Die patentierten Erfindungen von Wolfgang Gaede aus der Zeit von 1905 bis 1945

The Patented Inventions from Wolfgang Gaede from 1905 to 1945 The collection of Gaede's patents shows how successfully cooperation between science and industry could bee. Several up to now important inventions in vacuum technique have been made and this in sometimes hard and difficult circumstances. Even when Gaede has lost his chair at the university of Karlsruhe from illegal intrigues by the Nazis.     

100 Jahre HV‐Pumpe von Wolfgang Gaede. 100th Anniversary of Gaede's High Vacuum Pump

In 1905 Wolfgang Gaede invented a sturdy, quickly operating high vacuum pump, which was easy to use. It was produced and distributed under licence from E. LEYBOLD’s Nachf. This firstly allowed the application of high vacuum technique to industriel production. Gaede continued to work with Leybold just to the end of his life in 1945.     

Gaedes rotierende Quecksilberluftpumpe

The rotary mercury pump of Gaede Wolfgang Gaedes invention of a quickly acting high vacuum pump was induced by his studies about the Volta effect. The so far known pumps were not able to create sufficient low pressure to optain very clean surfaces. Alfred Schmidt, owner of the E. Leybold’s Nachfolger Company, Cologne, learned from the publication about the demonstration of the pump its importance. He made an agreement with Gaede to develop together the invention during 1906 and 1908 to a product for use in industrial application – first step into industrial high vacuum technology     

65 Years of Turbopumps

Vacuum technology is not necessarily one of the sciences mentioned in connection with groundbreaking inventions. Nevertheless, it is a basic prerequisite for many developments and products that are taken for granted today. The influence of vacuum technology on our lives today can be traced back to the invention of the turbopump 65 years ago. Until then, the diffusion pump was considered the most widely used high and ultra-high vacuum pump, but with the help of Dr. Willi Becker's invention, it became possible to create hydrocarbon-free vacuum. It was only through a ‚clean' vacuum that many analyses and manufacturing processes became possible.     

Der Beginn einer Erfolgsgeschichte

The beginnings of a successful story The exciting invention of the molecular Pump by Wolfgang Gaede was followed by his new ‘Device of Producing High Vacua’ in 1913. It was announced in the second edition 1913 of E.Leybold's cataloge. Three years later Langmuir in the USA presented a similar pump called ‘condensationpump’, but with clearly better pumping speed. Another design of a pump with two stages was invented by Prof. Volmer in Berlin. Other European companies announced similar pumps. Because Gaede claimed the prinziple of evacuating gas by diffusion, he and Leybold succeeded in making all of them to ask for licences. Respective to Langmuir they exchanged licence to each other. By the time this ‘diffusion pump’ was produced from metal instead of glas, and used special mineral oil, not mercury. In the middle of the 20.century it became a most important tool for creating high vacuum, available with a few liters per second to some thousend liters of pumping speed.     

Geschichte der Vakuumtechnik. History of Vacuum Technology

The history of vacuum technology is more than 2000 years old. Over the past 400 years scientists, engineers and inventors such as Torricelli, Pascal, von Guericke and Gaede have been engaged in vacuum technology. Vacuum has become an essential instrument in science and technology and many processes could not exist without it. Furthermore vacuum technology has been developed as an individual industrially applied technology. The article describes the development of vacuum technology from ancient philosophical speculations about the mercurial glass pipe to the modern diffusion pump.     

Die Geschichte der Vakuumtechnik

History of vacuum technology With the article “history of vacuum technology” the author presents insights from the philosophical picture of the world 2500 years ago and the thesis of the existence of vacuum through the for 1900 years believed antithesis by Aristoteles, that nature does not allow the existence of vacuum and finally the experimental proof by von Guericke, the founder of vacuum technology, that vacuum exists. The article also highlights some genius scientist's, engineer's and inventor's achievements and milestones. Their scientific models, equations of kinetic gas theories and dynamics as well as experimental results and inventions led to the well appreciated conveniences of mobility, communication, medicine and research of today.     

Renaissance einer Hundertjährigen. Die Molekularpumpe von Wolfgang Gaede

New Success after 100 years: the ?Molecular Pump”? of Gaede The molecular drag pump was invented by W. Gaede in 1908. The design of the prototyp needed two years, and another two years later the first molecular pumps were 1912 ready for selling. But the sophisticated design and handling and the war 1914 limited the world wide application of the pump. Now at the end of the 20^th century the invention was successfully used as final compression stage in turbomolecular pumps.     

Carl Hoffmann (1844 – 1910), der Erfinder der Drehschieberpumpe

Among the numerous constructions and designs of mechanical (vacuum) pumps around the turn of the 19th/20th century Hoffmanns invention of the sliding vane rotary vacuum pump may be considered as the real breakthrough in this field. His pump, manufactured since 1905 excels by the introduction of the – by now standard – back pressure valve which has been retained as an essential component in all later constructions of similar pumps, in particular of Gaede's so called “box” pump. The articel describes Hoffmann's professional life in context with the state of vacuum technology at his time.     

镀膜设备真空系统主泵的配置

真空系统是真空镀膜设备的主要组成部分,其主泵的选择对真空性能影响很大,真空镀膜设备的发展要求真空性能清洁无油,动态抽速大.传统的以油扩散泵为主泵的设备不能满足要求,本文叙述了油扩散泵、分子泵及低温泵的特点及北京北仪创新真空技术有限责任公司开发以分子泵及低温泵为真空系统主泵的镀膜设备情况.     

Der Gasballast

Wolfgang Gaedes last important invention: the Gasballast Gaedes invention of the rotating Mercury‐vacuumpump made highvacuum technology available for the industrial production. A second and third impact was given by gaedes molecular‐ and diffusionpump respectively, both depending on physikal effects firstly used for vacuum generation. Vacuum technology becomes increasing importance but the common oil sealed rotating pumps for fine vacuum suffer from contamination of the oil by vapor condensation. It was another invention from Gaede that eliminated this handycap in a very elegant way: the gasballast that is up to now a very important feature of this type of pumps.     

Understanding Ion Pump Emissions

Ion pumps continue to be a staple in ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) applications. Since their adoption as a primary UHV pump in the 1960's, it has been known that a variety of particles can emanate from within the ion pump and cause undesirable effects on current measurements and optics components. Historically the solution has been baffling and shielding which results in longer conductance paths to the ion pump. Those solutions can work, but require a larger pump and more vacuum plumbing to compensate for conductance losses. The first step was to fully understand the nature of the particles and their charges. Once those were characterized options for emissions reduction were evaluated. It was determined that an efficient design of shielding near the source of the particle generation site was the most cost effective solution. With a slight modification to the chamber of a small ion pump, internal shielding was developed that reduced the emissions by a factor of up to 1000 times.     

Vakuumtechnologie für die chemische Verfahrenstechnik

Vacuum technology for the chemical industry process engineering – New developments – established principles Vacuum technology in chemical process engineering has evolved constantly over the past decades. In the beginning, liquid ring vacuum pumps were used in almost all chemical processes. But this all changed in the 1960s with the introduction of the once-through oil-lubricated rotary vane vacuum pump. The development of the dry screw vacuum pump in the 1990s represented another milestone. These are the three main types of technology available to chemical engineers today. They therefore have the choice between the traditional but proven technology of the liquid ring vacuum pump, the once-through oil-lubricated rotary vane vacuum pump and the modern screw vacuum pump that requires no operating fluids whatsoever. The decision as to which type is the right choice should be left to a proven vacuum specialist. Each and every critical parameter – from the process conditions, process gases and integration into process control right through to assessing the economic efficiency, safety and reliability of the future vacuum generation – must be taken into consideration.     

两叶与三叶转子气冷式罗茨真空泵气动噪声分析

气冷式罗茨真空泵的噪声主要由机械噪声和气动噪声组成,气动噪声具有强度高、危害大的特点,是气冷式罗茨真空泵的主要噪声.应用FLUENT软件动态模拟泵的内部流场,对两叶、三叶转子的气冷式罗茨真空泵的气动噪声进行比较,分析气动噪声产生的来源,为设计低噪声的气冷式罗茨真空泵提供参考.同时对两种转子的气冷式罗茨真空泵的噪声进行测试,三叶转子的气冷式罗茨真空泵的噪声明显低于两叶转子的气冷式罗茨真空泵.     

Dekontamination von Vakuumpumpen und Komponenten aus der Halbleiter- und Elektronikindustrie

The safety aspect for the employees, environmental pollution control und product quality of the repaired components are common ideas of the new decontamination facility for vacuum pumps and components of semiconductor processes. There are a lot of rises by servicing and decontaminating vacuum components used in semiconductor equipment. The toxic materials used in the processes are still in the vacuum pump. It's not allowed that these materials are coming in the environment. This requirement comes from the health and safety reasons for the employees together with environmental aspects. The described decontamination facility near Munich is unique in Europe. Some companies have developed special machines for this facility. A cooperation with scientific and hygiene-technical support with the university of Giessen have made new progress in planning and operating the decontamination center. The decontamination facility meets the very thight criteria of the federal german pollution control and the other urban control authorities.     

Neue maßgeschneiderte Vakuumlösungen

New customized vacuum solutions The importance of working under (high) vacuum conditions increases constantly in various applications and technology areas. The GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt has also been continuously working on new optimized customized solutions in this area for decades. As the largest Hessian research organization the GSI has also developed some important inventions in the field of vacuum technology. These are highly vacuum‐tight encapsulated cases and their production, a new laser welding technique for particle‐free encapsulation and an improved method for applying getter layers, in particular for NEG (non‐evaporating getter) layers.     

CXS chemical dry vacuum pump brings smart vacuum to the process industry

The chemical sector as a whole has been quick to recognise the clear advantages of dry vacuum pumps over traditional wet technologies, and dry vacuum pumps are now well established around the world as an efficient, reliable option. A new trend is now emerging: for vacuum to be seen as a ‘utility’. In response, dry vacuum technology is being developed by manufacturers to be available on demand in a ‘plug and pump’ system that requires minimum set‐up and maintenance. The most advanced chemical dry vacuum pumps, such as the new CXS pump from Edwards, deliver exceptional energy efficiency and performance, are cost‐effective to run, and are environmentally sound.     

钢包真空脱气处理工艺及设备

随着炼钢技术的飞速发展,真空脱气处理技术成为减少钢中气体和非金属杂质的有效措施,其关键在于如何获得真空.本文以某厂利用蒸汽喷射泵的钢水炉外真空处理为例,介绍了真空系统的设备组成,阐述了真空泵的抽气理论,利用边试验边改进的方法来优化蒸汽喷射泵的抽气性能.最后,给出了钢水的真空脱气处理工艺及其效果.     

Reduction of byproduct particle size using low-pressure plasmas generated by a cylindrical-shaped electrode

In the case of a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, large amounts of byproduct particles arrive at a vacuum pump in spite of the use of cleaning process. As these particles are accumulated on internal components of a vacuum pump, its performance is reduced. A plasma reactor located right before a vacuum pump is proposed with an aim to reduce the size and quantity of byproduct particles, thereby to improve the durability of a vacuum pump. The plasma reactor and electrode all have a concentric cylindrical shape, which allows the device to be easily connected to pre-existing vacuum pipelines without any disturbance to the exhaust stream. The sizes of byproduct particles before the vacuum pump are quite diverse in the range of tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers. The plasma reactor makes the size and quantity of byproduct particles much smaller, and the particles larger than 1 μm are not observed anymore. This result indicates that the vacuum pump durability can be significantly improved by using plasmas.     

被动型氢原子钟吸气剂泵的应用研究

描述了上海天文台在2008年为提高被动型氢原子钟真空系统的可靠性所研制的由非蒸散型吸气剂泵和小离子泵组成的复合泵的实验过程,吸气剂泵在室温下吸收2.1MPa.l的H2气后仍可达到3.2×10-5Pa的真空度,2l/s的离子泵电流工作在0.30μA,证明了复合泵可以维持氢钟13年以上的正常工作。经过再激活固定了激活工艺,吸气剂最终吸氢6.0 MPa.l仍没有饱和,证明了吸气剂的强大吸氢能力。至今复合泵已成功应用在4台被动型氢钟上。