Effect of loading rate on fracture characteristics of rock

The three-point bending experiments were applied to investigating effects of loading rates on fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone. The fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 9×10⁻⁴ to 1.537 MPa·m^1/2/s. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and dynamic fracture toughness was obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. (1) When the loading rate is higher than 0.027 MPa·m^1/2/s, the fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone increases markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.027 MPa·m^1/2/s, fracture toughness slightly increases with an increase in loading rate. (2) It is found from experimental results that fracture toughness is linearly proportional to the logarithmic expression of loading rate. (3) For Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, the energy release rate slightly decreases with increasing the growth velocity of crack. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1 000 m/s, the energy release rate dramatically decreases with an increase in the crack growth velocity.     

三点弯曲下PVA-尾矿砂水泥基复合材料断裂特性

针对混凝土的早期开裂问题,设计了PVA-尾矿砂水泥基复合材料三点弯曲梁试验,研究了尾矿砂掺量、缝高比、纤维掺量以及使用条件对断裂韧度和断裂能的影响规律.通过试验得出P-δ曲线和P-COM D曲线,并计算断裂韧度和断裂能.结果表明:断裂韧度与缝高比成反比,且随着纤维掺量的增加而增加,但尾矿砂对断裂韧度的影响却很小;断裂能随纤维掺量的增加而增加,随尾矿砂掺量的增加而降低;正常使用条件下的断裂能、断裂韧度计算值比腐蚀使用条件下的断裂能、断裂韧度计算值均增大约10%.     

Toughness and characterization of reactive powder concrete with ultra-high strength

A number of three-point bending and fracture tests of 200 MPa-level reactive powder concrete (RPC) with the various fiber contents have been conducted to probe the nature and characteristics of toughness of RPC200. The contribution of the embedded fibers to improving the crack-resistant capacity, energy absorption capacity and toughness with various deformation mechanisms has been analyzed. Taking account of that the first-crack deformation, peak-load deformation and their improvement varied with the fiber contents and that the deformation mechanism affected differently the performance at the first crack and the peak load, we took the peak-load deformation of plain RPC200 as the reference deformation to measure the toughness of fibered RPC200. Two toughness indices T _2(n−1)(n) and FT _2(n−1)(n) have been formulated based on P-δ responses and P-CMOD responses. The indices quantify the toughness of RPC200 with the various deformation mechanisms relative to perfectly elastoplastic materials by setting the toughness level 2(n−1) as the initial reference. It is shown that the toughness index T _2(n−1)(n) reflects the function of fibers to improve the toughness of RPC with the deformation throughout specimens, but overestimates the contribution to enhancing the toughness in post-peak periods. It underestimates, on other hands, the contribution to improving the toughness in the period from the first crack to the peak load. In contrast, the toughness index FT _2(n−1)(n) properly presents the capability that fibers absorb energy and constrain crack propagation in the matrix when the deformation is concentrated on the open crack. The proposed index unveils the contribution of fibers to toughening RPC200 both in the period from the first-crack to the peak load and in the period of post peak. This characterization method not only reveals the nature of toughness but also levels the toughness of RPC200. It could provide a way to establish an objective toughness characterization for RPC200 and facilitate its applications. Supported by the New Century Excellent Talents Program (Grant No. NCET-05-0215), the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant No. PGS D2 2006), the Laboratory Innovation Plan of Beijing Science and Education Committee (Grant No. JD102900671) and the National Basic Research Project of China (“973” Project) (Grant No. 2002CB412705)     

Sigma phase precipitation and properties of super-duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 aged at the nose temperature

The nose temperature for σ-phase precipitation in super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) UNS S32750 was evaluated by hardness method.Color-optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,energy spectrum analysis,impact and corrosion testing were carried out to investigate characteristics of microstructure and properties of the SDSS aged at the nose temperature.The experimental results indicate that the nose temperature of precipitation is 920℃ and aging at this temperature tiny σ phases can precipitate at phase interfaces or ferrite grain boundaries within 2min.Prolonging aging duration the amount ofσ-phase increases and a dual structure with σ and γ is obtained when aging for 120min.The precipitation ofσ-phase leads to severe deterioration in impact toughness (longitudinal/transverse direction) and corrosion resistance of SDSS.     

IIb型与Ib型金刚石热稳定性比较

通过在铁基触媒中加入氮化硼的方法，高温高压合成了IIb型金刚石.用光学显微镜对IIb型金刚石与Ib型金刚石的单晶形貌结构进行观察.利用冲击韧性测定仪、静压强度仪及差热分析仪对IIb型金刚石与Ib型金刚石在空气中的热稳定性进行了系统的对比研究.结果一致表明，合成的IIb型金刚石较Ib型金刚石不仅具有优异的热冲击韧性和静压强度，而且具有较好的热稳定性，并通过差热分析提出了进一步提高金刚石热稳定性的有效地途径.金刚石的热分解过程与其重量的损失是同步的，表明失重是由金刚石石墨化和氧化引起的.     

玄武岩纤维混凝土三点弯曲梁的断裂性能

为探讨玄武岩纤维混凝土(BFRC)的断裂性能,采用《水工混凝土断裂试验规程》的三点弯曲梁法,制作缝高比为0.4的不同纤维长度及掺量的混凝土试件,利用MTS试验机对试件进行加载试验,得到玄武岩纤维混凝土三点弯曲梁的试验结果,并对P-CMOD曲线、起裂韧度、失稳韧度及断裂能等断裂参数进行分析,结果表明：掺入玄武岩纤维后,试件的断裂性能得到了提升,纤维掺量越多,纤维长度越长,P-CMOD曲线的下降段越饱满;纤维长度为18 mm、掺量为1.5%的试件起裂韧度及失稳断裂韧度的提升最为明显;纤维长度为12 mm、掺量为1.5%的试件断裂能最大。     

Thermal residual stress analysis of coated diamond grits

Residual stresses of coated diamond grits were analyzed by a finite element unit cell model.Diamond grits coated with four types of metals, W, Mo, Ti, and Cr, were considered.The numerical results show that compressive stress occurs in the diamond particles and tensile stress occurs in the metal matrix; compressive stress is concentrated in the diamond sharp comer; interface stresses decrease by more than 1000 MPa with a metal interlayer; plastic deformation of the matrix begins near the sharp comer of diamond grits and extends toward the peripheral zone.Stress concentration dramatically decreases due to plastic deformation of the matrix.The deposition of transition metals on a diamond surface can dramatically promote the adhesion between diamond grits and the metal bond.     

Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Al-Cu-Fe-B Quasicrystal

1　IntroductionTheapplicationsofthequasicrystals (QCs)haveal waysbeenemphasized ,astheyhaveaseriesofunusualphysicalandchemicalproperties (forexample ,highhard ness ,lowsurfaceenergyandfrictionalcoefficient) ,result ingfromitsaperiodicalstructure .Manystudies[1-3 ] indi catedthatmostQCsareverybrittleatroomtemperatureandveryeasilytobefracturedevenifhavingverysmalldeformation .Athightemperature ,Al Cu TMQCs (TM =Fe B ,Cr ,Si)showahighplasticityaftercompressiontesting .ForAl Cu FeQCs ,asm…     

07MnNiCrMoVDR钢焊缝组织与低温冲击韧性分析

采用SMAW焊接工艺焊接低合金高强度07MnNiCrMoVDR钢获得焊接接头,通过焊缝显微组织观察、冲击断口分析、焊缝低温冲击试验,研究了07MnNiCrMoVDR钢焊缝组织与低温冲击韧性。结果表明,焊缝组织由沿晶界分布的先共析铁素体、晶内的针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体构成,针状铁素体以微夹杂物为核心生长。温度为－40 ℃时,不同部位焊缝冲击吸收功随试样截取深度的增大而减小;与近表面处相比,1/2厚度处焊缝冲击吸收功损失约67%,在1/4厚度处,焊缝冲击吸收功随着温度的降低而降低;焊缝的低温冲击韧性符合要求。焊缝冲击断口的表面由凹凸不平变得比较平整,断口的微观形貌由韧窝花样变成解理河流花样。     

Size effect of fracture characteristics for anisotropic quasi-brittle geomaterials

Understanding the size effect exhibited by the fracture mechanism of anisotropic geomaterials is important for engineering practice. In this study, the anisotropic features of the nominal strength, apparent fracture toughness, effective fracture energy and fracture process zone(FPZ) size of geomaterials were first analyzed by systematic size effect fracture experiments. The results showed that the nominal strength and the apparent fracture toughness decreased with increasing bedding plane inclin...     

纵向磁场对WQ960钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

为了研究纵向磁场对焊接接头的显微组织、冲击韧性和抗拉强度的影响,利用纵向磁场辅助MAG焊焊接WQ960高强钢.纵向磁场的施加提高了焊接接头的抗拉强度、冲击吸收功和冲击韧性,改善了焊接接头的显微组织,且焊接接头的显微组织主要由细小的针状铁素体构成.结果表明,当励磁电流达到2.5 A且磁场频率为20 Hz时,焊接接头的抗拉强度和低温冲击功均可达到最大值,分别为839 MPa和72 J,且分别提高了17.01%和24.14%;先共析铁素体和侧板条铁素体数量相应减少,因而形成了更多的针状铁素体.     

Preparation of MWNTs/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> composites and their mechanical and electrical properties

Since their discovery by Iijima[1], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been the focus in novel materials research. Theoretical and experimental studies show[2-9] that CNTs have extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties. Krishnan et al.[2] have reported that the mean value of Young’s modulus of single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) is 1.25 TPa. Yu et al.[3] measured Yang’s modulus of multi-wall nanotubes (MWNTs) between 270 and 950 GPa and breaking strength between 11 and 63 GPa. The ele…     

基于扩展有限元的混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂性能数值模拟研究

基于扩展有限元法,模拟了不同宽度混凝土三点弯曲梁的断裂破坏过程,得到了荷载-裂缝口位移曲线;对不同宽度、缝高比、跨高比的三点弯曲梁断裂过程进行模拟并利用双K断裂准则得出了不同宽度、缝高比、跨高比等条件下的应力强度因子,研究了这三种参数的变化对应力强度因子的影响。研究结果表明:当跨高比、缝高比等于0.4,梁宽在100~250 mm范围内变化时,其起裂断裂韧度K_Icⁱⁿⁱ、失稳断裂韧度K_Ic^un基本保持不变;当梁宽不变,跨高比等于4,缝高比从0.2增大到0.5时,起裂断裂韧度K_Icⁱⁿⁱ、失稳断裂韧度K_Ic^un呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当梁宽不变,缝高比等于0.4,跨高比从2.5增大到3.5时,起裂断裂韧度K_Icⁱⁿⁱ保持不变,失稳断裂韧度K_Ic^un将逐渐增大但幅度很小;当跨高比不变,缝高比等于0.4,梁宽在100~250 mm的范围内变化时,起裂断裂韧度K_Icⁱⁿⁱ、失稳断裂韧度K_Ic^un均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,表明小跨高比的K_Icⁱⁿⁱ、K_Ic^un在梁宽度方向存在一定的尺寸效应。     

冲击载荷下磁铁矿石破碎的能量耗散特性

针对金属矿山企业破碎磁铁矿石时,存在着耗能巨大且能量利用率较低的工程问题. 利用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置和高速摄影技术,首先,研究了磁铁矿石在冲击载荷下的能量运移转化规律及其机理;其次,采用标准方孔砂石筛与GZS-1高频振筛仪,分析了不同耗散能下磁铁矿石破碎块度的分布规律、平均块度的变化情况、以及矿石冲击破碎模式的转变过程;然后,分析了随应变率提高,矿石能量耗散率与破碎程度的相关性问题;最后,结合影响矿石块度分布的基本因素,推导出了磁铁矿石平均块度的预测模型表达式. 结果表明:随入射能提高,矿石波阻抗的降低,改变了矿石与压杆间的透射系数与反射系数,影响着各能量在入射能中的占比分布,即能量耗散率和能量反射率增大,而能量透射率却减小;耗散能越高,磁铁矿石的破碎程度越重,当耗散能由14.79 J提高到121.18 J时,矿石破碎块度的主要分布区域由粗粒端（26.5 mm,37.5 mm）向细粒端（4 mm,16 mm）移动;耗散能与平均块度（d_s）呈减对数关系,d_s降低了56.04%;d_s存在着一个临界值,当d_s大于该值时,矿石能量耗散率和破碎程度呈正相关;反之,两者呈负相关;在该值处,磁铁矿石可实现最优破碎. 研究成果对于磁铁矿石破碎工序中的能耗控制具有一定参考价值.     

Ti微合金化对3.5Ni钢低温韧性的影响

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察不同Ti含量3.5Ni钢试样的组织及析出物,并通过测定其-80～-120℃的夏比冲击功来研究Ti微合金化对3.5Ni钢低温韧性的影响。结果表明,与0.042Ti试样相比,0.079Ti试样在热轧态和正火＋回火态时晶粒大小相同,但其热轧态组织中珠光体细化,且正火＋回火态组织中TiN数量增多,平均尺寸约为150nm;正火＋回火处理后,0.079Ti试样在-80～-120℃的夏比冲击功为233～23J,均低于0.042Ti试样相应值（234～66J）;对于正火＋回火态试样,较粗大TiN粒子的析出是造成其低温韧性降低的主要原因。     

纤维类型对混凝土抗压强度和弯曲韧性的增强效应及变异性的影响

为研究单掺钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维和纤维素纤维对混凝土抗压强度及弯曲韧性的影响,在不同体积掺量下进行了混凝土试块的抗压强度及弯曲韧性试验,并对试验结果进行了变异性分析。试验结果表明：3种纤维混凝土抗压强度较素混凝土平均提高26.7%、6.1%和11.1%;二次抗压强度保持率分别达77.0%、45.7%和58.0%;抗弯承载力最大分别提高31.6%、3.5%和14.0%;基于荷载挠度曲线、Newkumar法及弯拉应力应变曲线分别计算的弯曲韧性指数I₂₀、Newkumar指标PCS_m和韧度比R_x分别为素混凝土的4.2、3.1、2.6倍,19.9、9.8、6.9倍和4.0、3.4、2.7倍。变异性分析结果表明,掺入纤维后混凝土的抗压强度变异性小于弯曲韧性。同时,基于Newkumar法和应力应变曲线法算得的混凝土弯曲韧性指标变异系数小于荷载挠度曲线法。总体而言,钢纤维增强混凝土的抗压强度和弯曲韧性最为显著,且变异系数最小。纤维素纤维增强混凝土抗压强度及聚丙烯纤维增强混凝土弯曲韧性则相对较显著。     

Effect of specimen thickness on Mode II fracture toughness of rock

Anti-symmetric four-point bending specimens with different thickness, without and with guiding grooves, were used to conduct Mode II fracture test and study the effect of specimen thickness on Mode II fracture toughness of rock. Numerical calculations show that the occurrence of Mode II fracture in the specimens without guiding grooves (when the inner and outer loading points are moved close to the notch plane) and with guiding grooves is attributed to a favorable stress condition created for Mode II fracture, i.e. tensile stress at the notch tip is depressed to be lower than the tensile strength or to be compressive stress, and the ratio of shear stress to tensile stress at notch tip is very high. The measured value of Mode II fracture toughness K _{II C} decreases with the increase of the specimen thickness or the net thickness of specimen. This is because a thick specimen promotes a plane strain state and thus results in a relatively small fracture toughness. Foundation item: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 49672164) Biography of the first author: RAO Qiu-hua, doctor of engineering, born in 1965, majoring in rock fracture mechanics.     

粉煤灰取代率对再生混凝土断裂性能影响试验研究

为了研究不同粉煤灰取代率对富含砖粒再生混凝土断裂性能的影响,以RC25为基准再生混凝土,并以粉煤灰取代率为0%、10%、20%、30%为变化参数,制作了四组尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×515 mm的富含砖粒再生混凝土三点弯曲梁试件。通过三点弯曲梁的断裂韧度试验,研究了富含砖粒再生混凝土随粉煤灰取代率的变化规律。结果表明:当粉煤灰取代率为10%时,富含砖粒再生混凝土的起裂韧度和失稳韧度提高幅度分别为4.61%和7.44%,当粉煤灰取代率超过10%后,随着粉煤灰取代率的增加,断裂韧度逐渐减小,最大降幅为12.21%。给出了富含砖粒再生混凝土的双K断裂韧度与粉煤灰取代率的关系式。     

Measuring dynamic fracture toughness of cement rock using a short rod specimen

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Energy-limiting factor for coal and gas outburst occurrence in intact coal seam

This research reviewed the mechanics and gas desorption properties of intact coal, and tested the crushing work ratios of different intact coals, and then, studied the stress conditions for the failure or crushing of intact coal and the gas demand for the pulverization of intact coal particles. When a real-life outburst case is examined, the required minimum stress for intact coal outburst is estimated. The study concludes that the crushing work ratios of three intact coal samples vary from 294.3732 to 945.8048 J/m². For the real-life case, more than 2300 MJ of transport work is needed, and 10062.09, 7046.57 and 5895.47 m³ of gas is required when the gas pressure is 1, 2 and 3 MPa, respectively. The crushing work exceeds the transport work and even reaches 13.96 times of the transport work. How to provide such an enormous crushing work is an energy-limiting factor for the outburst in intact coal. The strain energy is needed for the crushing work, and the required minimum stress is over 54.35 MPa, even reaching 300.44 MPa. These minimum stresses far exceed the in-situ vertical and horizontal stresses that can be provided at the 300–700 m mining depth range.