流区域内速度间断是皇冠射流发展的关键因素;空气剪切及毛细波的作用是射流颈部收缩和产生飞溅的关键。碰撞速度越大,液滴的铺展系数、无量纲射流高度和壁面最大平均热流密度越大,无量纲液面中心相对高度越小;随着液滴雷诺数的增加,壁面最大平均热流密度的碰撞速度效应逐渐减小。     

速度对液滴撞击超疏水壁面行为特性的影响

通过可视化实验研究了直径为2.58 mm的液滴在不同速度下撞击静态接触角为156°超疏水壁面后的运动特性,其液滴Weber数在8~310之间。实验利用光学原理在同一画面上同时记录了液滴撞击壁面过程的正面及底面图像。实验结果表明:液滴撞击壁面的速度对液滴的前进角、后退角,三相接触线的速度以及液滴反弹后的空中运动特性都有较大的影响;液滴高速撞击超疏水壁面后会产生明显的液指及多组卫星液滴,回缩阶段相邻的液指发生聚并直至液滴完全回缩。     

疏水表面液滴合并弹跳过程的数值模拟

液滴合并弹跳对强化热泵空调系统中的凝结传热及防结霜、除霜等方面均有良好的应用前景。在综合考虑固-液、气-固和气-液表面自由能,重力势能,液滴内部黏性耗散功及表面黏附功的基础上建立了液滴合并及弹跳的分阶段能量模型,并进行了超疏水表面不同半径液滴合并弹跳时的模型模拟与实验验证,得到较好的吻合。基于该模型研究了液滴数量、半径均匀性及不同表面状态对液滴合并弹跳过程的影响规律。结果表明,液滴数量增加时,合并阶段临界接触角由120°减小至105°,半径尺寸均匀性增加时,弹跳阶段临界接触角从140°减小至130°。当表面接触角大于140°时,固液接触系数影响微乎其微。可见,液滴数量的增多及液滴尺寸均匀性的提升有利于合并弹跳过程的发生,固液接触系数对合并弹跳过程的影响程度随表面接触角的增大而减小。     

液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

乙醇水溶液单液滴碰撞热壁面的动态演化特性

乙醇添加剂能显著改变去离子水基液滴碰壁动态特性。本文设计并搭建了液滴碰壁动态演化及传热研究实验台,并就溶液表面张力、液滴韦伯数（We）、壁面温度等对液滴碰壁的特性影响进行了实验研究。结果表明乙醇添加剂能够有效增强液滴润湿特性,促进液滴的雾化和破碎现象,同时抑制液滴反弹能力。并且这一能力随着乙醇溶液浓度的增大而增强。润湿特性随着液滴We的增大呈现出先增强后发生反弹现象的趋势,乙醇添加剂能够有效地抑制这种反弹趋势,并使混合液滴继续发生铺展现象。壁面温度125℃时,当We由15增大到33时,水基液由铺展阶段过渡到反弹阶段,而添加乙醇使得液滴继续铺展,没有发生反弹现象。乙醇添加剂能够明显地提高液滴由铺展到反弹的临界转变温度（T_CHF）,扩大液滴核态沸腾对应的温度区域,延迟液滴进入过渡沸腾阶段。     

液滴碰撞倾斜热壁面数值模拟研究

为了研究液滴碰撞复杂热壁面过程中液滴的铺展特性和传热特性,文中基于FTM(Front-Tracking Method)方法对液滴碰撞倾斜固体热壁面过程进行了模拟研究,通过改变壁面倾斜角度、表面张力系数σ,从压力场、流场、惯性力、表面张力等角度对换热现象进行分析和研究。结果表明:液滴撞击倾斜壁面时,在液滴下滑方向一侧三相点处热流密度取得最大值;壁面倾斜角度越大,液滴铺展程度越低,传热减弱;σ影响液滴中后期的铺展特性,σ越大液滴最大铺展系数越小,且回缩越迅速;由于传热大部分发生在液滴碰撞壁面初期铺展阶段,所以σ对液滴与壁面间传热特性影响较小。     

液滴撞击有机玻璃固壁的实验和数值研究

通过实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,探究了液滴撞击有机玻璃固壁的运动过程以及铺展和振荡规律。数值模拟提出了新的分段式动态接触角(SDCA)模型,模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好。研究结果表明,有机玻璃壁面受到液滴撞击时最大压力出现在气液固三相交界线上。     

大液滴撞击结冰传热过程及介质阻挡放电除冰实验研究

对大液滴撞击过冷壁面结冰的传热和相变过程进行了实验研究,采用高速成像技术与红外测温成像技术对液滴撞击不同温度过冷壁面时的动态过程进行拍摄记录。另外提出一种新的除冰方式,利用高频纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器进行了除冰的实验验证,并进行了热力学分析。实验结果表明：壁面温度的变化对液滴铺展过程影响较小,最大铺展系数几乎不变,但对液滴收缩与振荡过程以及最终结冰冰形有较大的影响;结冰从液滴底层开始,壁面温度越低,液滴与过冷壁面温差越大,底层液滴结冰更快,而上层液膜经过回缩、振荡之后,液膜厚度更薄,结冰相变所需时间也更短;利用高频纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电除冰效果显著,其放电区域作用相当于是一个“热源”且根据其作用方式的不同,除冰过程可分为两个阶段。     

水滴与聚氧化乙烯液滴撞击荷叶表面的实验对比分析

为探究荷叶表面的液滴撞击行为规律,本文利用高速摄像机以14000帧/秒的帧率分别记录水滴和4种不同相对分子质量的聚氧化乙烯（polyethylene oxide,PEO）水溶液液滴竖直撞击荷叶表面的动力过程,其撞击速度为0.3~3m/s。实验结果表明,水滴与低相对分子质量（5×10⁴）的PEO液滴撞击荷叶表面的行为现象相似,两者随撞击速度增加依次有规则反弹、向上发射卫星液滴、不规则反弹（或部分反弹）、液滴破碎和液指断裂分离小液滴等现象发生,但水滴的接触时间更短,最大铺展系数也更小。中等相对分子质量（3×10⁵）PEO液滴在低速和高速撞击时分别为振荡弹起模态和振荡模态,临界速度为1.13m/s。高相对分子质量（1×10⁶、4×10⁶）的PEO液滴,其高分子长链与表面交互作用显著增强,表现出很强的黏性,撞击后反弹完全被抑制,均黏附沉积于荷叶表面;液滴发生沉积的临界Oh数为0.0544,且Oh数越大,液滴越难发生反弹。速度一定时,相对分子质量3×10⁵以上的3种PEO液滴的最大铺展系数均小于水滴;三者的上升系数随速度增加先减小后保持基本稳定或略微增加。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。