自适应Ad hoc分布式互斥算法

Ad hoc网络的动态拓扑结构和节点自组织给分布式算法的实现带来了诸多困难.针对Ad hoc分布式互斥算法研究滞后的现状,提出了一种自适应的Ad hoc分布式算法ADMUTEX. ADMUTEX算法基于令牌查询方法,它采用Lamport逻辑时戳保证消息的时序性,避免了节点饿死.同时,它在消息复杂度与同步延迟之间作了折衷,而且它不需要节点了解系统的全局信息,能够适应Ad hoc网络的动态拓扑结构和节点频繁出入的情况.分析与仿真结果表明该算法具有较低的消息复杂度、小响应延迟和公平性.     

基于反向生成CDS树的无线传感器网络拓扑控制算法研究

拓扑控制是无线传感器网络中一种有利于节约能量、延长网络生命周期的策略。作为一种著名的基于CDS树的拓扑控制机制,A3算法的目标是在保证网络连通和通信覆盖的前提下,通过关闭一些非必要节点来获得一个次优连通支配集(CDS)。针对A3算法在构建连通支配集时通信开销较大的问题,提出了一种基于叶节点反向生成CDS树的改进型算法A3G。该算法利用反向拓扑方法来寻找连通支配集,减少了节点间的信息交换。仿真结果显示,相对于A3算法和一些其他著名的拓扑控制算法,A3G算法在活动节点数和能效方面具有明显的优越性。     

A family of optimal termination detection algorithms

An important problem in distributed systems is to detect termination of a distributed computation. A computation is said to have terminated when all processes have become passive and all channels have become empty. In this paper, we present a suite of algorithms for detecting termination of a non-diffusing computation for an arbitrary communication topology under a variety of conditions. All our termination detection algorithms have optimal message complexity. Furthermore, they have optimal detection latency when message processing time is ignored. A preliminary version of the paper first appeared in the 18th Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC), 2004 [27].     

A1: An energy efficient topology control algorithm for connected area coverage in wireless sensor networks

Energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is of paramount importance, which is demonstrated by the large number of algorithms, techniques, and protocols that have been developed to save energy, and thereby extend the lifetime of the network. However, in the context of WSNs routing and dissemination, Connected Dominating Set (CDS) principle has emerged as the most popular method for energy-efficient topology control (TC) in WSNs. In a CDS-based topology control technique, a virtual backbone is formed, which allows communication between any arbitrary pair of nodes in the network. In this paper, we present a CDS based topology control algorithm, A1, which forms an energy efficient virtual backbone. In our simulations, we compare the performance of A1 with three prominent CDS-based algorithms namely energy-efficient CDS (EECDS), CDS Rule K and A3. The results demonstrate that A1 performs better in terms of message overhead and other selected metrics. Moreover, the A1 not only achieves better connectivity under topology maintenance but also provides better sensing coverage when compared with other algorithms.     

Assigning labels in an unknown anonymous network with a leader

We consider the task of assigning distinct labels to nodes of an unknown anonymous network in a distributed manner. A priori, nodes do not have any identities, except for one distinguished node, called the source, and do not know the topology or the size of the network. They execute identical algorithms, apart from the source which plays the role of a leader and starts the labeling process. Our goal is to assign short labels, as fast as possible. The quality of a labeling algorithm is measured by the range from which the algorithm picks the labels, or alternatively, the length of the assigned labels. Natural efficiency measures are the time, i.e., the number of rounds required for the label assignment, and the message and bit complexities of the label assignment protocol, i.e., the total number of messages (resp., bits) circulating in the network. We present label assignment algorithms whose time and message complexity are asymptotically optimal and which assign short labels. On the other hand, we establish inherent trade-offs between quality and efficiency for labeling algorithms. Received: July 2000 / Accepted: February 2001     

一种基于反向CDS树的异构WSNs拓扑构建方法

在无线传感器网络中,拓扑控制是节约能源、延长生命周期的一项关键技术。现有拓扑控制方法的研究主要集中在同构网络,对此,面向异构网络提出了一种低信息复杂度的基于反向连通支配集树的分布式拓扑构建算法。基于最小连通支配集构建虚拟骨干树,改进了A3G算法中节点的适应度函数和算法流程,优化了产生的连通支配集的规模和通信开销,进一步降低信息复杂度,在保证连通性的同时关闭网络冗余节点以降低能耗。理论分析和仿真实验证明,算法能够以较小的时间和通信代价构建拓扑,延长网络生命周期。     

一种基于学习自动机的WSN区域覆盖算法

基于连通支配集(Connected dominating set,CDS)的区域覆盖算法大都采用休眠节点数量的最大化机制来实现节能,这将给无线传感器网络中的活动节点带来沉重的负担。活动节点电能的迅速耗尽将导致CDS失效,产生覆盖盲区。不断激活其他休眠节点,会出现频繁的网络拓扑变化,导致网络收敛性出现问题。提出了一种基于学习自动机的WSN区域覆盖算法。采用受度限制的连通支配集d-CDS来构造WSN骨干网络,利用学习自动机选择当前节点的最优邻居节点,以此实现对所构造CDS的优化,实现活动节点的负载均衡,改善区域覆盖性能。通过仿真实验对比Gossip、ST-MSN和TMPO等算法,表明本文提出的算法在网络覆盖比率、活动节点的剩余电量等方面均存在优势。     

A Fast Token-Chasing Mutual Exclusion Algorithm in Arbitrary Network Topologies

We present a simple and efficient mutual exclusion algorithm whose optimal message passing complexity isO(N), whereNis the number of processors in the network. The message complexity is measured by counting the number of communication hops in a network for a given topology. This algorithm reduces its message passing complexity by a token-chasing method, and enhances its effectiveness by dynamically adjusting state information stored in each processor. Moreover, this algorithm shortens the request delay by fully taking advantage of the network dynamic status information. The performance of the algorithm is also modeled for analytical evaluation. We have conducted a group of experiments on a network of workstations for comparisons between our algorithm and two other existing mutual exclusion algorithms. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our algorithm, especially when a large number of requests access the critical region in a distributed system. Finally, the token-chasing algorithm is further enhanced for fault tolerance under message loss and link crash conditions.     

传感器网络中陷阱空洞的分布式检测及修复

针对传感器网络难以实现完全覆盖的情况,研究陷阱覆盖方式下陷阱空洞的检测和修复,提出了分布式的检测和修复方法.陷阱空洞检测方法可以让节点分布式自主地确定空洞边界曲线,从而得到精确的空洞信息,判断出该空洞是否是陷阱空洞.陷阱空洞修复方法基于边权图的概念,通过多轮计算确定新增节点的位置.所提出算法充分考虑了监测区域的边界效应,并且比现有算法在需要新增的节点数目和节能方面更有优势,仿真结果表明了它的有效性.     

Analysis of a distributed algorithm for extrema finding in a ring

A new and more detailed analysis of the unidirectional algorithm of Chang and Roberts for distributed extrema finding on a ring is presented. This analysis shows that this simple algorithm, which is known to be average case optimal, compares very favorably with all the other known algorithms as it requires O(n log n) messages with probability tending to one. A bidirectional version of this algorithm is presented and is shown to dominate the unidirectional one in its average message complexity. Finally, both the unidirectional and the bidirectional algorithms are generalized to perform k selection in the ring, i.e., find the k largest labeled processors.     

无线传感器网络TBCCA树形分簇算法

针对当前无线传感器网络分簇和拓扑控制算法中存在的问题,例如能耗过大、负载不均、计算复杂性高和存在额外开销等,提出了一种新型的TBCCA(tree-based clustering construction algorithm)分簇算法.该算法基于正三角形簇树结构,并利用RSSI(received signal strength indicator)值控制簇半径,从而产生3类集合--Near集、Common集和Medium集,及其相应的选择策略.其后,根据树的度数和结构,设计了簇树的建立算法.性能分析和实验仿真表明,相对于现有的几种算法,例如TopDisc和DLMST等,TBCCA算法具有较低的计算复杂性;与Leach协议和HEED协议相比,该算法能在保证较高连通性与覆盖率的同时,有效节约能量,均衡负载,延长网络的生命周期.     

Random Walk Routing in WSNs with Regular Topologies

Topology is one of the most important characteristics for any type of networks because it represents the network's inherent properties and has great impact on the performance of the network. For wireless sensor networks (WSN), a well-deployed regular topology can help save more energy than what a random topology can do. WSNs with regular topologies can prolong network lifetime as studied in many previous work. However, little work has been done in developing effective routing algorithms for WSNs with regular topologies, except routing along a shortest path with the knowledge of global location information of sensor nodes. In this paper, a new routing protocol based on random walk is proposed. It does not require global location information. It also achieves load balancing property inherently for WSNs which is difficult to achieve by other routing protocols. In the scenarios where the message required to be sent to the base station is in comparatively small size with the inquiry message among neighboring nodes, it is proved that the random walk routing protocol can guarantee high probability of successful transmission from the source to the base station with the same amount of energy consumption as the shortest path routing. Since in many applications of WSNs, sensor nodes often send only beep-like small messages to the base station to report their status, our proposed random walk routing is thus a viable scheme and can work very efficiently especially in these application scenarios. The random walk routing provides load balancing in the WSN as mentioned, however, the nodes near to the base station are inevitably under heavier burden than those far away from the base station. Therefore, a density-aware deployment scheme is further proposed to guarantee that the heavy-load nodes do not affect the network lifetime even if their energy is exhausted. The main idea is deploying sensors with different densities according to their distance to the base station. It will be shown in this paper that incorporating the random walk routing protocol with the density-aware deployment scheme can effectively prolong the network lifetime.     

The Flexible Hypercube: A New Fault-Tolerant Architecture for Parallel Computing

This paper presents the new Flexible Hypercube architecture. The Flexible Hypercube is a fault-tolerant network topology that can be constructed for an arbitrary number of nodes and is incrementally expandable. This topology maintains the strong features of the Hypercube while overcoming deficiencies in expandability. It is shown to have strong node connectivity, a small diameter, and to be tolerant of faults. The Flexible Hypercube is a suitable architecture for the design of both tightly coupled parallel systems and distributed systems. Efficient fault-free and fault-tolerant algorithms for message routing and broadcasting are presented for the architecture. The fault-free algorithm guarantees successful routing inO(logN) time, whereNis the number of nodes in the system, and the fault-tolerant algorithm guarantees routing to functioning nodes if a route exists. The fault-free and fault-tolerant broadcasting algorithms have time complexityO(logN), and the fault-tolerant algorithm guarantees success if no two faulty nodes are adjacent and no functioning node is adjacent to two faults.     

Fast distributed dominating set based routing in large scale MANETs

Hierarchical routing techniques have long been known to increase network scalability by constructing a virtual backbone. Even though MANETs have no physical backbone, a virtual backbone can be constructed by finding a connected dominating set (CDS) in the network graph. Many centralized as well as distributed algorithms have been designed to find a CDS in a graph (network). Theoretically, any centralized algorithm can be implemented in a distributed fashion, with the tradeoff of higher protocol overhead. Because centralized approaches do not scale well and because distributed approaches are more practical especially in MANETs, we propose a fast distributed connected dominating set (FDDS) construction in MANETs. FDDS has message and time complexity of O(n) and O(Δ²), where n is the number of nodes in the network and Δ is the maximum node degree. According to our knowledge, FDDS achieves the best message and time complexity combinations among the previously suggested approaches. Moreover, FDDS constructs a reliable virtual backbone that takes into account (1) node’s limited energy, (2) node’s mobility, and (3) node’s traffic pattern. Our simulation study shows that FDDS achieves a very low network stretch. Also, when the network size is large, FDDS constructs a backbone with size smaller than other well known schemes found in the literature.     

一种蓝牙分散网拓扑结构创建和网络路由分布式算法

蓝牙分散网潜在的广阔应用前景使它逐渐成为自组网络研究热点之一。蓝牙分散网所具有的特殊限制和特性给有效创建分散网络拓扑结构和网络路由带来了挑战。提出和分析了一种分布式蓝牙分散网拓扑结构创建算法和以此为基础的网络路由算法。它是一种简单有效的可递归算法，具有良好的扩展性。文章假定通信距离内的两结点间能建立物理连接。通过数学证明和仿真试验，算法具有以下性能：时间复杂度为O（log N)，消息复杂度为O（N），分散网网络直径为O（log N)。利用特殊的地址表示法，运行简单的路由算法可实现单播和广播路由。     

Semi-asynchronous and distributed weighted connected dominating set algorithms for wireless sensor networks

Energy-efficient backbone construction is one of the most important objective in a wireless sensor network (WSN) and to construct a more robust backbone, weighted connected dominating sets can be used where the energy of the nodes are directly related to their weights. In this study, we propose algorithms for this purpose and classify our algorithms as weighted dominating set algorithms and weighted Steiner tree algorithms where these algorithms are used together to construct a weighted connected dominating set (WCDS). We provide fully distributed algorithms with semi-asynchronous versions. We show the design of the algorithms, analyze their proof of correctness, time, message and space complexities and provide the simulation results in ns2 environment. We show that the approximation ratio of our algorithms is 3ln(S) where S is the total weight of optimum solution. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithms are the first fully distributed and semi-asynchronous WCDS algorithms with 3ln(S) approximation ratio. We compare our proposed algorithms with the related work and show that our algorithms select backbone with lower cost and less number of nodes.     

An Adaptive Routing Algorithm for WK-Recursive Topologies

This paper presents an easy and straightforward routing algorithm for WK-recursive topologies. The algorithm, based on adaptive routing, takes advantage of the geometric properties of such topologies. Once a source node S and destination node D have been determined for a message communication, they characterize, at some level l, two virtual nodes and that respectively contain S but not D and D but not S. Such virtual nodes characterize other (where is the node degree for a fixed topology) virtual nodes of the same level that contain neither S nor D. Consequently, it is possible to locate triangles whose vertices are these virtual nodes with property to share the same path, called the self-routing path, directly connecting to . When the self-routing path is unavailable to transmit a message from S to D because of deadlock, fault, and congestion conditions, the routing strategy can follow what we call the triangle rule to deliver it. The proposed communication scheme has the advantage that 1) it is the same for all three conditions; 2) each node of a WK-recursive network, to transmit messages, does not require any information about their presence or location. Furthermore, this routing algorithm is able to tolerate up to faulty links. Received: July 19, 1998; revised May 17, 1999     

On basic properties of fault-tolerant multi-topology routing

Multi-topology routing has recently gained popularity as a simple yet efficient traffic engineering concept. Its basic purpose is to separate different classes of network traffic, which are then transported over disjoint logical topologies. Multi-topology routing is used as a basis for implementation of an IP fast reroute scheme called Multiple Routing Configurations (MRC).MRC has a range of attractive properties, but they do come at a cost. In order to guarantee recovery from any single link or node failure in the network, MRC has to maintain several logical topologies and thus an increased amount of routing information. The number of the logical topologies in MRC need not be large; even simple heuristic algorithms often yield good results in practice. However, why this is the case is not fully understood yet.In this paper, we introduce a theoretical framework for fault-tolerant multi-topology routing (FT-MTR). MRC is a practical implementation of FT-MTR in connectionless IP networks. We use FT-MTR to study how the internal topological structure of the communication network relates to two important problems. The first problem is minimizing the number of logical topologies and thus the routing state in FT-MTR. We show how to use the sets of nodes that separate the topology graph to devise an advanced heuristic for “intelligent” construction of the logical topologies. Finding the separating sets in a topology graph is computationally demanding; we present an algorithm that performs well in tested real network topologies. We evaluate the separation-set based heuristic for the logical topology construction and show that it outperforms the known MRC heuristics.The second problem is the FT-MTR load distribution after a failure. We use the separating sets to devise a novel algorithm for failure load distribution. This algorithm does not require knowledge of the traffic demand matrix, still, our tests indicate that it performs as good as, or better than, known MRC load-distribution algorithms that do require the demand matrix as input.     

Tabular Invariants on Graphs and Their Application

A system of tabular invariants on graphs is proposed, and their properties and possibilities of their use for construction of efficient algorithms of solution of some "difficult to solve" problems on graphs are investigated. The notion of an S ^(p)-set is formulated and the theorem on the ordering of such sets is proved. Empirical estimates are obtained for the failure probability of first- and second-order tabular invariants and ordered vectors of degrees of nodes (-invariants) of graphs whose number of nodes varies from 8 to 20.     

Ad-hoc limited scale-free models for unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Several protocol efficiency metrics (e.g., scalability, search success rate, routing reachability and stability) depend on the capability of preserving structure even over the churn caused by the ad-hoc nodes joining or leaving the network. Preserving the structure becomes more prohibitive due to the distributed and potentially uncooperative nature of such networks, as in the peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Thus, most practical solutions involve unstructured approaches while attempting to maintain the structure at various levels of protocol stack. The primary focus of this paper is to investigate construction and maintenance of scale-free topologies in a distributed manner without requiring global topology information at the time when nodes join or leave. We consider the uncooperative behavior of peers by limiting the number of neighbors to a pre-defined hard cutoff value (i.e., no peer is a major hub), and the ad-hoc behavior of peers by rewiring the neighbors of nodes leaving the network. We also investigate the effect of these hard cutoffs and rewiring of ad-hoc nodes on the P2P search efficiency.