面向对象的动态图编辑器的设计与实现

提出了一种面向对象的动态图编辑器,该动态图编辑器区别一般图编辑器的方面在于：可以根据用户的需要在任何时候动态地执行用户程序定义的方法;产生可序列化的图;编辑部分和显示部分既能合并使用也能分开使用;允许用户定义任意形状的结点和弧;具有处理无向图和有向图的双重功能。用户可以分别利用交互式编辑环境和图布局机制输入小型图和中、大型图。动态图编辑器体系结构建立在软件工程设计模式和面向对象设计思想的基础上,用ＪＡ－ＶＡ２实现。     

基于图匹配的分层布局算法

针对节点数目较大并且度数比较平均的无向图,根据分层扩展的思想,提出一种基于图匹配的分层布局算法（Graph Matching Hierarchy,GMH）。基于图匹配思想对大图进行递归化简,然后应用FR算法对最粗化图进行布局,最后利用质心布局算法对图进行扩展。实验结果表明,GMH算法能够提高可视化效率,改善布局效果,且分层布局的结果更易于理解。      

一个任意图的输出和编辑系统

本文给出了一个对任意图的输出算法，这个算法同其它的同类算法相比，具有更小的时间复杂性，并且由于此算法的参数是可控制的，所以对图的输出也是可控制的．另外，本文描述了一个图的显示和编辑系统ＧＬＥＡＭ，这个系统是基于所给出的新算法的，并且在本系统中使用了约束技术，使图的输出更美观、合理．ＧＬＥＡＭ是一个通用且可以扩充的系统，用户只要加入相应的具体领域知识，就可把其变为一个专用的系统.     

Distance‐based control of formations with hybrid communication topology

In this paper, we focus on the control of multiagent formations with hybrid communication topology through a distance‐based approach. By saying hybrid topology, we mean that the communication topology contains both undirected and directed links, or the underlying graph of the formation contains both undirected and directed edges. A new type of graph, ie, hybrid graph, is introduced. We discuss the persistence of hybrid graphs and present the persistence verification strategy for hybrid graphs. It is proved that all the minimally persistent hybrid graphs can be obtained from persistent directed graphs by the operation of edge transformation. As the main result, it is shown that multiagent formations modeled by acyclic persistent hybrid graphs can be stabilized locally under distance‐based controllers.     

Aesthetics-based Graph Layout for Human Consumption

Automatic graph layout is an important and long-studied problem. The basic straight-edge graph layout problem is to find spatial positions for the nodes of an input graph that maximize some measure of desirability. When graph layout is intended for human consumption, we call this measure of desirability an aesthetic. We seek an algorithm that produces graph layouts of high aesthetic quality not only for general graphs, but also for specific classes of graphs, such as trees and directed acyclic graphs. The Aesthetic Graph Layout (AGLO) approach described in this paper models graph layout as a multiobjective optimization problem, where the value of a layout is determined by multiple user-controlled layout aesthetics. The current AGLO algorithm combines the power and flexibility of the simulated annealing approach of Davidson and Harel (1989) with the relative speed of the method of Fruchterman and Reingold (1991). In addition, it is more general, and incorporates several new layout aesthetics to support new layout styles. Using these aesthetics, we are able to produce pleasing displays for graphs on which these other methods flounder.     

KGDB:统一模型和语言的知识图谱数据库管理系统

知识图谱是人工智能的重要基石,其目前主要有RDF图和属性图两种数据模型,在这两种数据模型之上有数种查询语言,RDF图上的查询语言为SPARQL,属性图上的查询语言主要为Cypher.十年来,各个社区开发了分别针对RDF图和属性图的不同数据管理方法,不统一的数据模型和查询语言限制了知识图谱的更广应用.KGDB （Knowledge Graph Database）是统一模型和语言的知识图谱数据库管理系统：（1）以关系模型为基础,提出统一的存储方案,支持RDF图和属性图的高效存储,满足知识图谱数据存储和查询负载的需求;（2）使用基于特征集的聚类方法解决无类型三元组的存储问题;（3）实现了SPARQL和Cypher两种不同知识图谱查询语言的互操作性,使其能够操作同一个知识图谱.在真实数据集和合成数据集上进行的大量实验表明,KGDB与已有知识图谱数据库管理系统相比,不仅能够提供更加高效的存储管理,而且具有更高的查询效率.KGDB平均比gStore和Neo4j节省了30%的存储空间,基本图模式查询上的实验表明,在真实数据集上的查询速度普遍高于gStore和Neo4j,最快可提高2个数量级.     

一种用于Marching-Graph图形绘制的快速收敛布局算法

Marching-Graph是一种将图形隐喻技术和空间隐喻技术集成为一体的新的可视化方法.它为用户提供了高度可交互性地图,使用户可访问那些具有地理属性的信息的逻辑结构.它通过有效的人图交互和跨空间浏览为用户提供了一种可视分析和挖掘未知信息的机制,而不是将已知的信息呈现在地图上.然而,传统的力导向布局算法在达到力量均衡配置方面非常慢.为使一个图形布局收敛,它们通常需花费几十秒的时间.因此。当用户快速行进于地理区间时,那些力导向布局算法就不能满足快速绘制一系列图形的要求.提出了一种快速收敛布局方法,当用户在Marching-Graph中通过力导向布局逐步探究一系列图形时,它可以加速交互时间.通过结合辐射树绘图技术和力导向图形绘制方法来取得能量最小化的快速收敛.     

A browser for directed graphs

A general-purpose browser for directed graphs is described. The browser provides operations to examine and edit graphs and to generate a layout for a graph automatically that minimizes edge crossings. Two layout algorithms were implemented. A hierarchical graph layout algorithm was found to be best for directed graphs. The graph browser also has facilities that allow it to be integrated with other applications (e.g. a program browser). These facilities and our experiences building a program call-graph browser are described.     

A Shape Graph Logic and A Shape System

Analysis and verification of pointer programs are still difficult problems so far. This paper uses a shape graph logic and a shape system to solve these problems in two stages. First, shape graphs at every program point are constructed using an analysis tool. Then, they are used to support the verification of other properties （e.g., orderedness）. Our prototype supports automatic verification of programs manipulating complex data structures such as splay trees, treaps, AVL trees and AA trees, etc. The proposed shape graph logic, as an extension to Hoare logic, uses shape graphs directly as assertions. It can be used in the analysis and verification of programs manipulating mutable data structures. The benefit using shape graphs as assertions is that it is convenient for acquiring the relations between pointers in the verification stage. The proposed shape system requires programmers to provide lightweight shape declarations in recursive structure type declarations. It can help rule out programs that construct shapes deviating from what programmers expect （reflected in shape declarations） in the analysis stage. As a benefit, programmers need not provide specifications （e.g., pre-/post-conditions, loop invariants） about pointers. Moreover, we present a method doing verification in the second stage using traditional Hoare logic rules directly by eliminating aliasing with the aid of shape graphs. Thus, verification conditions could be discharged by general theorem provers.     

KGDB: Knowledge Graph Database System with Unified Model and Query Language

Knowledge graph is an important cornerstone of artificial intelligence, which currently has two main data models: RDF graphs and property graphs. There are several query languages on these two data models, including SPARQL on RDF graphs and Cypher on property graphs. Over the last decade, various communities have developed different data management methods for RDF graphs and property graphs. Inconsistent data models and query languages hinder the wider application of knowledge graphs. In this paper, we propose a knowledge graphy database (KGDB) system with unified data model and query language. (1) We work out a unified storage scheme based on the relational model that supports the efficient storage of RDF graphs and property graphs, catering to the smooth storage and query of knowledge graph data. (2) The characteristic set-based clustering is used in KGDB for the storage of typeless entities. (3) It realizes the interoperability of SPARQL and Cypher by enabling them to operate on the same knowledge graph. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets and synthetic datasets reveal that KGDB is more efficient than existing knowledge graph database management systems in storage management and query efficiency. KGDB saves 30% of the storage space on average compared with gStore and Neo4j. In addition, KDGB is two orders of magnitude faster than gStore and Neo4j in the query of the real-world datasets, seen from experiments on the query of basic graph pattern matching.     

基于结构图的手绘草图检索

提出一种基于结构图的草图检索方法,在保持图像大致形状的基础上对图像的轮廓数据进行有效的降维处理,解决了轮廓的起点选择、旋转、平移以及缩放等不变性,形成了图像的标准化形状描述子,并生成相应的结构图,提取结构图的四种特征,分别进行形似性度量。实验表明文中方法能够用来有效地进行草图检索。     

基于马尔可夫链的分形图形生成算法

区别于传统的基于欧几里得算法的图形生成算法,在迭代函数系统的基础上,提出了一种基于马尔可夫链的分形图形生成算法。该算法首先利用马尔可夫链为每个状态转移函数设置转移的概率密度,其次通过比较随机数与状态转移函数的概率分布来确定进入的状态转移函数,进而计算吸引点的位置、确定线条的位置和角度,推导出迭代后线条的角度关系,最后通过多次迭代生成不同角度和位置的线条组成一个完整的图形。相对于传统算法,该算法针对分形图形的生成、仿射变换矩阵参数的具体调控方式、以及图形散点图的变化规则进行研究,通过对不同分形图形的生成及其形态调控的仿真实验验证了该算法可以对分形图形生成过程进行描述,进一步验证了该算法的优越性。     

FMR:基于FR的快速多层次算法

图可视化技术是可视化研究的重要内容,近年来大图的绘制问题一直是图可视化 技术的焦点。为此,提出了一种快速多层次算法用于解决大图绘制问题。采用多层次方法作为 算法的框架,以 FR 力导向算法的变体结合质心算法以及四叉树空间分解等方法对单层布局进 行优化。另外,还使用了约束规范化和能量模型 2 种加速方法。实验表明,该算法具有高效的 性能和良好的布局效果。其效率非常高,在单核 CPU 下,可以在大约 5 s 内很好地绘制出 10 000 个顶点的图。并与几种经典的算法进行了比较,也证明了该算法的有效性和实用性。此外,该 算法易于实现,可被轻易推广到其他布局算法上,以加速其运算。     

GraphSET,a tool for simultaneous graph drawing

Problems in simultaneous graph drawing involve the layout of several graphs on a shared vertex set. This paper describes a Graph Simultaneous Embedding Tool, GraphSET, designed to allow the investigation of a wide range of graph embedding problems. GraphSET can be used in the study of several variants of simultaneous embedding including simultaneous geometric embedding, simultaneous embedding with fixed edges, and colored simultaneous embedding with the vertex set partitioned into color classes. The tool has three primary uses: (i) studying theoretical problems in simultaneous graph drawing through the production of examples and counterexamples, (ii) producing layouts of given classes of graphs using built‐in implementations of known algorithms, and (iii) providing a platform for development and implementation of new algorithms and data structures for all variants of simultaneous graph embedding. We also describe the design decisions involved in the construction of GraphSET in terms of the requirements dictated by its applications. GraphSET along with movies illustrating its utility are available at http://graphset.cs.arizona.edu . Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用多层次聚类法完成的大规模关系图的可视化

提出了一种新的大规模图形可视化技术.它可显示含有几万个接点和边的大规模关系图.为了完成对图形的抽象化。一个多层次的聚类图形从原始的大规模关系图中抽取了出来.这种抽取是建立在大规模关系图的内在结构基础上来完成的.一种递规封入式的几何划分算法被应用来完成对几何空间的优化,在具体的制图技术上,使用了一种用力导向布局算法和环形制图法相结合的新方法,从而完成了对显示空间的优化和美擘上的优化.同时也讨论了相关的人机交互技术,所采用的人机交互算法不仅能让使用者从上到下层次式地浏览整个聚类图形。同时也能提供多层次聚类图形的并行浏览.动画技术也同时被运用,以保护使用者的精神图不被打乱.     

Inverse Markov Process Based Constrained Dynamic Graph Layout

In online dynamic graph drawing,constraints over nodes and node pairs help preserve a coherent mental map in a sequence of graphs.Defining the constraints is challenging due to the requirements of both preserving mental map and satisfying the visual aesthetics of a graph layout.Most existing algorithms basically depend on local changes but fail to do proper evaluations on the global propagation when setting constraints.To solve this problem,we introduce a heuristic model derived from PageRank which simulates the node movement as an inverse Markov process hence to give a global analysis of the layout's change,according to which different constraints can be set.These constraints,along with stress function,generate layouts maintaining spatial positions and shapes of relatively stable substructures between adjacent graphs.Experiments demonstrate that our method preserves both structure and position similarity to help users track graph changes visually.     

Finding Minimum Vertex Covering in Stochastic Graphs: A Learning Automata Approach

Structural and behavioral parameters of many real networks such as social networks are unpredictable, uncertain, and have time-varying parameters, and for these reasons, deterministic graphs for modeling such networks are too restrictive to solve most of the real-network problems. It seems that stochastic graphs, in which weights associated to the vertices are random variables, might be better graph models for real-world networks. Once we use a stochastic graph as the model for a network, every feature of the graph such as path, spanning tree, clique, dominating set, and cover set should be treated as a stochastic feature. For example, choosing a stochastic graph as a graph model of an online social network and defining community structure in terms of clique, the concept of a stochastic clique may be used to study community structures’ properties or define spreading of influence according to the coverage of influential users; the concept of stochastic vertex covering may be used to study spread of influence. In this article, minimum vertex covering in stochastic graphs is first defined, and then four learning, automata-based algorithms are proposed for solving a minimum vertex-covering problem in stochastic graphs where the probability distribution functions of the weights associated with the vertices of the graph are unknown. It is shown that through a proper choice of the parameters of the proposed algorithms, one can make the probability of finding minimum vertex cover in a stochastic graph as close to unity as possible. Experimental results on synthetic stochastic graphs reveal that at a certain confidence level the proposed algorithms significantly outperform the standard sampling method in terms of the number of samples needed to be taken from the vertices of the stochastic graph.     

一种用于指针程序的形状分析方法

指针程序的分析一直是研究热点。本文提出一种基于形状图逻辑的形状分析方法,其中形状分析采用形状图来表达程序中指针的指向和相等关系,并用形状图逻辑来进行推理。形状图逻辑是一种把形状图看成有关指针的断言,并在此基础上对Hoare逻辑进行扩展而得到的程序逻辑。首先介绍所提出的形状图和形状图逻辑;然后在此基础之上,设计一种基于形状图逻辑的形状分析方法。     

特殊图的图修正问题研究综述

图修正问题是指在一个图中进行删除点、删除边或加边操作,使这个图转变成另一个具有某种特殊性质的图。图修正问题一直被广泛研究,尤其对弦图、区间图以及单位区间图的图修正问题的研究更是如此。弦图是完美图中最重要的一类图,也是(单位)区间图的父类图,很多经典的NP难问题在弦图上都是多项式可解的。区间图以及单位区间图在生物计算上有着广泛的应用。对这几类图的图修正问题的研究对计算机理论和实践有很大的贡献。首先介绍并总结了关于弦图、区间图以及单位区间图的图修正问题的重要算法和技术,然后对这些问题的研究现状进行分析,并提出了今后研究中值得关注的问题。     

一种基于GN算法的动态图划分方法

随着图规模的急剧增长,对动态图进行实时处理的需求日益增加。大多现有的算法针对静态图划分是有效的,直接用其处理动态图会带来较大的通信开销。针对该问题,提出一种基于GN算法的动态图划分方法。首先收集一段时间内加入动态图中的顶点;然后,利用GN算法对这些新加入的顶点进行预划分,产生若干个内部联系紧密的社区;最后,将预划分产生的社区结果插入到已经划分好的当前图中。实验从交叉边数和负载均衡度两方面将该方法与传统流式划分方法进行比较,结果表明,在公开数据集上,该方法的交叉边数降低了13%,负载均衡度减少了42.3%。由此可见,该方法的划分质量明显优于传统的流式划分方法。