发酵肉制品中微生物对生物胺形成机理的影响研究

富含高蛋白质的食品中存在生物胺,发酵肉制品中蛋白质含量丰富可能存在高浓度的生物胺。微生物在不同发酵肉制品中的分布不尽相同,导致了在不同发酵肉制品中生物胺种类和数量上的差异。该文综述发酵肉制品中微生物对生物胺形成机理的研究进展,将发酵肉制品中的微生物群落构成与生物胺分析有机地结合起来,为利用发酵剂调控微生物菌群结构来降低生物胺潜在危害的应用提供科学依据。     

发酵肉制品中生物胺及其产生菌株研究进展

生物胺是一类具有生物活性的含氨基小分子有机化合物,其广泛存在于蛋白丰富的食品中。生物体内适量生物胺具有增强代谢、促进生长等功能,但当含量达到临界值时,会产生诸多不良影响。存在大量微生物的食品中,生物胺的含量较高,同类发酵肉制品中生物胺的种类和含量也有很大不同,如发酵时间、贮藏时间和包装材料等都会对此产生影响。本文主要介绍生物胺的常见种类、生理作用,发酵肉制品中产生物胺的微生物种类、形成途径、菌株筛选方法及检测方法,旨在为今后发酵肉制品中生物胺的进一步研究提供帮助,以期为发酵肉制品的质量保障提供参考。     

Safety improvement and preservation of typical sensory qualities of traditional dry fermented sausages using autochthonous starter cultures

Traditional dry fermented sausages are manufactured without addition of starter cultures in small-scale processing units, their fermentation relying on indigenous microflora. Characterisation and control of these specific bacteria are essential for the sensory quality and the safety of the sausages. The aim of this study was to develop an autochthonous starter culture that improves safety while preserving the typical sensory characteristics of traditional sausages. An autochthonous starter composed of Lactobacillus sakei, Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus succinus isolated from a traditional fermented sausage was developed. These strains were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics and their production of biogenic amines. This starter was evaluated in situ at the French traditional processing unit where the strains had been isolated. Effects of the autochthonous starter were assessed by analysing the microbial, physico-chemical, biochemical and sensory characteristics of the sausages. Inoculation with the chosen species was confirmed using known species-specific PCR assays for L. sakei and S. equorum and a species-specific PCR assay developed in this study for S. succinus. Strains were monitored by pulse-field gel electrophoresis typing. Addition of autochthonous microbial starter cultures improved safety compared with the traditional natural fermentation of sausages, by inhibiting the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, decreasing the level of biogenic amines and by limiting fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation. Moreover, autochthonous starter did not affect the typical sensory quality of the traditional sausages. This is the first time to our knowledge that selection, development and validation in situ of autochthonous starter cultures have been carried out, and also the first time that S. equorum together with S. succinus have been used as starter cultures for meat fermentation. Use of autochthonous starter cultures is an effective tool for limiting the formation of unsafe compounds in traditional sausage while preserving their original and specific sensory quality.     

Functional meat starter cultures for improved sausage fermentation

Starter cultures that initiate rapid acidification of the raw meat batter and that lead to a desirable sensory quality of the end-product are used for the production of fermented sausages. Recently, the use of new, functional starter cultures with an industrially or nutritionally important functionality is being explored. Functional starter cultures offer an additional functionality compared to classical starter cultures and represent a way of improving and optimising the sausage fermentation process and achieving tastier, safer, and healthier products. Examples include microorganisms that generate aroma compounds, health-promoting molecules, bacteriocins or other antimicrobials, contribute to cured meat colour, possess probiotic qualities, or lack negative properties such as the production of biogenic amines and toxic compounds. The vast quantity of artisan fermented sausages from different origins represents a treasure chest of biodiversity that can be exploited to create such functional starter cultures.     

发酵香肠中生物胺含量影响因素的研究进展

介绍生物胺的种类、危害及在发酵香肠中存在的可能,重点分析了原料肉、发酵剂、工艺条件(温度、pH值、香肠直径、辅助配料、贮藏条件)等因子对发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响,并提出了通过控制原料肉的卫生质量、使用优良的发酵剂、控制蛋白质的水解程度、使用添加剂等措施降低发酵香肠中生物胺含量。     

Use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the proteolytic activity of Yarrowia lipolytica and its contribution to cheese ripening

The interaction between tyrosine-decarboxylase and proteolytic activities of a Lactobacillus curvatus and Staphylococcus xylosus, respectively, on biogenic amine production during the ripening and the storage of dry fermented sausages was investigated. Water content, pH, proteolysis parameters, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were monitored in spontaneously and starter fermented sausages. The use of proteolytic staphylococci as starter resulted in a higher content of non-protein nitrogen and total free amino acids. Tyramine was the main amine produced in all batches. However, tyrosine-decarboxylase activity of the L. curvatus starter strain was weak and yielded lower amounts of tyramine than those produced by the wild mioroflora in the control batch. Association between tyramine production and proteolysis could only be established in a defectively dried batch. Putrescine and cadaverine accumulation was efficiently reduced in the starter-mediated fermentation, in agreement with the lower development of enterobacteria. Phenylethylamine and tryptamine were only detected in the spontaneously fermented sausages, while histamine, spermine and spermidine did not vary during the ripening. Biogenic amine levels and related parameters showed significant changes during the storage of dry sausages depending on the temperature and the batch. As a general rule, changes in the pH, proteolysis, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were stronger at 19 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. The results suggest that refrigeration would be advisable for preventing further accumulation of biogenic amines during the storage of dry fermented sausages.     

传统发酵肉制品中生物胺形成机理及检测控制技术

生物胺是动植物和多数微生物体内正常的生理成分,过量生物胺则会对人体健康产生潜在的安全隐患.国内外对于肉制品中生物胺的产生机制进行了大量的研究.本文综述传统发酵肉制品中生物胺产生积累的机理条件、与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及相关生物控制方法等方面的研究进展,以期寻找生物胺形成积累的原因,为研究探索传统中式发酵肉制品中生物胺的控制方法提供参考,有效降低食品安全风险.     

干发酵香肠中的生物胺

综述干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件,国外干发酵香肠中常见生物胺的种类及含量,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

发酵香肠中生物胺的研究进展

生物胺是一种低分子量的有机物,主要是通过氨基酸的脱羧作用生成.它广泛存在于发酵香肠、泡菜、干酪、酸奶等发酵食品中.本文综述了目前国内外关于发酵香肠中生物胺的研究情况,主要介绍了生物胺的产生原因、常见的生物胺种类、产生物胺的主要微生物、影响生物胺产生的理化因素以及对发酵香肠中生物胺含量积累的控制措施,旨在为今后对发酵香肠中生物胺的进一步研究提供帮助.     

Biogenic Amines in Wines

Biogenic amines are low molecular weight organic compounds that occur in fermented foods and are produced mainly through the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids. Decarboxylation of several amino acids can form some biogenic amines in wines such as histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and phenylethylamine. Biogenic amines can cause direct or indirect toxicity when their concentrations are high in food. The enological importance of the biogenic amines in wines is due to their possible toxicological risks and the possibility of the relationship between high amine content and unsanitary conditions during wine production. Various analytical techniques have been developed for the determination of biogenic amines in wines. In this article, the presence, the formation, the microorganisms and the methods of determination of biogenic amines in wine and other fermented foods are reviewed.     

干发酵香肠中生物胺的产生与控制

综述了干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件 ,国外干发酵香肠中生物胺的含量 ,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素 ,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

传统发酵肉制品中降解生物胺菌株的筛选鉴定与应用研究

该研究利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对65株来源于传统发酵肉制品的耐盐、耐亚硝酸盐乳酸菌所产生物胺进行定性定量检测,筛选出降解率最高的不产生物胺菌株PL-ZL001。经形态观察、生理生化试验研究,并结合16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定,同时探索其作为发酵剂对发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响。结果表明,菌株PL-ZL001被鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,添加菌株PL-ZL001可抑制发酵香肠中6种生物胺的积累,尤其是对毒性最大的组胺含量的控制,效果显著优于商业用木糖葡糖球菌（Staphyloccus xylose）（P＜0.05）。     

Quality,functionality, and shelf life of fermented meat and meat products: A review

Fermentation of meat is a traditional preservation method used widely for improving quality and shelf life of fermented meat products. Fermentation of meat causes a number of physical, biochemical, and microbial changes, which eventually impart functional properties, sensory characteristics, and nutritional aspects to these products and inhibit the growth of various pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. These changes include acidification (carbohydrate catabolism), solubilization and gelation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins of muscle, degradation of proteins and lipids, reduction of nitrate into nitrite, formation of nitrosomyoglobin, and dehydration. Dry-fermented sausages are increasingly being used as carrier of probiotics. The production of biogenic amines during fermentation can be controlled by selecting proper starter cultures and other preventive measures such as quality of raw materials, hygienic measures, temperature, etc.     

Dry fermented sausages of Southern Italy: a comparison of free amino acids and biogenic amines between industrial and homemade products

This paper compares some important parameters and the free amino acid and biogenic amine contents of cured industrial and homemade meat products. To this aim, industrial and homemade "soppressata" and "salsiccia", typical dry fermented sausages produced in Southern Italy, were analyzed. The homemade sausages showed a higher level of free biogenic amines than that manufactured industrially, most likely because biogenic amine formation in industrial products is limited by the use of starter cultures. The industrial sausages are characterized by a higher total free amino acid content than the homemade products. Overall, free amino acid and biogenic amine contents demonstrated that appreciable differences exist between homemade and industrial sausages.     

Mixed starter cultures to control biogenic amine production in dry fermented sausages

Several combinations of an amine-negative Lactobacillus sakei strain, along with proteolytic Staphylococcus carnosus or Staphylococcus xylosus strains, were used to study the influence of mixed starter cultures on biogenic amine production during the manufacture of dry fermented sausages. Changes in pH, water content, proteolysis, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were simultaneously examined in a spontaneously fermented batch and in three mixed starter-mediated batches. A double-controlled microbial charge initially inoculated as mixed starter culture of L. sakei and Staphylococcus spp. (all amine-negative strains) drastically reduced tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine accumulation. No production of other aromatic amines such as histamine, phenylethylamine, or tryptamine was observed in any batch. The polyamines, spermine and spermidine, were found in raw materials and their levels decreased slightly in the spontaneously fermented batch. No correlation between proteolysis and biogenic amine production was observed. The use of proper technological conditions favoring starter development and the use of the raw materials with good hygienic quality make it possible to produce fermented sausages nearly free of biogenic amines.     

Use of Staphylococcus xylosus as a starter culture in dried sausages: effect on the biogenic amine content

The main objective of this work was to investigate if the use of Staphylococcus xylosus S81 as a starter culture in sausage production can influence the amount of histamine during ripening, and the concentration of the other most important biogenic amines, by influencing the activity of the microbial amino oxidases as well as the aminoacid decarboxylases. The results confirm that the biogenic amines presence in foods is the consequence of a complex equilibrium between the composition of the medium and the enzymatic activities of the microbial population. In addition, the results suggest that the presence and relative activity of amino oxidases should be considered as an important characteristic in the selection of starter cultures used in the production of fermented foods.     

Comparison of the effects of a commercial and an autochthonous Pediococcus acidilactici and Staphylococcus vitulus starter culture on the sensory and safety properties of a traditional Iberian dry‐fermented sausage “salchichón”

The effect of the addition of an autochthonous starter culture and commercial starter culture on the physico‐chemical and sensory characteristics of the dry‐fermented sausage ‘salchichon’ was investigated. Sausages were prepared with a mixture of Pediococcus acidilactici MC184 and Staphylococcus vitulus RS34 as the autochthonous starter culture (P184S34), ripened for 86 days, and compared with a commercial starter batch (CS1). Strains of acid lactic bacteria and Staphylococcus were identified in the samples along the ripening process which demonstrated that the inoculation of sausages assures their implantation during the ripening process. However, P184S34 starter culture showed a higher inhibitory effect on enterobacteria and coliform flora than the CS1 batches, guaranteeing a better quality hygienic sausages. Dry‐fermented sausages ripened with P184S34 showed higher amounts of NPN and volatile compounds derived from amino acid catabolism than the CS1 batches. Especially important was the result found in biogenic amines, since the P184S34 reduced their accumulation compared to the commercial starter batch. The inoculation of a decarboxylase‐negative autochthonous starter culture P184S34 reduced the biogenic amine accumulation guaranteeing safety and homogeneity of the products without producing a negative effect on the sensory characteristics of the traditional fermented sausages.     

微生物酶与肉组织酶对干发酵香肠中游离氨基酸的影响

以戊糖乳杆菌31-1和木糖葡萄球菌为发酵剂生产干发酵香肠,就发酵剂对干发酵香肠成熟过程中游离氨基酸的影响进行了研究,同时对干香肠在成熟过程中微生物和pH值的变化进行了分析。研究结果表明,微生物的代谢活动能增加干发酵香肠中游离氨基酸的绝对含量,但相对组织酶来说,微生物酶对游离氨基酸的解离能力要小得多,说明在干发酵香肠的成熟过程中,组织酶对蛋白质的水解起主要作用。但研究结果同时也表明,微生物对个别游离氨基酸的变化具有最大的影响。     

发酵食品中生物胺检测技术研究进展

生物胺作为一类具有生物活性的小分子含氮化合物,是发酵食品中常见的代谢物之一,过量摄入会引起呼吸困难、心悸等不良反应,而在食品发酵过程中,由于原料中蛋白质含量高,且发酵微生物能够产生蛋白酶和氨基酸脱羧酶等因素,导致生物胺的产生和积累。同时生物胺与食品腐败密切相关,其含量可作为衡量食品质量和新鲜度的指标,因此,发酵食品中生物胺的定性和定量检测技术非常重要。本文综述了国内外目前针对发酵食品中生物胺的检测技术,分析其优缺点,并探讨了生物胺检测技术的发展趋势,为发酵食品中生物胺的检测提供技术基础和方法依据。     

四川区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种牦牛肉发酵香肠中生物胺含量的研究

以四川省10 区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种发酵剂的牦牛肉香肠共21 个样品为研究对象,测定发酵香肠中的生物胺含量。结果发现,21 个发酵香肠样品中均检测到酪胺、亚精胺、精胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺及组胺,β-苯乙胺均未检出;生物胺总量在57.34～411.12 mg/kg,除采自凉山州西昌的自然发酵牦牛肉香肠和广安的自然发酵猪肉香肠中酪胺含量超过了美国食品及药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）规定标准（酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg）,其余均不存在生物胺安全问题。