细粒磷矿硫酸酸解过程的磷石膏结晶研究

本文以浮选后的细颗粒(55~60μm)马边磷矿为代表性矿样,通过正交实验设计及极差分析方法探讨反应温度、停留时间、液相SO3质量浓度、料浆液固比等因素对细粒磷矿分解及磷石膏结晶的影响。结果表明:细粒磷矿分解的实验室较佳工艺条件为:反应温度85℃、液相SO3质量浓度0.040 g/mL、液固比3.0∶1、反应时间4.0 h。在此工艺条件下,磷酸的萃取率为93.43%,磷石膏的平均粒径为74.47μm。同时对实验数据进行回归分析,得到细粒磷矿磷酸萃取率和磷石膏平均粒径的数学模型,该模型能较好地预测和优化细粒磷矿分解和磷石膏结晶的过程。     

磷酸-碳酸钙法制备大颗粒食品级磷酸氢钙新工艺

针对目前工艺制得的磷酸氢钙颗粒较小,给后续工艺操作带来困难,采用DTB结晶器,研究了大颗粒食品级磷酸氢钙制备的新工艺.通过试验确定了最佳工艺条件为pH 5.5,循环母液的加入质量约为碳酸钙的5倍,反应物料在结晶器内的停留时间40～50 min,反应器内搅拌速度控制在800～1 000 r/min.通过该工艺生产出的磷酸氢钙平均粒径为67.7μm.     

工艺条件对内旋式移动床停留时间的影响

为了给热解过程中颗粒在内旋式反应器内的停留时间和混合效果提供理论指导,在内旋式移动床试验装置上,以煤颗粒作为填充物料和示踪剂,利用脉冲法研究了转轴长度、转轴转速、粒径及给料速率等工艺条件对物料停留时间的影响。结果表明:60°倾角安装的桨叶式传动叶片测得的平均停留时间分布曲线存在较大的"拖尾",曲线尾峰较多,表明反应器内存在返混;反应器内煤料流动流型介于平推流与全混流之间;转轴长度与平均停留时间呈线性关系;转轴转速与平均停留时间呈指数关系,增大转速会加剧轴向返混,同时缩短物料在反应器内的平均停留时间;随着煤料粒径的增大,反应器内平均停留时间和轴向返混程度均呈减小趋势,且粒径大的煤颗粒在输送过程中会出现一定程度的破碎,5~6 mm煤颗粒的破碎率为35.39%;给料速率主要影响煤料在反应器内的填料量,从而影响停留时间分布,平均停留时间随着给料速率的增加而降低。     

传质控制下宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性

烟气CO₂直接与工业固废磷石膏矿化反应生成碳酸钙与硫酸铵的控速步骤是磷石膏的溶解。在传质控制下,准确表达溶解特性是矿化反应器设计的理论依据。采用种群平衡模型预测传质控制下粒径宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性,采用矩积分法和特征线法对模型进行数值求解并与传统的平均粒径模型表达进行对比。结果显示：种群平衡模型反映了粒径分布对溶解速率的影响,计算得到溶解过程中总容积传质系数的变化,与实验结果吻合良好,证实了种群平衡模型预测的可靠性。与之相比,平均粒径模型预测溶解速率值比实验值偏大,由此解释了工业反应器中物料实际停留时间大于模型计算值的原因。     

传质控制下宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性

烟气CO_2直接与工业固废磷石膏矿化反应生成碳酸钙与硫酸铵的控速步骤是磷石膏的溶解。在传质控制下,准确表达溶解特性是矿化反应器设计的理论依据。采用种群平衡模型预测传质控制下粒径宽分布石膏颗粒群溶解特性,采用矩积分法和特征线法对模型进行数值求解并与传统的平均粒径模型表达进行对比。结果显示:种群平衡模型反映了粒径分布对溶解速率的影响,计算得到溶解过程中总容积传质系数的变化,与实验结果吻合良好,证实了种群平衡模型预测的可靠性。与之相比,平均粒径模型预测溶解速率值比实验值偏大,由此解释了工业反应器中物料实际停留时间大于模型计算值的原因。     

磷矿浆粒径对磷矿中P_2O_5萃取率和磷石膏中P_2O_5洗涤率的影响

为提高磷资源利用率,对磷矿浆制备工艺流程进行了改进,通过在球磨机进出料端加装振动筛,减小了磷矿浆的粒径,提高了150μm筛通过率。改造后,磷矿中P_2O_5的平均萃取率由96.80%升至97.50%,磷石膏中总磷的平均质量分数由0.80%降至0.65%,磷石膏中P_2O_5的平均洗涤率由99.20%升至99.85%,实现了环境友好、绿色发展的目标,达到了改造的预期效果。     

EGSB反应器的流态模拟研究

用自来水加葡萄糖配成10000mg/L的溶液模拟废水,用强碱性阴离子树脂模拟生物颗粒污泥,用注入空气的方式模拟反应器中产生的沼气的方法,研究了颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器中的流态情况。结果表明:上升流速vup是影响EGSB反应器膨胀性能的主要参数,vup小于10m/h时,模拟的颗粒污泥不会流失;vup为3,4和6m/h时,通过示踪剂浓度计算出的试验平均停留时间分别为54.2,46.2,28.3min,均小于各自的理论平均停留时间,说明反应器中存在死区。在理论停留时间为30,45,60min时,反应器中的死区百分比分别为5.6%,5.3%,9.7%,离散数分别为0.134,0.105,0.092。     

气升式环流反应器内气液固三相流的数值模拟

以Fluent中的欧拉三相流模型为基础,采用改进的曳力模型对连续式三相气升式内环流生物反应器进行二维非稳态数值模拟,模拟反应器降流区时均液体循环速度和最大液体循环速度,不同曝气量和石英砂含量下的气含率及曝气量10.2 L/min、石英砂含量2 L时苯酚在反应器内的扩散过程.结果表明,模拟结果与实测值吻合较好.用该模型模拟固相密度为1200,1500,1 800,2 220 kg/m~3、固相颗粒粒径为0.3,0.6,0.9 mm条件下降流区的时均液体循环速度,较小的密度和粒径有助于提高液体循环速度.     

球磨时间对磷石膏基胶凝材料性能影响研究

以原状磷石膏为研究对象,在用热重分析与相组成分析技术探究磷石膏脱水温度与时间的基础上,研究了球磨时间对原状磷石膏粒径大小及分布、磷石膏硬化体以及磷石膏-水泥胶结料性能的影响。原状磷石膏脱水温度为130 ℃、脱水时间为60 min。在0~20 min,延长球磨时间可以有效降低磷石膏-水泥胶结料的流动度,缩短凝结时间,磷石膏硬化体以及磷石膏-水泥胶结料的力学强度先提高后降低。最优球磨时间为15 min,此时原状磷石膏粒径约为29 μm;所得的磷石膏-水泥胶结料具有较好的力学性能和耐水性能。     

聚丙烯环管反应器内颗粒粒径分析研究

利用计算流体动力学软件对环管反应器内丙烯聚合生成的颗粒粒径分布进行了数值模拟。以CFDPBM耦合模型为基础,通过矩量法对反应器内流体流动行为进行模拟。结果表明,在反应过程中,颗粒在第四段弯管处囤积严重。为提高反应速率、从理论上探讨反应器内复杂的浆液流动情况,进一步研究了颗粒破碎、聚并以及破碎聚并这3种情况下颗粒的平均粒径变化情况。约40min后,颗粒在第四段直管段顶部达到破碎与聚并动态平衡时,平均粒径约为283μm,与实际生产数据相吻合。因此,该模型可作为提高工业产品质量的理论指导。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。