Failure analysis of the brass tubes in a lubricating oil cooler

Failure analysis was carried out on leaked brass tubes of a lubricating oil cooler. Direct evidences of dezincification and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis. It is found that there are many small pits distributed on the fracture surface and EDS analysis revealed the occurrence of dezincification in the small pits. SCC was observed on the cross-sectional plane of the fracture by SEM. Ammonia test has proved the existence of residual stress in the as-received tubes. It is determined that the brass tubes have been suffered from the co-action between dezincification and SCC.     

Failure analysis of an HCl gas cylinder valve

The fouling failure of an anhydrous HCl gas cylinder valve was investigated after the failure led to an accidental release of HCl gas. It is surmised that water penetrated into the valve by improper purging or valving, and created a severely corrosive environment. The aluminum bronze valve body underwent general corrosion. The corrosion products, primarily nantokite (CuCl), built up within the valve and led to the fouling failure. Dezincification was observed in a leaded nickel silver component of the valve. The Monel 400 valve stem was intact. The cylinder and valve testing procedures that led to the gas release incident are also examined.     

国产管线钢的环境开裂性能研究

采用电化学测试和慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了国产X70管线钢在近中性pH和高pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在高pH溶液和近中性pH溶液中的阳极极化曲线表现出明显的差异:在高pH溶液中有明显的活化-钝化转变而在近中性pH溶液中则无;在近中性pH溶液中,X70管线钢的开裂模式是穿晶型的,具有准解理特征,并且随着外加阴极电位的降低,SCC敏感性增加,氢致破裂占主导;随温度的下降以及溶液中CO2含量的增加,溶液pH值降低,SCC敏感性增加.在高pH溶液中,在阴极极化时,X70钢表现出与在近中性pH溶液中类似的破裂行为和特征,即SCC敏感性随电位降低而增大,裂纹数目少而大,裂纹易扩展;但在阳极极化时,裂纹数目多而小,易萌生但难扩展.在2种溶液中阳极极化时,均存在SCC敏感电位区.     

pH值对7050铝合金膜致应力和应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸法和流变应力差值法研究了7050铝合金在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl水溶液中膜致应力和应力腐蚀敏感性随pH值的变化规律。结果表明:当pH≤7时,随着pH值的增大,膜致应力和应力腐蚀敏感性均下降,当pH7时,膜致应力和应力腐蚀敏感性随着pH值的增大而提高;而当pH=1,14时,腐蚀的类型为剥蚀,合金基体发生剥落,表面没有钝化膜产生。pH值在6~9之间时,膜致应力随pH的变化比较平缓,而pH在2~5和10~13之间时,膜致应力变化则较为剧烈,整体的变化曲线呈山谷形。膜致应力和应力腐蚀敏感性具有很强的相关性。XPS研究表明,膜致应力值与钝化膜的成分有关。     

甲酸钠尾气吸收塔失效分析

采用扫描电镜观察、力学性能检测、化学成分分析和残余应力测定等方法系统分析了甲酸钠尾气吸收塔发生泄漏的原因。结果表明：泄漏部位的腐蚀产物含有钠、氯等元素,同时泄漏部位存在残余应力偏高问题,在不断遭受腐蚀和工作应力的共同作用下产生应力腐蚀开裂,最终导致设备的失效。     

废铝合金真空蒸馏脱锌的研究

首先分析了用真空蒸馏的方法脱除废铝合金中金属Zn的可行性。对二种含Zn质量分数为10%,12.25%的废铝合金进行了真空蒸馏脱除锌的实验。最终的实验结果与理论分析是紧密一致的。本文利用真空蒸馏法脱除含锌废铝中的金属Zn,解决了废铝脱锌难的问题,且对环境友好,不会造成二次污染。     

Effect of hydrogen on stress corrosion cracking of copper

The effects of hydrogen on electrochemical behavior and susceptibility of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pure copper were studied. SCC susceptibility of pure copper in a 1 M NaNO₂ solution was increased by pre-charged hydrogen. The effect of hydrogen on the susceptibility is more obvious in the low stress region due to the longer fracture time, which resulted in a longer time for more hydrogen to diffuse toward the crack tip. Synergistic effects of hydrogen and stress on corrosion and SCC processes were discussed. The results showed that an interaction between stress and hydrogen at the crack tip could increase the anodic dissolution rate remarkably.     

H68黄铜管夹开裂分析

H68黄铜管夹安装数月后出现开裂。对开裂的管夹进行了化学成分、力学性能、断口及金相组织的检验与分析。结果表明,由于管夹成形时存在的残余应力和成形模具的设计问题而造成的装配应力,再加上和 在露天放置受到的环境腐蚀,导致管夹在同一外侧呈现应力腐蚀开裂特片。提出了改进措施,并取得了满意的效果。     

水表连接黄铜螺母断裂分析

居民住宅内与水表连接的黄铜螺母发生断裂,造成管路泄漏.采用宏、微观检验方法对失效螺母进行了分析.结果表明,黄铜材料中含有较多的铅,使金属基体脆化并在晶界上存在脆性共晶体网膜,加上金属中还存在孔洞、缩松等铸造缺陷,是造成螺母断裂的主要原因.     

Using FEM to determine the thermo-mechanical stress in tube to tube–sheet joint for the SCC failure analysis

The stress corrosion cracking in a weld of the tube to tube–sheet region of heat exchangers is a common problem. Thermo-mechanical stress in tube to tube–sheet joints including welding effect should be determined in this situation for failure analysis. In this paper, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to predict the thermo-mechanical stresses including welding residual stress in a tube to tube–sheet weld. Both the thermo-mechanical stress distribution with and without the welding residual stress have also been investigated by numerical simulation. The welding, operating temperature, and operating pressure have effect on total stresses. Especially, the welding residual stresses play an important role in total stress state in tube to tube–sheet joints. Geometric discontinuities of the vicinity of gap cause the welding joint to experience a local stress concentration. A high tensile stress in the tube to tube–sheet region has been demonstrated by FEM, which is the stress aspect for the SCC phenomenon of austenitic stainless steel in chloride environment.     

Contribution of Ti addition to characteristics of extruded Cu40Zn brass alloy prepared by powder metallurgy

The aim of this paper was to investigate the properties of Cu40ZnTi for the purpose of developing a new high-strength, lead-free brass by powder metallurgy. The effect of Ti addition on precipitation hardening behavior of Cu40Zn (denoted as BS40) brass was studied with respect to mechanical properties and microstructures. BS40 and Cu40Zn − 1.0 wt.%Ti (denoted as BS40-A) brass powders were prepared by water atomization process, and β phase was retained in the raw powders predominately. The BS40 powder and Ti powder were elementally mixed to prepare Cu40Zn + 0.5 wt.%Ti (denoted as BS40-B) and Cu40Zn + 1.0 wt.%Ti (denoted as BS40-C) premixed powders. The alloy powders and premixed powders were solidified at 1053 K for 600 s by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and extruded subsequently. It was observed that Cu₂ZnTi intermetallic compound (IMC) and CuZnTi metastable phase resulted from the reaction between Ti and CuZn showed distinct grain refinement effect on extruded Cu40Zn brass. Thus, the excellent strengthening effect processes by precipitation hardening and deform working was obtained, which responding to an yield strength of 345 MPa, and a ultimate tensile strength of 597 MPa, showed 65.9% and 30.4% higher than that of extruded Cu40Zn brass, respectively.     

7xxx系铝合金氢脆的研究现状及发展趋势

全面评述了7xxx系铝合金氢脆(HE)问题的国内外研究现状,讨论了氢脆机理以及氢脆的影响因素,并介绍了几种重要的测试方法.针对目前研究工作中尚未从理论上揭示氢脆本质这一突出问题,指出了今后7xxx系铝合金氢脆问题的研究方向,同时结合前期的研究工作,提出了具体的相关建议.     

高钢级管线钢外部应力腐蚀开裂风险因素研究

目前涉及到3个及以上风险因素的管线钢应力腐蚀研究还较少。为此,通过混合水平的正交试验法,采用慢拉伸试验研究了钢级、保护电位、温度、土壤环境等各敏感因素对高钢级管线钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响权重,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了-1 500 mV(vs CSE)保护电位下高钢级管线钢在近中性和高pH值模拟土壤溶液中的应力腐蚀行为。研究结果表明:管线钢外部应力腐蚀开裂风险在设置的试验水平因素中,保护电位对应力腐蚀指数I_SSRT影响的权重最大,随后依次是温度、钢级及土壤环境;保护电位-1 500 m V下,X70、X80管线钢在近中性和高p H值模拟土壤溶液中均具有较强的应力腐蚀敏感性,其SCC机制均为氢脆(HE)机制。     

Cyclic Behavior and Damage Analysis of Brass under Cyclic Torsional Loading

Fatigue behavior of brass was studied at a constant deformation rate of 5.6 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ to understand the cyclic behavior and fatigue life under cyclic torsional deformation. Strains were in the range of 0.35 to 4.2%. In the as-drawn condition, it was found that the cyclic hardening/softening behavior strongly depends on the strain amplitude. For low strain amplitude, cyclic saturation occurred after an initial cyclic hardening stage, but for high strain amplitude, saturation could not be reached. Cyclic stress-strain (CSS) curve showed the presence of three distinct regions with a short quasi-plateau region in the intermediate amplitude range. Quantitative fatigue damage was assessed by microscopic observations of surface cracks.     

0Cr18Ni5和AF1410高强度钢的腐蚀行为研究

采用失重法和XRD法研究了0Cr18Ni5钢和AF1410钢在中性盐雾环境中的耐蚀性能.结果发现0Cr18Ni5钢由于高含量的Cr元素而只发生了轻微的点蚀,而AF1410钢则发生了严重的全面腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要由FeOOH和Fe3O4组成.采用恒载荷应力腐蚀拉伸和剩余力学性能测试法,并结合SEM断口形貌分析,研究了两种高强钢在3.5% NaCl(质量分数)水溶液中应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,0Cr18Ni5钢和AF1410钢在该环境中都表现出应力腐蚀敏感性.最后,结合实验结果提出了一种简易快速评价材料抗应力腐蚀性能的方法.     

Preparation of the Sb-containing purple conversion coating on brass

A new chemical method for preparing a purple conversion coating on brass was developed. The effect of antimonous oxide concentration and temperature on color and corrosion resistance of the conversion coating, and the change of electric potential with time on coating forming process were studied. The optimum technological conditions were 10?g/L antimonous oxide, 20?g/L copper acetate, 200?mL/L hydrochloric acid at 65°C for 3?min. Results of electrochemical and dropping experiments showed that the brass with purple conversion coating presents better corrosion resistance than bare brass. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results showed that the conversion coating mainly comprising copper and antimony was uniform and compact.     

Effect of hydrogen in aluminium and aluminium alloys: A review

Susceptibility of aluminium and its alloys towards hydrogen embrittlement has been well established. Still a lot of confusion exists on the question of transport of hydrogen and its possible role in stress corrosion cracking. This paper reviews some of the fundamental properties of hydrogen in aluminium and its alloys and its effect on mechanical properties. The importance of hydrogen embrittlement over anodic dissolution to explain the stress corrosion cracking mechanism of these alloys is also examined in considerable detail. The various experimental findings concerning the link between hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking are also discussed.