R404A在螺杆制冷机组中替代R22性能研究

在比较分析HFC非共沸混合制冷剂R404A(R125/R143a/R134a,44/52/4wt%)和R22物性特点的基础上,理论和试验研究了R404A在螺杆制冷机组中替代R22的可行性和适用性.研究结果表明,只要将原为R22设计的螺杆制冷机组稍加改动,直接加入R404A制冷剂,机组便完全能够正常运行,其各主要性能指标与R22较为接近.     

冷冻冷藏用制冷剂R404A的替代品对比分析

基于现有的R404A涡旋式压缩机,模拟分别采用R404A,R407A,R407F,R134a和R1234ze制冷剂时的压缩机性能,计算5种制冷剂系统的理论循环COP,并对各典型工况进行对比分析。计算结果表明,R407A和R407F可直接应用于R404A压缩机,而R134a和R1234ze替代R404A时压缩机设计变更较大,4种制冷剂系统能效均较R404A系统有较大提高。     

R404A和R410A应用于平行流冷凝器的模拟分析比较

采用分布参数法对平行流冷凝器建立数学模型，对目前广泛使用的制冷剂R134a和低温制冷剂R404A和R410A在平行流冷凝器中的换热和流动性能进行模拟计算和分析比较。分别在相同和不同工况下。比较3种制冷剂的换热系数及压降等换热和流动性能参数。结果表明，在采用平行流冷凝器的汽车空调工况范围内，R410AR404A的流动和传热性能均优于R134a，更适宜用于汽车空调用平行流冷凝器。     

R404A在螺杆乙二醇机组中替代R22性能试验研究

为研究HFC非共沸混合制冷剂R404A (R125/R143a/R134a,44/52/4wt%)替代R22的可行性和适用性,将原为R22设计的YCLG16开启式螺杆乙二醇机组稍加改动,充入R404A制冷剂,在不同工况下进行性能试验.试验结果表明,与R22螺杆乙二醇机组相比,R404A的工作压力、制冷量、消耗功率分别增加20%、2%～6%和12%～15%,排气温度和COP则分别下降8%～19%和10%.     

R134a和R417A应用于热泵热水器灌注式替代R22的实验分析

在空气源热泵热水器中,对R22、R417A和R134a进行了理论计算及实验分析.结果表明,R417A的制热量和COP更接近于R22,并且排气温度比R22低25℃左右,排气压力也比R22平均低0.17MPa;尽管R134a也具有较低的排气温度和排气压力,但其制热量远远小于R22,低温工况下,吸气压力过低,而且需更换压缩机润滑油,因此,R417A比R134a更适合在空气源热泵热水器中对R22进行直接灌注式替代.     

R134a单元式风冷冷风空调机蒸发器设计

以理论模型为基础，对R134a单元式风冷冷风机组翅片管式蒸发器进行设计。应用管内流动沸腾换热模型仿真分析R134a的质量流量对沸腾换热的影响，利用外掠翅片管束换热关联式计算管外翅片侧表面换热系数，进而得出翅片管蒸发器总传热系数，利用计算结果进行设计。     

EPA发布新规,修改部分制冷剂禁用时限

<正>美国环境保护署(简称EPA)7月2日发布新法规,修订了SNAP(重大新替代政策,全称为Significant New Alternatives Policy)项目替代品清单状态,其中对制冷空调行业所用制冷剂的部分禁用时限相比欧盟F-Gas法规更为紧迫。该法规规定,对于食品零售制冷行业,自2019年1月1日起,不得将R134a、R404A等制冷剂用于全新的压缩机中制冷量低于2 200 Btu/h(644W)且不含满液式蒸发器的独立运行中温设备;2020年1月1日起,不得将R134a、R404A等制冷剂用于全新的压缩机中制冷量不低于2 200     

采用新制冷剂R134a和混合制冷剂R410A的板式蒸发器性能研究

采用分布参数法对波纹型通道板式蒸发器建立数学模型,并进行了数值模拟.通过计算板内局部蒸发传热系数和压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维网状流动的传热特性.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的传热性能.在3种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体传热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其传热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的传热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

R290与R404A在水平管内沸腾换热的压降研究

将R22的两种新型替代工质R290和R404A在光管和内螺纹管中的沸腾换热压降实验结果与Lockhart ＆ Martinelli压降计算关联式预测结果进行了比较,并依据工质R290和R404A在内螺纹管中的实验压降值对Lockhart ＆ Marlinelli压降计算关联式进行了修正。结果表明Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式对R404A在光管和内螺纹管的沸腾换热摩擦压降,均有良好的预测精度,平均偏差分别为-11．52％和-17．86％。Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式可以较好的预测R290在光管内的沸腾换热摩擦压降,平均偏差为-21．68％;经修正后的Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式可以较好的预测R290在在内螺纹管中的沸腾换热摩擦压降,Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式乘上修正系数2．06后的修正值与实验值偏差较小,平均偏差为2．37％。研究结果对R290和R404A蒸发器的工程设计及优化具有一定参考意义。     

R404A制冷剂在商用制冷设备中的应用分析

R404A制冷剂是由R125、R143a和R134a组成的近共沸制冷剂，它主要应用在温度为-20～-50℃的商用制冷设备中，是替代R502的首选制冷剂。但目前它在商用制冷中还没有得到广泛应用。本文首先简要介绍了R404A制冷剂的组成及其性质，然后分析了它在当前市场中的应用情况，结合R404A发展的驱动力分析，指出了R404A在未来有着广阔的市场前景。     

Flow-boiling of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube

Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube (6 mm I.D., 6 m length) were measured at a refrigerant mass flux of about 360 kg/m² s varying the evaporating pressure within the range 3–12 bar, with heat fluxes within the range 11–21 kW/m². The experimental data are discussed in terms of the heat transfer coefficients as a function of the vapour quality. The experimental results clearly show that the heat transfer coefficients of R134a are always higher than those pertaining to R22 (from a minimum of +6 to a maximum of +45%).     

板式蒸发器换热性能的数值模拟Ⅱ:结果及分析

在已建立的数学模型的基础上,对板式蒸发器换热能力进行了数值模拟.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的换热性能.在三种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体换热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其换热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的换热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

R404A和R407C在水平强化管外的凝结换热实验研究

实验研究了近共沸制冷工质R404A与非共沸制冷工质R407C在水平强化换热管管外的凝结换热性能。采用"Wilson图解法"对实验数据进行处理。结果表明:对于R404A和R407C,强化管外的凝结换热系数随着壁面过冷度的增加而增大,呈现出与纯工质冷凝时不同的变化趋势,这主要是近共沸或非共沸工质凝结过程中,某些组分的凝结会遇到其它组分的凝结气膜热阻所造成的;随着过冷度增加,易挥发组分开始凝结,气膜变薄,冷凝传热系数增大。R407C在强化换热管管外的凝结换热系数比R404A要小70%左右,这是由于R407C的温度滑移较R404A要大,管外形成的凝结扩散气膜造成的影响更大。R407C在高热流密度工况下的换热效果提升明显,故应尽量工作在高热流密度区域。     

Experimental investigation on the drop-in performance of R407C as a substitute for R22 in a screw chiller with shell-and-tube heat exchangers

A drop-in test of a mixed refrigerant R407C is performed in a commercial screw chiller with shell-and-tube heat exchangers originally designed for R22. The test results show a severe performance reduction when substituting the refrigerant from R22 to R407C. The reason for the performance reduction is analyzed comprehensively, and the influence of thermodynamic properties, compressor efficiency, and heat transfer is evaluated quantitatively. The major factor causing the performance reduction is assessed as the degradation of the heat transfer in using the mixed refrigerant, R407C. The heat transfer degradation in the evaporator is found to be larger and influences more on the chiller performance reduction. The performance reduction caused by the evaporator is approximately two times compared with that of the condenser.     

Flow condensation heat transfer coefficients of R22, R134a, R407C, and R410A inside plain and microfin tubes

Flow condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of R22, R134a, R407C, and R410A inside horizontal plain and microfin tubes of 9.52 mm outside diameter and 1 m length were measured at the condensation temperature of 40 °C with mass fluxes of 100, 200, and 300 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and a heat flux of 7.7–7.9 kW m⁻². For a plain tube, HTCs of R134a and R410A were similar to those of R22 while HTCs of R407C are 11–15% lower than those of R22. For a microfin tube, HTCs of R134a were similar to those of R22 while HTCs of R407C and R410A were 23–53% and 10–21% lower than those of R22. For a plain tube, our correlation agreed well with the present data for all refrigerants exhibiting a mean deviation of 11.6%. Finally, HTCs of a microfin tube were 2–3 times higher than those of a plain tube and the heat transfer enhancement factor decreased as the mass flux increased for all refrigerants tested.     

Refrigeration system performance using liquid-suction heat exchangersPerformance d''un système frigorifique utilisant des échangeurs liquide-vapeur à l''aspiration

Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy between the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance while in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three ways. First, this paper identifies a new dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include new refrigerants. Third, the analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shown that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the low pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717.     

在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车中应用新型制冷剂的模拟分析比较

运用分布参数法,对目前正广泛使用的环保制冷剂R134a和新型中低温用混合制冷剂R404A在平行流冷凝器内的换热和流动情况进行了模拟分析和比较,结果表明在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车运行工况范围内,R404A的传热和流动性能优于R134a,是一种有广阔应用前景的新型中低温混合制冷工质.