温度对油纸绝缘介电响应特性的影响

为了研究温度对变压器油纸绝缘介电响应测量结果的影响,以更准确地评估纸板微水含量和老化状态,设计了在不同温度下对变压器油浸绝缘纸板试品分别进行时域回复电压(RV)和频域谱(FDS)测量的实验,比较不同温度下油纸绝缘RV极化谱特征参数以及介质损耗因数tan、复电容实部C′、虚部C″的频域谱曲线变化,分析变化趋势及原因,研究温度对介电响应方法评估绝缘纸板微水含量及其老化状态的影响。结果显示,随着温度的升高,试品RV极化谱曲线峰值向较短充电时间方向偏移,峰值时间和峰值电压均减小;试品tan和C″频域谱曲线向高频方向偏移,最小值略微增大;C′变大,在较低频率尤其明显。因此,在用介电响应法评估纸板微水含量及老化状态必须考虑温度影响,否则将导致评估结果失实。     

Research on Life Prediction of Oil-Paper Insulation Based on Dielectric Response

Abstract

The power transformer is an important part of the power grid. The aging of oil-paper insulation is affected by many factors such as temperature and moisture. In order to accurately evaluate the service life of transformer and ensure the stable operation in power system, a method for predicting the lifetime of oil-immersed pressboard under different temperatures and moisture content was proposed. This method is mainly realized by the chemical reaction kinetic equations and transformation factor. Firstly, the effect of temperature and moisture content on the frequency dielectric response of oil-paper insulation was studied by frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy method. The results show that the dielectric loss of oil-immersed pressboard increases with the increase of moisture content and temperature. The activation energy of oil-immersed pressboard also increases exponentially with the increase of moisture content. Then, we analyzed the trend of polymerization degree of insulation pressboard in aging process and calculated the insulation life and the remain lifetime by combining the cellulose degradation kinetic models and translation factor. When the moisture content of the oil-immersed at 70?°C, the life expectancy of oil-paper insulation is about 19.26?years.     

基于介电响应的油纸绝缘寿命预测方法

油纸绝缘是油浸式电力变压器的重要组成部分,其绝缘寿命受热老化因素影响很大.因此,针对不同温度、不同含水率下的油浸纸板的寿命预测问题进行分析,提出一种应用平移因子和纤维素反应二阶动力学方程预测不同温度、不同含水率下的油浸纸板寿命的方法.首先,针对不同含水率的油浸纸板进行变温介电谱测试和130℃条件下的加速老化试验;其次,...     

变压器油纸绝缘的介电响应特性研究——加速热老化的介电谱

为了研究变压器油纸绝缘老化的介电响应特征量,本文对油纸绝缘试品进行了加速热老化,并在老化的不同阶段开展了相同试验温度下的极化、去极化电流(PDC)和频域谱(FDS)试验。在PDC试验数据的基础上,引入时域介电谱理论,提取其峰值和峰值时间常数作为老化特征量,研究了该特征量与绝缘老化的关系。结果表明,绝缘老化使PDC试验的极化及去极化电流曲线均明显上移,FDS试验的复电容实部和虚部曲线在低频段均向右上平移,时域介电谱曲线则向左上方平移,这是由于老化引起水分、有机酸等含量的增加以及对纤维素结构的破坏,提高了油纸绝缘间夹层介质界面极化的强度和响应速度而造成的。在本文的试验条件下,油纸绝缘的时域介电谱对其老化反应灵敏,可定量反映油纸绝缘老化程度的变化情况,其峰值和峰值时间常数可考虑用作表征油纸绝缘老化程度的特征量。     

提取杂质后的老化油浸绝缘纸板介电响应特性研究

首先制备老化绝缘纸板样品,并制定了提取老化绝缘纸板水分及分解产物的方法,然后在去除油纸绝缘的杂质及变压器油后,分别针对不同老化状态的油浸纸板开展介电响应实验。分析排除杂质后的老化油浸绝缘纸板的介电响应特性,以及纸板自身老化与油纸绝缘老化对其绝缘状态的影响差异。结果表明:老化时间和激励电压对频域介电谱(FDS)的影响主要集中在中低频段,在高频段介质损耗因数(tanδ)较为稳定;温度变化会导致FDS曲线发生平移,在高频段,温度越高tanδ越小,在低频段,温度越高tanδ越大,且频率越低tanδ的增长趋势越明显。     

老化绝缘纸表面的沿面放电试验分析

在故障变压器检修及事故调查中发现,变压器内绝缘纸界面发生沿面闪络后会留下烧灼痕迹,对此分析了油纸绝缘界面沿面闪络的起因及影响因素。测量了在添加和不添加绝缘纸板条件下绝缘油的击穿电压和起始局放电压,分析不同热老化程度的绝缘纸沿面闪络电压和起始局放电压的变化规律。研究结果表明:添加新绝缘纸不会改变油间隙的电气强度,但是老化后的绝缘纸会大幅降低油间隙的沿面闪络电压以及起始局放电压,在老化过程中产生的大量水分子可能是导致上述试验现象的重要原因。     

Dielectrometry measurements of moisture dynamics in oil-impregnatedpressboard

In oil-impregnated pressboard of medium and low humidity the complex dielectric spectrum's shape and amplitude do not change with variations in temperature and moisture content, but only shift in frequency. Thus it is possible to create a `universal' curve, with appropriate temperature correction factors, which can be used to extract information about the moisture dynamics of solid transformer insulation from dielectrometry measurements. To create the universal curve, measurements are taken with the material placed in a parallel-plate structure whose complex impedance is measured. To measure spatial distributions of dielectric properties, imposed ω-k (frequency-wavenumber) dielectrometry is used, where a set of interdigitated electrodes on one surface of the material cause the electric field to have a limited depth of penetration into the dielectric, proportional to the electrode spacing. Measurements using the parallel-plate methodology establish a mapping of the dielectric spectrum of EHV-Weidmann HIVAL pressboard impregnated with Shell Diala A transformer oil, as a function of temperature and water content. This mapping is then used to determine spatial moisture profiles in pressboard in other experiments which make use of a three-wavelength interdigitated sensor     

油纸绝缘变压器介质响应电路参数辨识的研究

基于介质响应理论的回复电压测量方法能够有效地无损诊断变压器的绝缘状态,评估变压器绝缘纸中的水分含量。其中回复电压初始斜率特征量与热老化有着密切的关系,因此它也是评估绝缘老化的重要特征量。本文阐述了回复电压初始斜率在辨识介质响应等值电路参数方面具有重要的作用,并建立了利用回复电压初始斜率特征量求解介质响应等值电路参数的数学模型,该模型为含有指数函数的非线性方程组。本文利用最小二乘方法建立了数学优化模型,并应用智能优化算法求解。研究结果表明本文建立的模型是可行的,为评估变压器老化和研究新的特征量提供了新思路。     

基于PSO-ELM的变压器油纸绝缘状态无损评估方法研究

油浸式电力变压器作为电网中的重要组成部分,其可靠运行至关重要。针对变压器长期运行后无法定量评估其绝缘状态的问题,本文开展了油纸绝缘模型的加速老化及受潮试验,探明了油纸绝缘老化及受潮程度对其回复电压曲线的影响规律,并提出采用粒子群优化（PSO）改进极限学习机(ELM)的参数预测方法,实现了基于回复电压曲线特征参量的油纸绝缘老化与受潮状态量化评估。通过对油纸绝缘模型理化性能分析的对比结果可知,基于PSO-ELM方法的预测值精度远高于传统ELM方法,油纸绝缘内含水率及纸板聚合度预测的绝对误差范围分别小于±0.4%、±30。     

太赫兹时域光谱技术在绝缘纸板微水含量检测中的应用分析

水分是电力设备油纸绝缘寿命的首要劣化因素。将太赫兹时域光谱系统（THz-TDS）引入到油纸绝缘微水含量测试中,利用太赫兹时域光谱系统对不同微水含量绝缘纸板样品进行测试,得到了不同太赫兹时域及频域响应信号结果并进行拟合,从而获得了可以初步估计纸板中水分含量的计算公式;最后结合太赫兹成像技术对纸板平面的水分不均匀分布情况进行了检测。由于水分子中的氢键在太赫兹波照射下会产生强烈的共振与吸收,在太赫兹透射波中产生明显的反馈作用,基于此原理可以将太赫兹检测技术运用于对绝缘纸板水分含量与分布的评估中。     

老化和水分对电容性套管绝缘纸频域介电特性的影响

套管故障是引起变压器停运的主要原因之一,其中套管绝缘受潮引起的故障比例占据首位,而水分是引起油纸绝缘劣化的重要因素,因此研究不同水分对电容性套管绝缘介电特性的影响对于评估套管受潮状态具有重要意义。制备了不同初始水分质量分数的油纸电容型套管电容芯子试品,开展了实验室内油浸纸电容芯子的加速热老化试验,建立了介损特征区间积分模型,发现老化时间与油浸纸介损在特征区间的积分值符合线性规律,水分同介损在特征区间的积分宽度符合线性规律,表明油浸纸频域介电谱中的介损积分值可反映绝缘老化程度,为现场基于介损评估受潮下油纸套管的老化状态及受潮对绝缘老化的加速情况提供研究思路。     

Electrical and chemical diagnostics of transformers insulation. B.Accelerated aged insulation samples

This paper describes the analysis of accelerated aged insulation samples to investigate the degradation processes observed in the insulation from aged power transformers. Short-term accelerated ageing experiments were performed on paper-wrapped insulated conductors and on pressboard samples. The condition of aged insulation samples was investigated by two relatively new diagnostic techniques: (a) measurements of interfacial polarization spectra by a DC method; and (b) measurements of molecular weight and its distribution by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Several other electrical properties of the paper/pressboard samples were also studied. Possible correlations have been investigated among the different measured properties. The GPC results have been used to predict how power transformer insulation molecular weights change with temperature and time     

变压器油纸绝缘频域介电谱特性的XY模型仿真及试验研究

为将频域介电谱法更好地用于对变压器油纸绝缘状态的现场诊断,通过联合XY模型仿真和主绝缘结构可变的变压器模型对变压器油纸绝缘系统的频域介电谱特性(FDS)进行研究。首先,借助于Concept 80宽频介电谱仪和介电响应分析仪DIRANA验证了XY模型仿真结果和变压器模型实测结果的等效性。然后,以绝缘纸板的复介电常数频域谱数据为基础,采用XY模型仿真系统地探讨了油纸绝缘系统在不同绝缘结构、绝缘油电导率、绝缘纸水分含量和老化状态等情况下的频域介电谱特性。研究结果表明:当绝缘油电导率较大时,在tanδ频域谱的低频部分出现"凸起","凸起"峰值所在频率随油电导率增大向高频方向平移,但幅值不变;随绝缘结构中X或Y值增大,"凸起"所在频率向高频方向平移,但幅值反而减小;随老化程度的加深,tanδ频域谱向高频方向移动;该研究提供了一种利用频域介电谱法诊断变压器老化状态的新思路。     

三元混合式绝缘油与绝缘纸板“液–固”组合体系的沿面闪络特性

油浸式电力变压器中油-纸绝缘体系的"液–固"交界面易发生沿面闪络,导致变压器绝缘失效。为考察新型三元混合式绝缘油对油-纸绝缘体系沿面闪络电压的提升效果,为此以矿物油–纸绝缘为参比,研究了交流电压下三元混合式油–纸绝缘体系的沿面闪络特性,分析了沿面闪络电压、油浸纸板表面损伤、以及沿面闪络后的油中溶解气体特性。结果表明:当针–板电极间距离由5 mm增大至20 mm时,与矿物油–纸绝缘体系相比,三元混合式绝缘油-纸绝缘体系的沿面闪络电压约高10%~20%,主要原因在于三元混合式绝缘油–纸绝缘体系中针电极尖端的电场值较小,且三元混合式绝缘油的击穿性能优于矿物油。经历多次沿面闪络后,三元混合式绝缘油浸渍纸板的表面损伤程度弱于矿物油浸渍纸板,且三元混合式绝缘油中溶解的C2H2及总烃类气体含量低于矿物油。该结果为安全应用三元式混合绝缘油提供了数据支撑。     

变压器油纸绝缘系统低频介电参数方程

油纸绝缘系统频域介电谱的低频部分更有利于诊断、评估绝缘系统的老化状态与水分含量,为了将频域介电响应法更好地应用到工程中,针对变压器油纸绝缘系统低频激励下的介电响应进行了研究。首先分析了绝缘电介质(油隙、油浸纸)在低频激励下的电极极化过程,进而提出以电导率、离子迁移率等为参量的绝缘电介质的介电参数方程;然后基于变压器油纸绝缘系统的XY几何等效模型,构建变压器油纸绝缘系统低频介电参数方程;最后通过试验对所构建的介电参数方程进行验证。研究结果表明:油纸绝缘系统介电参数计算值与试验值相符合,建立的介电参数方程能够有效地表征变压器油纸绝缘系统频域介电响应低频部分的介电参数。     

油浸式电力变压器固体绝缘老化检测技术的应用

由于固体绝缘具有不可恢复的老化特性,其性能状态对变压器的运行寿命及维护策略有着重要的影响。本文分析了影响固体绝缘老化的各种因素以及目前诊断方法的优缺点,重点阐述了极化去极化电流法和恢复电压法,二者从变压器绝缘系统的电路模型入手,以介质响应理论为基础,通过极化特性曲线和相关参数的分析得到变压器固体绝缘状态的可靠信息。现场试验数据表明了测量结果与聚合度、糠醛分析法的一致性,因此介质响应分析法可以作为一条简单有效的途径实现变压器固体绝缘性能的无损检测,建议在电力设备运行维护单位广泛开展。     

Moisture determination of the main insulation in a transformer by frequency‐domain spectroscopy

The presence of moisture in the oil–paper insulation in a transformer drastically accelerates the aging process of the insulation and reduces the service life of the transformer. To analyse the influence of moisture on the dielectric response of the oil–paper insulation and to precisely determine the moisture content of the transformer by frequency‐domain spectroscopy, the modified Cole–Cole model is introduced to fit the frequency versus dielectric responses of the oil–paper insulation samples with different moisture contents, and the influence of the variation in moisture content on the parameters in the modified Cole–Cole model is investigated. Results show that the modified Cole–Cole model parameters, including the α and β relaxation components as well as the DC and hopping conductivity components, can be used to effectively fit the frequency versus dielectric response curve of the oil–paper insulation. The characteristic parameters τ_α and τ_β in this model are found to be sensitive to changes in the moisture content. They can be used to quantitatively evaluate the moisture content in a transformer insulation system. A case study is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique in assessing the moisture content of onsite transformers. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Drying of transformer insulation using zeolite

Power and distribution transformers are some of the most important components in the power network. The presence of moisture in a transformer deteriorates the transformer insulation by decreasing both the electrical and mechanical strength of the solid insulation. It is of great importance to pay attention to the moisture content of composite insulation systems in order to maintain low dielectric loss, high dielectric breakdown strength and low rates of degradation of the insulating system in HV equipment. In this paper, an approach to the said problem is presented. With the application of a synthetic hygroscopic mineral (molecular sieve zeolites) - a revolutionary, environment friendly, multipurpose mineral - a continuous drying process of the transformer oil during operation without the need for service interruption is achieved. A study of the effects of zeolite on the electrical and dielectric behaviour of the insulating liquid of the transformer is included in this paper.     

Evaluation of diffusion-driven material property profiles usingthree-wavelength interdigital sensor

The response of a three-wavelength interdigital dielectrometry sensor to the moisture diffusion process in oil-impregnated transformer pressboard has been simulated using an empirical relationship between the moisture concentration and the dielectric properties of the pressboard. A benchmark test of the moisture diffusion process has been developed with the purpose of comparing alternative parameter estimation algorithms used in ω-κ (frequency wavenumber) dielectrometry. The results of simulations highlight characteristic features of the multi-wavelength sensor response, such as the sensor response delay from the start of the transient moisture diffusion process as a function of sensor wavelength, the influence of moisture boundary conditions, and the relation between the signal magnitude and variations of dielectric properties. One of the parameter estimation algorithms, linear calibrated admittance-based estimation (LCABE), has been applied to both simulated and measured data. Adequate performance of the LCABE approach in the absence of strong discontinuities of dielectric properties in the electric field penetration region is demonstrated and contrasted to an electrically shielded region case, in which the signal response becomes nonlinear. The proposed approach offers significant potential for the measurement of diffusion processes in various dielectrics, especially for cases with highly irregular geometry or material structure. Measurement results from moisture diffusion process monitoring are included. Parameter estimation of measurement results with LCABE confirm its applicability to the monitoring of moisture dynamics in transformer pressboard     

Field experiences with measurements of dielectric response in frequency domain for power transformer diagnostics

Some new methods, based on characterization of the dielectric response of transformer insulation in time and frequency domains, have been pointed out by CIGRE as suitable to assess moisture content in pressboard and paper. Measuring devices available today on the market are quite robust in field conditions; however there is a risk that undesired internal and external factors might influence the measurements. These influences can lead to mistaken interpretation of insulation wetness. Operators should therefore be aware of the risks appearing at different measuring conditions and of the precautions that can be taken to minimize their effects. This work presents a systematic investigation on the influence of some factors on the results of dielectric response measurements in field conditions. The errors that can be committed during the measurements if certain precautions are not taken, with different equipment connected in parallel, are evaluated. The influence of rain and electromagnetic disturbances are also analyzed proposing solutions to attenuate their effects. Finally, a discussion on the influence of temperature distribution follows. The work is concentrated on frequency response measurements, although some results from the use of polarization and depolarization current technique are also discussed.