Simultaneous utilization of ammonia,free amino acids and peptides during fermentative growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The efficiency of nitrogen use by yeast is one of the key determinants of the successful completion of alcoholic fermentations. In this work the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c in a synthetic medium containing ammonia and free amino acids, supplemented with yeast hydrolysate, was studied. Experiments with ¹⁵NH₄Cl and ¹⁵N‐labelled yeast hydrolysate were carried out to gain insight into which of these three classes of assimilable nitrogen sources yeast cells prefer. Co‐consumption of all three sources was observed; approximately 40% of the total nitrogen in the yeast protein fraction originated from yeast hydrolysate, while free amino acids and ammonia contributed 40 and 20%, respectively. The results indicate that several amino acids are more readily obtained from peptides, most likely when the uptake of their free forms is competitively inhibited and/or repressed. During the second half of each fermentation, a decrease in the incorporation of yeast hydrolysate‐derived nitrogen was observed. These results highlight the nutritional role of peptides in various yeast fermentations. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Fermentation of Cassava Starch Hydrolysate with Immobilised Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fermentation of cassava starch hydrolysate with immobilised cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Strain 2177) was carried out. Kieselguhr and brick powder were the substrates used for immobilisation of yeast cells. The pattern of fermentation was followed by the rate of fall in reducing sugar content and the cell growth. The results obtained showed that variations in the immobilised yeast cell preparations did not produce any effect on the rate of reduction of sugars during the fermentation. The final cell densities obtained after 48 h also did not depend on the initial immobilised cell concentration. However it was shown that fermentation could be completed in 48 h. It was also evident from the results that the cells were alive on the support used for immobilisation even after 4 cycles of fermentation.     

酿酒活性干酵母生理特性的研究

建立一种酿酒活性干酵母生理活性的简易评价方法,比较并筛选一株适合以木薯粉水解液发酵发酵生产燃料酒精的活性干酵母。优化2株酿酒活性干酵母的活化条件、生长温度和生长pH值,以木薯粉水解液为发酵液,在最适生长条件下比较两株酵母的生长曲线、发酵强度、耐糖能力、耐温能力和耐酒精能力。选择酿酒活性干酵母Ⅰ作为木薯粉水解液发酵酵母,该酵母在前36h发酵强度高于1g(/L.h),36h后发酵强度迅速下降;耐糖能力为20%,耐受温度是55℃以及耐酒精浓度是7%。     

酶法红薯多孔淀粉的制备

多孔淀粉是一种新型酶变性淀粉,采用α-淀粉酶和糖化酶复合酶解法制备红薯多孔淀粉,对其工艺条件进行研究,当α-淀粉酶∶糖化酶为1∶7(体积比),反应温度45℃,反应时间28 h,pH5.6,加酶浓度0.5%,淀粉浆浓度65%时,可得到吸油率较高的多孔淀粉。     

马铃薯淀粉水解条件优化及油脂酵母培养研究

以马铃薯淀粉为底物,葡萄糖含量为评价指标,通过响应面法优化淀粉酶解工艺,将水解液用于发酵生产微生物油脂。最佳酶解条件为马铃薯淀粉质量浓度20 mg/mL,加酶量为干淀粉质量3.2%,α-淀粉酶、葡萄糖淀粉酶的质量比2.2∶1,pH 4.1,酶解时间4.1 h,得到最高葡萄糖含量为15.06 mg/mL。向此水解液中添加一定氮源和无机盐用于油脂酵母菌株Y004-2培养,在250 mL三角瓶中其生物量为14.43 g/L,油脂产量5.16 g/L,在5.0 L发酵罐中生物量为14.27 g/L,油脂产量5.10 g/L,其生物量和油脂产量均略高于以葡萄糖为碳源;且菌株Y004-2在以马铃薯淀粉水解液为碳源的培养基中所得油脂的组成与以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基中所得油脂的脂肪酸组成相同。     

Enzymatic Production of Ethanol from Cassava Starch Using Two Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cassava starch from TMS 30572 and Idileru were hydrolyzed with α-amylase and amylo-glucosidase before fermentation using two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from palm wine and bakers’ yeast. The per cent yield of sugars and total dissolved solids were 66 % and 26% respectively while pH was 7. Spectrophotometric measurement of the cell growth revealed steady but insignificant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in cell concentrations up to 48 h fermentation time with a gradual decline by 72 h. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain from palm wine grew best on TMS 30572 hydrolysate at 20% sugar concentration (optical density 0.663; fermentation time 48 h) while on Idileru hydrolysate it grew best at 25% (optical density 0.698; fermentation time 60 h). The pH values obtained from the fermenting hydrolysates for both yeast strains declined gradually as the fermentation progressed with the lowest pH values (3.01 for S. cerevisiae from palm wine; 3.06 for S. cerevisiae from bakers’ yeast) obtained for TMS 30572 cassava variety at 25% sugar concentration. Changes in pH were significant (p ≤ 0.05). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain from palm-wine had a higher conversion of available sugar into ethanol. The yield of ethanol was found to vary but the highest ethanol concentration obtained was 5.3% at 10% initial sugar concentration, which gave a sugar conversion efficiency of 37.3%. The results obtained suggest that Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from sources other than those used conventionally can serve as good substitutes for bio-conversion processes in the industrial production of ethanol.     

Study of the growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using wheat starch granules as support for yeast immobilization monitoring by sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation

The efficiency and the effectiveness of wheat starch granules as a support for the immobilization of the alcohol resistant psychrophilic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AXAZ-1 was studied. The growth rate of these cells in the presence or the absence of the support in the culture medium was investigated by the technique of sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation (Sd/StFFF). An abrupt increase of biomass productivity in less required time was observed in the case of the presence of wheat starch granules in the culture medium. The results indicate that wheat starch granules might be a good medium for yeast cell culture and bioreactor formation.     

Vodka production from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using three Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates

The efficacy of three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of vodka from potato hydrolysate was evaluated. For each isolate, two treatments were performed: one containing potato hydrolysate (11% w/w of soluble solids) and the other containing potato hydrolysate supplemented with sucrose (17% w/w) in the fermentation medium. The best results were obtained using a baker's yeast in the second treatment, which showed higher substrate‐to‐product conversion (0.47 g ethanol g^?1 total reducing sugars), higher fermentation yield (91.4%) and a higher ethanol content (6.05% v/v). Following fermentation, the medium was clarified using centrifugation, and two successive distillations and filtrations were conducted. The results were examined by referring to the standards for vodka, as established by Brazilian legislation. The ethanol concentration (39.7% v/v) fell within the legally stipulated range, and the levels of copper and furfural remained undetectable. However, the methanol (35.04 mg 100 mL^?1 of anhydrous alcohol) content and the levels of some secondary compounds (148.33 mg 100 mL^?1) were both higher than the guidelines (20 and ≤50 mg 100 mL^?1, respectively). Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Fermentation of Sugarcane Bagasse Hemicellulose Hydrolysate to Xylitol by a Hydrolysate-Acclimatized Yeast

The yeast strain, Candida sp B-22, which has an increased tolerance to untreated neutralized sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate has been isolated by a continuous adaptation-selection technique which allows yeasts to overcome the inhibitory effect of extraneous chemicals in hydrolysate. With this yeast, xylitol is produced from untreated full-strength hydrolysate in a yield of over 85% of the theoretical value. A final xylitol concentration of 94.74 g/L was obtained from 105.35 g/L D-xylose in hemicellulose hydrolysate after 96 hr of incubation.     

Characterisation and yield of the arabinogalactan–protein mucilage of taro corms

The main component of the taro corm is starch but appreciable quantities of water‐soluble mucilage are also present. Taro mucilage was cold‐water extracted and purified by dispersion and hydrolysis of starch, removal of starch hydrolysate and unconjugated protein. Compositional analysis of purified cold‐water‐soluble taro mucilage (PCWX) showed that galactose and arabinose were the main monosaccharides in the hydrolysate of PCWX and that the main polymer present was an arabinogalactan–protein. The yield of mucilage from 12 taro varieties varied from 75.7 to 137.0 g kg⁻¹ (dry wt basis) amongst different varieties. The purity of the final mucilage arabinogalactan was confirmed by ion‐exchange chromatography and electrophoresis. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sago starch and its utilisation

The importance and development of industrial biotechnology processing has led to the utilisation of microbial enzymes in various applications. One of the important enzymes is amylase, which hydrolyses starch to glucose. In Malaysia, the use of sago starch has been increasing, and it is presently being used for the production of glucose. Sago starch represents an alternative cheap carbon source for fermentation processes that is attractive out of both economic and geographical considerations. Production of fermentable sugars from the hydrolysis of starches is normally carried out by an enzymatic processes that involves two reaction steps, liquefaction and saccharification, each of which has different temperature and pH optima with respect to the maximum reaction rate. This method of starch hydrolysis requires the use of an expensive temperature control system and a complex mixing device. Our laboratory has investigated the possibility of using amylolytic enzyme-producing microorganisms in the continuous single-step biological hydrolysis of sago flour for the production of a generic fermentation medium. The ability of a novel DNA-recombinated yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YKU 107 (expressing alpha-amylase production) to hydrolyse gelatinised sago starch production has been studied with the aim of further utilizing sago starch to obtain value-added products.     

Effects of yeast fermentation on transforming the volatile compounds of unsalted pork hydrolysate

This study investigated the possibility of transforming unsalted pork hydrolysate into a liquid seasoning by studying volatile compound production through yeast fermentation. The yeasts used included a typical soya sauce yeast and three wine yeasts. The yeasts inoculated in the glucose supplementary pork hydrolysate increased by approximately 2.0 log of CFU mL⁻¹ within 24 hours at 30°C without adding salt. Yeast fermentation largely depleted the abundant aldehydes (hexenal) present in unfermented pork hydrolysate to trace levels with the formation of ethanol, corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids. The wine yeasts showed higher production of fruity esters such as ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate, whereas the soya sauce yeast produced more ketones such as acetone and 2-heptanone. This study revealed a potential method of producing a value-added meat hydrolysate from pork by-product.     

Glucose tolerance and antioxidant activity of spent brewer's yeast hydrolysate with a high content of Cyclo-His-Pro (CHP)

To elevate the Cyclo-His-Pro (CHP) content in yeast, the yeast hydrolysate that was obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was subjected to various treatments. Flavourzyme-treated hydrolysate showed the highest CHP content (674.0 μg/g) among the various proteases treatments. Ultrafiltration was selected as the best method for concentrating CHP in yeast hydrolysate, based on the yields and CHP contents. In addition, we evaluated the radical scavenge and glucose tolerance of yeast hydrolysate with a high content of CHP. Yeast hydrolysate showed intense scavenging abilities of both 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. The IC(50) values of yeast hydrolysate on DPPH and ABTS radicals were 1.9 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences in glucose level between the diabetes-control and yeast hydrolysate group at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection in a type 1 diabetes model (P < 0.01). Also, there were significant differences in blood glucose levels between the 2 groups at 30, 60, and 100 min after injection in the type 2 diabetes group (P < 0.05). Therefore, it is possible to use the yeast hydrolysate with high levels of CHP as an antioxidative and/or antidiabetic material for the preparation of functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study tried to develop a material containing a high content of CHP using yeast for possible applications of this cyclic dipeptide in the therapy of metabolic disorders. The yeast hydrolysate prepared with Flavourzyme showed a high level of CHP. The hydrolysate with a high content of CHP showed high levels of radical scavenging activities and oral glucose tolerance activity. Therefore, it is possible to use the yeast hydrolysate with high levels of CHP as an antioxidative and/or antidiabetic material for the preparation of functional foods.     

常温常压等离子诱变结合玉米秸秆水解液驯化酿酒酵母生产生物乙醇

因玉米秸秆水解液抑制物中的糠醛和乙酸通常会抑制酿酒酵母的活力,造成乙醇产量下降。该实验为了获得抗水解抑制物并且提高乙醇产量的优良菌株,以酿酒酵母xp为出发菌株,通过常温常压等离子诱变(atmospheric and room-temperature plasma mutagenesis,ARTP)技术,得到突变体库,并以玉米秸秆水解液为筛选压力,经过25代驯化培养,筛选出优良菌株xp2。该菌体的生物量DCW最高为3. 71 g/L,较原菌的3. 10 g/L上升了19. 68%。生长对数期为6~22 h,稳定期为22~42 h,比原菌的对数期明显提前。稳定期持续时间延长4 h,生长性能优势明显。发酵上清液中的糠醛1. 43 g/L,乙酸1. 21 g/L,较出发菌株发酵上清液的糠醛3. 78 g/L,乙酸1. 65 g/L,分别降低了62. 17%和26. 67%,乙醇产量和平均得率分别为38. 7 g/L和0. 806 g/(L·h),较出发菌株的30. 3 g/L和0. 631 g/(L·h),提高了17. 12%和27. 73%。该实验表明改造菌性状优良,转化糠醛和乙酸的能力明显提高,为今后筛选优良表型的酿酒酵母提供参考价值。     

CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION IN RELATION TO YEAST METABOLISM

In homogeneous systems for the continuous fermentation of wort by Saccharomyces cerevsiae fluctuations often occur in the ability of cells to remove and ferment sugars even under steady-state conditions. In partially closed systems of this type where high concentrations of yeast are accumulated and growth is suppressed, such fluctuations are magnified. The results of these fluctuations are demonstrated and the causes and results of a simultaneous decline in the rate of removal and fermentation of maltose are discussed. Such undesirable effects are largely eliminated by the use of a system which incorporates at least two stages and a continuous fermentor of such a design has operated with a high degree of stability at dilution rates as high as 0·4 h^?1.     

Structure and Dynamics of Wheat Starch in Breads Fortified with Polyphenols and Pectin: an ESEM and Solid-State CP/MAS 13C NMR Spectroscopic Study

Two sets of breads formulated with a 20% difference in water quantity in the absence (control bread), or presence (fortified bread) of high methoxyl pectin (HM) and an apple, kiwifruit, or blackcurrant polyphenol (PP) extract (APE, KPE or BPE) were examined by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy. ESEM revealed that all the bread doughs had similar microstructures, comprising starch granules and yeast cells embedded in a continuous gluten matrix. However, the microstructure of the finished breads differed. NMR studies revealed differences in amylopectin-related crystalline domains and the amylose-related amorphous domains among the breads. All the breads showed V-type or amorphous starch structures by NMR, and the control bread may also contain some A-type starch. Breads formulated with 20% extra water showed a greater degree of starch gelatinization, a smoother crumb microstructure, and a lower amorphous starch content. It is feasible to incorporate PPs and pectin in breads at reasonably high concentrations.     

OPTIMIZATION OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (ATCC 60868) AND PICHIA STIPITIS Y-7124: A RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL FOR SIMULTANEOUS HYDROLYSIS AND FERMENTATION OF WHEAT STRAW

Optimization models are useful in ascertaining optimum parameters as they relate to a particular response. Ethanol production with different cellulase-systems and substrate concentrations were subjected to this model and the results revealed that crude unextracted cellulase-systems are more efficient than crude extracted cellulase-systems in producing hydrolysates for ethanol production with Pichia stipitis (Y-7124), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (AT 60868) and their mixture. Response surface plots showed that for 80–90% of high concentrations of delignified wheat straw up to 11% could be converted into ethanol by simultaneous hydrolysis with enzyme loading of 16 IU/mL and fermentation with P. stipitis. P. stipitis was found to be the most suitable yeast for the fermentation of mixed hexose and pentose sugars in the wheat straw hydrolysate.     

Antimicrobial activity of a low-molecular-weight chitosan obtained from cellulase digestion of chitosan

A water-soluble chitosan hydrolysate with high activity against Escherichia coli was obtained during cellulase digestion of chitosan for 18 h. This 18-h hydrolysate is composed of low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC), with a molecular weight of 12.0 kDa, and chitooligosaccharides, which are composed of sugars with a degree of polymerization of 1 to 8. LMWC has a strong activity at 100 ppm against many pathogens and yeast species, including Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while the chitooligosaccharides have much weaker antimicrobial activity than does LMWC. Accordingly, the antimicrobial activity against E. coli in the 18-h hydrolysate proved to come mainly from the presence of LMWC.     

Temperature abuse initiating yeast growth in yoghurt

The occurrence of yeasts in dairy products is significant because they can cause spoilage, effect desirable biochemical changes and they may adversely affect public health. While fermentative and spoilage activities of yeasts at elevated temperatures are well known in many food and beverage commodities, little attention has been given to the specific occurrence and significance of yeasts in dairy products at these temperatures. Since yeasts play a substantial role in the spoilage of commercial fruit yoghurts, especially when cold storage practices are neglected, the deterioration of yoghurt samples obtained from the manufacturers were evaluated at different temperatures for a period of 30 days during this study. Total yeast were enumerated, isolated and identified from the yoghurt samples. The highest number of yeast populations, up to 10⁵ and 10⁶ cfu/g, was found when yoghurts were exposed to elevated temperatures in the range of 25 °C, while lower yeast counts (10³ and 10⁴ cfu/g) were obtained from samples kept refrigerated at a temperature of 5 °C. Based on the results obtained, the interaction between the yeasts and lactic acid bacteria resulted in a decline in pH values and the stabilization of viable lactic acid bacterial loads. The most prevalent yeast species isolated, included strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces exiguus andYarrowia lipolytica.     

Effects of endogenous and exogenous corn protein and its hydrolysates on the structural change and starch digestibility of fried corn starch

Frying could lead to deformation of starch granules and significant reduction in their internal crystalline structure. All of these changes could lead to rapid digestion of fried starch. The addition of corn protein and its hydrolysate to samples prior to frying can reduce the structural change of the granules and also increase their crystallinity and thermostability. Besides, both corn protein and its hydrolysates showed potent abilities in mitigating starch digestion. The fractions of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch increased significantly after the addition of corn protein or its hydrolysate. Meanwhile, the effect of removal of endogenous protein on fried starch was also examined. The results showed that, after removing the protein, starch granules were severely disintegrated during frying; most importantly, the digestibility of starch was increased significantly. The mitigating effect on corn starch digestion could be attributed to structural changes in the ordered structure and suppression of enzyme activities.