激光冲击与喷丸复合强化TC17钛合金表层残余应力研究

目的 分析激光冲击与机械喷丸复合强化钛合金表层残余应力场及其在疲劳载荷下的稳定性。方法 采用薄壁叶片强化参数先后对TC17钛合金表面进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线衍射法分析两种工艺复合强化表层的残余应力分布,并分别在25、400 ℃拉-拉疲劳加载条件下分析复合强化表层残余应力的稳定性。结果 激光冲击与喷丸复合强化表面残余应力值为-600 ~ -800 MPa,残余压应力幅值沿深度不断递减,压应力层深度为0.7~0.8 mm。表面至0.1 mm深度范围内的残余应力分布梯度较大,其分布特征主要受控于喷丸工艺,而距表面0.1 mm以下的残余应力分布梯度较小,其分布特征受控于激光冲击强化工艺。结论 激光冲击和喷丸强化顺序对最表层残余应力的均匀性有一定影响,对最表层以下的残余应力分布影响较小。复合强化表面残余应力在室温疲劳加载后具有较好的稳定性,在400 ℃疲劳加载下发生一定量松弛后趋于稳定。     

轧辊表面宽带激光熔凝过程的相变及力学性能研究

综合考虑温度、相变和应力的耦合作用,运用有限元法分析了42CrMo轧辊在宽带激光单道扫描和叠道扫描下熔凝层的显微组织、硬度和残余应力分布规律及演变过程。计算结果表明,激光熔凝冷却过程中产生的马氏体相变对熔凝层的硬度和应力分布均有很大影响。单道激光熔凝层相变生成的马氏体比例高达80％以上,熔凝强化层的显微硬度值提高2.5～3倍,熔凝区内表现为残余压应力,热影响区则为拉应力;叠道激光熔凝后试件表面实际硬度值有所下降,且搭接区存在局部软化带。计算结果与实际分布规律基本相同,可为制定工艺、预测熔凝区性能变化提供理论依据。     

激光功率变化对蠕墨铸铁相变硬化热力耦合场的影响

为了防止蠕墨铸铁气门座激光相变硬化缺陷的形成,通过对其热力耦合场进行数值模拟,探究激光功率的变化对气门座温度场和残余应力场的影响,并在模型中考虑了相变潜热和材料性能参数随温度的变化。结果表明:激光相变硬化是一个快速加热和冷却的过程,能够针对材料局部和表面进行硬化和强化;激光功率增加可以提高气门座的峰值温度;气门座截面的温度和周向残余拉应力均呈月牙形分布,峰值均出现在硬化层表面区域;伴随激光功率的增加,相变硬化区域的周向残余拉应力呈上升趋势。基于模拟结果,得到了气门座在不同激光功率下热力耦合场的分布规律,为优化激光参数提供了指导。     

铝合金7075T651高压水喷丸强化工艺试验研究

高压水喷丸强化是金属表面强化的新方法,即利用在水中的高压水射流所产生的气穴效应打击金属零件表面,从而对零件进行表面强化的工艺。基于不同的高压水喷丸强化工艺参数,对航空常用铝合金材料7075T651开展高压水喷丸强化试验,分析了强化试件的表面形貌、表面质量、表面残余应力以及强化层组织结构。结果表明,液体冲蚀过程中会产生气泡多次溃灭现象,由此产生同心圆环形强化区域;喷射压力和喷射距离是影响材料表面质量和残余应力分布的重要工艺参数;高压水喷丸强化后强化层晶体取向发生了改变,晶粒明显细化,为原始组织晶粒度的66.7%。     

FV520B钢等离子喷焊组织性能及残余应力分析

针对残余应力及组织性能对再制造修复叶轮的影响,运用等离子喷焊技术,在叶轮材料FV520B基体上进行喷焊试验,通过金相显微镜观测其组织形貌,采用X射线应力分析仪测试喷焊层表面的残余应力和厚度方向的应力梯度。结果表明:喷焊层界面组织成分分布均匀,没有明显缺陷;拉应力出现在工件热影响区边界、结合层及工件背面,最大拉应力分布在热影响区边界处。以工件表面热影响区边界处残余应力为指标,采用正交试验法对等离子喷焊工艺参数进行优化,最终减小了喷焊后的表面残余拉应力。     

7075高强铝合金构件缺陷对激光冲击强化残余应力的影响

采用激光冲击强化工艺处理7075高强铝合金试件,借助无损应力测试方法分析预置缺陷和后置缺陷对冲击残余应力场分布的影响。结果表明,冲击强化可在无缺陷试件表面引入"凹"字形分布的残余应力场,冲击正、背面表现形式一致但程度不同。对于含微小缺陷的试件,主要在材料突发不连续区域呈现较大的残余应力分布状态变化。预置缺陷在缺陷边缘造成残余应力松弛,且使残余拉应力层外移,而后置缺陷在缺陷边缘一定层深内可进一步强化压应力水平。     

齿轮钢30CrMnTi磨削强化试验

30CrMnTi钢广泛应用于齿轮的生产制造中,为提高齿轮的抗疲劳性能及探讨磨削工艺参数对其表面强化的影响,开展了齿轮钢30CrMnTi的磨削试验,分析了磨削速度和磨削深度对磨削表面强化层显微组织、强化层深度、表面显微硬度和强化层残余应力的影响规律。结果表明,齿轮钢30CrMnTi磨削加工后得到一定强化层,表面显微组织为针状马氏体、碳化物和少量残余奥氏体,且强化层马氏体组织由磨削表面到心部呈"细—较粗"的变化趋势,硬度先增大后减小,强化层深度随磨削深度或磨削速度的增大而增加,磨削后表面显微硬度提高2%~13%,随磨削速度降低或磨削深度增大而增大。磨削过程对残余应力的影响在表面表现为拉应力,沿层深向内逐渐转化为压应力。磨削表面残余压应力的值随磨削速度或磨削深度的增大而降低。通过合理的磨削参数可实现齿轮钢30CrMnTi的表面磨削强化。     

HT250冷焊表面残余应力试验

利用亚激光瞬间熔冷焊机对柴油发动机缸体所用材料HT250表面缺陷进行修复,并用x射线法测定焊缝两侧表面残余应力,以此研究冷焊残余应力分布规律以及与不同工艺参数间的关系．结果表明,靠近焊缝处为拉应力,远离焊缝处为压应力：冷焊残余应力范围很小,峰值主要分布在离焊缝中心5mm的范围内,离焊缝中心20mm处,残余应力接近为零;时间参数对残余应力峰值的影响较小,而能量参数对残余应力峰值的影响较大;通过改变时间与能量参数组合,可以得到较小的残余应力峰值,满足发动机再制造零部件表面损伤的修复要求．     

超声振动辅助滚压参数对钛合金表面残余应力的影响

结合有限元分析和实验研究,基于与普通滚压工艺的对比,对超声振动辅助滚压强化钛合金表面的残余应力场进行分析,获得了沿改性层深度方向的残余应力变化和瞬态应力分布云图。结果表明:与普通滚压相比,超声振动辅助滚压可改变滚压头和材料表面接触力的作用方式,使应力波沿着材料深度方向动态传播,从而产生更深的残余压应力影响层,并导致压应力层下移。在实验参数条件下,最大残余压应力值和表面残余应力值都随着静压力的增大而显著增大;随着主轴转速的增大,最大残余压应力值明显单调增加,而最大残余压应力层深度逐渐减小;振幅对残余应力场的影响不十分显著。     

喷丸强化改善点式移动感应淬火42CrMo钢残余应力数值模拟分析

目的建立喷丸强化模型,模拟点式移动感应淬火零件过渡区残余拉应力改善情况。方法采用X射线衍射法,测量感应淬火零件过渡区残余应力分布情况,获得的残余应力作为初始应力条件被赋予到喷丸强化模型中,并通过X射线残余应力测试验证模型预测残余应力的准确性。最终通过被验证的喷丸强化模型,探究喷丸处理对初始残余应力状态的改善情况,以及不同喷丸参数对残余应力分布的影响。结果经喷丸强化处理过的淬火零件过渡区表层区域残余拉应力全部转变为残余压应力,不同残余应力状态模型喷丸后残余应力分布差异极小,说明初始残余应力状态对喷丸后残余应力分布的影响微乎其微。增加喷丸速度、弹丸直径和喷丸覆盖率可使残余压应力值增大,残余压应力层深增加,但是二者的增加存在饱和现象,即达到一定程度后变化非常小。结论喷丸强化前,过渡区残余拉应力最大值为295 MPa,喷丸处理后,过渡区残余压应力最大可达-973 MPa,喷丸强化工艺对点式移动感应淬火零件过渡区残余应力改善效果明显。     

The Influence of Retained Austenite on Residual Stresses in Laser Remelted Cast Iron

The presence and amount of residual stresses is very important in dynamically loaded automotive machine parts. In this investigation, the residual stresses after laser surface remelting were measured as a function of the modified layer depth on flat specimens from nodular cast iron. The results of the measured residual stresses confirm that the stresses strongly depend on the presence and quantity of the microstructure constituents in the surface remelted layer. Residual stresses have a characteristic profile in the modified surface layer. In the surface remelted layer, tensile residual stresses were found in a range between +70 and +200 MPa. The change from tensile into compressive residual stresses takes place in the lower part of the remelted layer. Maximum compressive residual stress values were found in the middle of the hardened layer in a range between −25 and −80 MPa.     

激光冲击对电火花修复SiCp/Cu复合材料裂纹力学性能的影响

利用钕玻璃激光冲击强化设备对经电火花堆焊修复的 SiCp/Cu 复合材料裂纹进行了激光冲击强化处理,研究了激光冲击强化处理对电火花堆焊修复裂纹的影响.用 X 射线应力仪测定了沿垂直焊缝方向表面残余应力的分布状况,用微机控制电子万能试验机测量拉伸性能,用显微硬度计测试了焊缝表面的显微硬度.结果表明,当激光脉冲能量为 35J,激光光斑直径为 5mm 时,激光冲击强化处理可以减小或消除焊缝表面残余拉应力,提高经电火花堆焊修复的 SiCp/Cu 复合材料裂纹试样的抗拉强度,还可以提高堆焊焊缝表面显微硬度.

Abstract：

The crack of SiCp/Cu composite weld restored by electro-spark overlaying was processed by Nd: glass laser, and effects of laser shock processing on the electro-spark overlaying weld crack were analyzed. Surface welding residual stress distribution alone the transverse direction of the weld was investigated by X-ray diffraction techniques, the tensile strength of the weld was investigated by strength test, and the micro-hardness distribution of the weld surface was measured with a micro-hardness tester. The results show that when laser power is 35 J and laser spot diameter is 5 mm, the laser shock processing can reduce the welding residual stresses,which even change from the tensile stress into compressive stress,and improve the tensile strength and the hardness of SiCp/Cu composite weld restored by electro-spark overlaying.     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响,采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试,通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试,机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm,内部残余拉应力减小;根据疲劳试验结果,GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响，采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试，通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试，机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm，内部残余拉应力减小；根据疲劳试验结果，GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

Microstructure and residual stresses in surface layer of simultaneously laser alloyed and burnished steel

The new hybrid method, which combines the laser alloying process with slide burnishing, was investigated and presented in the work. Both treatments were performed on the laser stage in one operation. The experiments were done on carbon steel alloyed with cobalt stellite. The alloying process was conducted with continuous laser CO₂, at different parameters. The single- and multiple-path processes were investigated.The microstructure, microhardness and residual stresses of surface layer after the laser alloying process and laser alloying combined with burnishing were presented. The results of the experimental studies have shown that the proposed new hybrid method allowed for the generation of compressive stresses in surface layer of the alloyed material. The structural analysis has proven that the burnishing process had caused deformation of grains in the 20–30 μm thick zone and increased microhardness of the surface zone material.The X–ray diffraction measurements of residual stresses in surface layer of the samples subjected to the alloying process and burnishing, both in cold and hot conditions, were performed. In the case of multiple-path laser alloying treatment the tensile stresses, approximately 500 MPa, were obtained at the surface. Multiple alloying combined with burnishing generated compressive stresses of about ?600 MPa at the surface, substantially improving the surface layer.     

工艺路径对多层多道激光熔覆残余应力的影响

采用盲孔法测量Q345钢块表面多层多道激光熔覆Co基涂层的残余应力,研究了熔覆工艺路径对激光熔覆残余应力的影响.结果表明,平行焊道方向的残余应力远大于垂直焊道方向的应力,且均为拉应力;增加激光熔覆层单层厚度,熔覆层及试板背部基材残余应力明显增大.与两层熔覆层激光焊道平行叠加的熔覆路径相比,采用两层熔覆层垂直交叉的熔覆工艺路径,降低了熔覆层的残余应力,采用分区熔覆且每个区域各熔覆层垂直交叉堆焊的熔覆工艺路径,熔覆层残余应力水平最低;熔覆前对试板进行2 mm的预弯变形对涂层残余应力影响不明显,但显著降低了试件背面的残余应力.     

激光辅助氮化工艺中的开裂行为研究

目的研究激光辅助氮化过程中,氮化层的开裂行为。方法利用CO2激光辅助氮化的方法在钛合金表面制备氮化钛涂层,观察氮化层的宏观、微观形貌,分析组织结构特征,测定氮化层残余应力,研究基体厚度、激光扫描工艺参数对氮化层表面形貌和裂纹情况的影响。结果钛合金经单道或多道激光氮化后,表面形成非均匀氮化钛层,其显微结构为沿主干轴交叉生长的枝状晶组织,存在数量和尺寸不等的显微裂纹。较薄试样经单道激光氮化后,表面呈现较低的残余压应力状态,较厚试样则以拉应力为主;试样经多道激光氮化后,整个氮化区表面均呈现残余压应力状态。结论枝状氮化层与基体组织高度结合,不易脱落,但受基体约束作用,氮化层内的拉伸热应力导致其冷却过程中形成微裂纹。随着试样厚度和氮化面积的增加,较高的热应力使得裂纹密度和裂纹尺寸增加,严重影响氮化层的质量。残余应力是热应力和相变应力叠加的结果,对于多道激光氮化工艺而言,大面积氮化使得相变压应力增加,同时后热效应使得热应力降低,最终呈现出残余压应力状态。     

Residual stress state after the laser surface remelting process

Residual stresses are a result of elasto-plastic deformations induced in the workpiece material during the heat treatment process. The extent and magnitude of internal stresses depend on temperature conditions in heating and cooling and physical properties of the workpiece material. This contribution discusses the extent and distribution of residual stresses after laser remelting a thin surface layer on ductile iron 80-55-06 (ASTM specification) or Gr 500-7 according to ISO. Residual stresses are not only induced by temperature differences but also result from stresses due to microstructural changes between the surface and the core of the specimen subsequent to cooling to the ambient temperature. The distribution and extent of residual stresses in the remelted thin surface layer depend mostly on melt composition and cooling conditions. Different rates of solidification and subsequent cooling of the remelted layer are reflected in the volume proportions of the created cementite, residual austenite, and martensite in the microstructure. The rate of heating and cooling of the thin surface layer is a function of laser power, beam diameter on the workpiece surface, and interaction time. In addition, the number of passes of the laser beam over the workpiece surface and different degrees of laser trace overlapping were increased to see how these can affect the thermal conditions in the workpiece. To determine the residual stresses, the relaxation method was used. This is based on measuring the specimen strain during electrochemical material removal.     

Microhardness and Stress Analysis of Laser-Cladded AISI 420 Martensitic Stainless Steel

Laser cladding is a surface treatment process which is starting to be employed as a novel additive manufacturing. Rapid cooling during the non-equilibrium solidification process generates non-equilibrium microstructures and significant amounts of internal residual stresses. This paper investigates the laser cladding of 420 martensitic stainless steel of two single beads produced by different process parameters (e.g., laser power, laser speed, and powder feed rate). Metallographic sample preparation from the cross section revealed three distinct zones: the bead zone, the dilution zone, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The tensile residual stresses were in the range of 310–486 MPa on the surface and the upper part of the bead zone. The compressive stresses were in the range of 420–1000 MPa for the rest of the bead zone and the dilution zone. The HAZ also showed tensile residual stresses in the range of 140–320 MPa for both samples. The post-cladding heat treatment performed at 565 °C for an hour had significantly reduced the tensile stresses at the surface and in the subsurface and homogenized the compressive stress throughout the bead and dilution zones. The microstructures, residual stresses, and microhardness profiles were correlated for better understanding of the laser-cladding process.     

可计及温度与层状结构影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层残余热应力理论表征模型

目的创建可计及温度与层状结构共同影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层因热不匹配导致的残余热应力的理论表征模型。方法基于经典的层合板理论与超高温陶瓷基复合材料热物理性能参数对温度的敏感性研究,引入温度和层状结构对涂层与基体层所受残余热应力的影响,形成各层残余热应力温度相关性的理论表征方法,并以ZrB_2-SiC复合材料涂层为例,利用该理论方法系统地研究了各种控制机制对残余热应力的影响及其随温度的演化规律。结果超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层所受的残余热应力随着温度的变化而变化,涂层热膨胀系数与基体层热膨胀系数差别越大,变化幅度越大。当涂层材料热膨胀系数大于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余拉应力,基体层材料遭受残余压应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受拉应力减小,而基体层所受压应力增大;当涂层材料热膨胀系数小于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余压应力,基体层材料遭受残余拉应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受压应力减小,而基体层所受拉应力增大。低温下,各层所受残余热应力对层厚与每层材料组成的变化比较敏感,随着温度的升高,敏感性降低。结论对于涂层材料,应设计涂层材料的热膨胀系数小于基体层材料的热膨胀系数,使涂层遭受残余压应力,这不仅能够降低材料表面产生裂纹的危险,同时可以抑制表面已有缺陷的扩展。同时应当设计相对较小的涂层厚度,以增大涂层所受的残余压应力,降低基体层所受的残余拉应力,有效提高整体材料在不同温度下的强度性能。