低爆速震源药柱的配方研究

研究一种以低爆速膨化硝铵炸药为主装药的低爆速震源药柱。用自敏化改性膨化硝酸铵为氧化剂的低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的配方为(质量分数):膨化硝酸铵83%~87%、木粉3.0%~4.0%、复合油2.0%~3.0%、高能添加剂4.0%~5.0%和稀释剂6%~8%。研究表明,低爆速膨化硝铵震源药柱具有稳定的爆炸性能和优良的安全性能,其爆速为2 200~2 500m.-s 1,装药密度0.78~0.82 g.cm-3,各种环境条件下的起爆率均为100%。     

低爆速爆炸焊接炸药的配方设计

低爆速爆炸焊接炸药以2号抗水岩石硝铵炸药为主体，配以相应的消焰剂和密度调节剂，以适应双金属爆炸复合焊接的要求,研究表明，改变消焰剂和密度调节剂含量，可以得到不同的低爆速焊接炸药，该炸药具有优良的安全性能和可靠的爆炸性能。     

低爆速爆炸焊接炸药热安全性研究

文章利用DSC TG(差示扫描量热法与热重法)联用技术,在不同的升温速率((10℃/min,20℃/min,40℃/min),下用热分析仪研究了爆炸焊接炸药的热分解动力学规律,求出了混合前后体系的活化能E(kJ/mol),指前因子A(s-1)和动力学机理函数F(a),也给出了各体系在某一特定温度下的热分解速率常数k(s-1)以及热分解起始温度T(K)等。这样我们便得出了该种炸药的热安全性与否。使其能够在工业领域得到合理安全的应用。     

低能导爆索的试制

介绍了低能导爆索的设计原则、试制过程、结构及性能,认为低能导爆索是一种安全可靠的传爆、起爆器材。     

Blast Effects of High Explosive Charges Detonating in Cylindrical Steel Tubes

Described are tests of cylindrical high explosive charges with an L/D ratio of 2, centrally detonating in steel tubes of different radii and wall thicknesses to measure the bulge respectively the damaging effects of these steel tubes. The results can be described with analytical equations. For a protecting container with minimum weight the radius should be as large as possible, because the necessary tube wall thickness is quadratically decreasing and therefore the weight of the tube is linearly decreasing with increasing tube radius.     

人工神经网络法预测炸药爆速的研究

以分子连接性指数作为炸药分子的结构描述符,利用ＢＰ人工神经网络算法,通过对４０种炸药的建立炸药分子结构与爆速之间的定量模型,并对另外１４种炸药进行了爆速预测,结果表明,该模型较好地反映了炸药分子结构与爆速之间的关系,具有较高的预防精度。该方法为新型炸药分子设计时正确估算其爆速提供了一条新的途径。     

Simulation of Explosive Welding with ANFO Mixtures

The work described here arose from a study into explosive welding. As part of that study, the impact velocity of stainless steel and titanium plates to grazing detonation of ANFO/perlite, the velocity of detonation were measured. Computer simulation required a new model which copes with an equation of state of low explosives.     

Explosive Mixtures for Explosive Welding of Thin Foils: Part 2. RDX–Baking Soda Mixtures

Explosive mixtures of RDX powder and baking soda have been investigated. It was found that the size of the RDX particles had crucial influence on the detonation properties of such explosives. The suggested mix of explosives can be recommended for use in explosive welding and some other applications.     

Relative Explosive Strength of Some Explosive Mixtures Containing Urea and/or Peroxides

Several mixtures, based on urea derivatives and some inorganic oxidants, including also alumina, were studied by means of ballistic mortar techniques with TNT as the reference standard. The detonation pressure(P), detonation velocity(D), detonation energy(Q), and volume of gaseous product at standard temperature and pressure (STP), V, were calculated using EXPLO5 V6.3 thermochemical code. The performance of the mixtures studied was discussed in relation to their thermal reactivity, determined by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA). It is shown that the presence of hydrogen peroxide in the form of its complex with urea (i.e. as UHP) has a positive influence on the explosive strength of the corresponding mixtures which is linked to the hydroxy-radical formation in the mixtures during their initiation reaction. These radicals might initiate (at least partially) powdered aluminum into oxidation in the CJ plane of the detonation wave. Mixtures containing UHP and magnesium are dangerous because of potential auto-ignition.     

含铝炸药水中爆炸能量输出结构

通过测定、计算、分析不同类型炸药水中爆炸能量输出参数，揭示了不同类型炸药在水中爆炸能量输出特性，分析了高威力含铝炸药组成铝氧比对水中爆炸能量输出结构的影响。研究结果表明，在一定的对比距离上，当铝氧比为0．35—0．40时，水中爆炸冲击波能达到最高；当铝氧比增大到1．00时，其水中爆炸的气泡能接近最大值。这种方法可使水中爆炸装置能量输出结构与爆炸目标的易损性相匹配，借以提高温炸毁伤效果。     

New Packings for Operation at Extremely Low Liquid Superficial Velocity

It is well known that the column apparatuses operating at full countercurrent flow ensure maximum driving force for mass transfer when equilibrium processes are used. It is also known, from the mass balance, that the ratio between gas and liquid superficial velocity, in case of countercurrent flow, is determined from the initial and end concentrations of the absorbed component in both phases. In many cases, especially in purification of waste gases, when the initial gas concentration is very low and its solubility is high, the necessary calculated liquid superficial velocity is extremely low. The lack of packings able to operate effectively at these conditions requires a division of the packing bed into layers with recirculation of the liquid phase in each of them, i.e., a refusal of the principle of complete countercurrent flow takes place. The paper shows the possibility to use this principle even at extremely low liquid superficial velocity.     

低易损炸药的评价方法

讨论了评价炸药易损性的方法,对炸药及其制品在整个研制、生产、运输、储存、使用过程中可能存在的安全因素进行分析,在几年试验工作的基础上,分析、研究归纳提出了一套科学评价炸药易损性的方法,该方法对低易损炸药配方、装药、弹药设计等研究工作具有实际的指导意义。     

Mechanically Agitated Fluidized Bed Drying of Cohesive Particles at Low Air Velocity

The drying of micrometer-sized, cohesive particles belonging to the group C type materials according to Geldart's classification is always challenging. An agitated fluid bed dryer (AFBD) of pilot-scale capacity was designed to study the effect of the type of agitator and its speed, gas velocity, and inlet temperature and feed loading on the hydrodynamic performance of the AFBD. Key hydrodynamic parameters such as pressure drop have a profound influence on determining the fluidization characteristics. The pressure drop across the AFBD system was expressed in terms of flow coefficient, ξ, which can be conveniently used as a design parameter. The choice of agitator has an even greater influence on the drying kinetics and the results have been summarized, paving the way for a more efficient spiral agitator of the helical ribbon type.     

Low-Sensitivity Explosive Compounds for Low Vulnerability Warheads

Looking for explosives for Low Vulnerability Ammunitions leads to an interest in explosive molecules less sensitive than the usual nitramines (RDX, HMX). If TATB is quite convenient in terms of sensitivity, its performance is too low. The researches described here are related to synthesis and use of NTO (nitrotriazolone), another insensitive molecule. The synthesis by nitration of TO (triazolone) is easy and the two steps from available starting materials have been optimized. A comparison of desensitivation of PBX either by TATB or by NTO have been made. The sensitivity levels were found equivalent while the detonation velocity of the NTO based PBX was slightly higher. Unfortunately in this case, the failure diameter would be larger. The last part relates to an extensive characterization in terms of performance and vulnerability to fast cook off, slow cook off, bullet impact, shock sensitivity and sympathetic detonation of a NTO and HMX based PBX. This PBX, B 2214, was one of the first examples of explosive composition showing no sympathetic detonation, even in 248 mm large diameter.     

Approximate Method for Calculating the Impact Sensitivity Indices of Solid Explosive Mixtures

An approximate method is proposed to calculate the impact sensitivity indices (critical initiation pressure and critical charge thickness) for solid explosive mixtures (explosive compositions and mixtures of an oxidizer with a fuel). The calculation is based on some model concepts of the physicochemical and explosive properties of reactive mixtures. Test calculations of the sensitivity indices were performed for mixtures of HMX and TNT and mixtures of ammonium perchlorate with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and TNT, and the results are compared with data of laboratory experiments on an impactor.     

用相关算法改善电磁流量计低流速性能

介绍在电磁流量计中引入互相关算法 ,滤掉噪声干扰 ,提高信号的稳定性 ,从而使电磁流量计在低流速测量时 ,性能有较大改善的具体实现方法。在低流速时能够稳定地显示数据 ,且精度可在 0 .5 %左右。该方法在工业产品中已得到成功应用     

低液速载气蒸发传热与操作特性的研究

载气蒸发是利用在垂直加热管的底部引入一种惰气作为载气,使液体的蒸发在气液两相界面上进行的过程。为减少热敏性物料蒸发过程中物料的停留时间而开发的升膜单程直通式载气蒸发器,要达到足够的浓缩效果,必须在低液速条件下进行,因而对低液速载气蒸发传热和操作特性的研究成为一个急需解决的问题。今在减压条件下,于φ27mm3mm,加热长度为1350mm的垂直不锈钢管中进行了低液速载气蒸发传热和操作特性的研究,实验中获知在一定的操作温度下,对于入口表观液速ul=0.032~0.321m穝-1时,当采用较低的表观载气速时,蒸发传热膜系数随表观载气速的增加而增加,而且较对流沸腾有明显提高,加热壁面温度降低;但当表观载气速过大时,传热膜系数反而随着表观载气速的增加而减小。同时研究中对低液速载气蒸发的操作机理进行了进一步的分析。     

低强度冲击下炸药点火的数值模拟

为了研究炸药在低强度冲击下的反应特性,根据标准的Steven试验建立了数值计算模型,采用热力耦合模型和Arrhenius方程描述炸药的热反应,对不同速度弹头撞击炸药过程进行了数值模拟计算,获得了炸药点火的弹头阈值速度,分析了弹头形状对炸药反应的影响。计算结果表明,在弹头阈值速度下,炸药点火存在一定的延迟时间,随着弹头速度的增大,延迟时间缩短;弹头形状会影响炸药受力过程,使炸药点火特性发生变化。     

低易损性PBX炸药烤燃试验方法研究

烤燃试验是评估和检验炸药易损性能的重要试验之一。通过分析炸药的安全可靠性及战场生存能力阐明了PBX炸药烤燃试验的意义和重要性,论述了PBX炸药烤燃试验国内外的发展现状,介绍了烤燃试验的方法,分析了影响烤燃试验结果的主要因素。