Gelatinisation Properties of Cassava Starch in the Presence of Salts,Acids and Oxidising Agents

The effect of various cations, anions, acids and oxidising agents on the gelatinisation properties of cassava starch was studied and wide variation was observed in the pasting and swelling properties. Sodium chloride and sodium thiosulphate slightly lowered the peak viscosity of cassava starch with increase in concentration, whereas with sodium sulphite, calcium chloride and sodium hypochlorite, a more significant decrease in the viscosity and breakdown was observed. Ferrous sulphate, alum, aluminium chloride and acids enhanced the peak viscosity at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at 1% and above. Sodium metabisulphite elevated the viscosity at 0.05 and 0.1%, while sodium hypochlorite lowered the viscosity and breakdown. DSC studies showed that aluminium chloride, sodium sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate brought about an increase in T_onset, T_end and ΔH values at higher concentrations. A decrease in swelling volume was observed from 0.05 to 1% concentration of sodium chloride and above that there was a gradual increase. With sodium sulphite, a significant increase in swelling volume was observed at 2.5 and 5% levels. With 0.05 and 0.1% aluminium chloride and sodium metabisulphite an increase in swelling volume was noticed, but at higher concentrations there was a drastic fall. Sodium chloride, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphate and calcium chloride brought about decrease in starch paste clarity with increase in salt concentration, whereas ferrous sulphate, aluminium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid improved the starch paste clarity.     

盐对马铃薯淀粉及马铃薯淀粉-黄原胶复配体系特性的影响

研究不同种类以及不同浓度的盐对马铃薯淀粉以及马铃薯淀粉-黄原胶复配体系糊化性质以及流变学性质的影响。结果表明：盐的加入均增加了马铃薯淀粉的成糊温度和回值,降低了峰值黏度、终值黏度和崩解值,且马铃薯淀粉糊的黏度值随着盐浓度的增加先降低后升高,成糊温度随着盐浓度的增加呈现先显著升高后略微下降的趋势。对于马铃薯淀粉-黄原胶复配体系,盐的加入升高了复配体系的成糊温度、峰值黏度和崩解值,并且复配体系的黏度值随着盐浓度的增加而增加。流变学性质表明盐引起马铃薯淀粉糊的假塑性增强,并随着盐浓度的增加假塑性先增强后略有减弱,相反盐引起马铃薯淀粉/黄原胶复配体系的假塑性减弱,并与盐浓度之间没有明显的规律性。     

反应程序和淀粉浓度对糯玉米和普通玉米淀粉快速黏度测定谱特征值的影响

以糯玉米品种渝糯7号和普通玉米品种农大108为材料,研究了不同的反应程序和淀粉浓度对其快速黏度测定(RVA)谱特征值的影响,同时比较了糯玉米和普通玉米淀粉在不同反应程序和淀粉浓度条件下的差异。结果表明:(1)玉米淀粉的RVA特征值在不同反应程序下发生了改变,但其没有改变糯玉米和普通玉米之间的差异,在不同反应程序下,相对于普通玉米淀粉,糯玉米淀粉的峰值黏度和沉降值较高,而谷值黏度、终值黏度、回复值、峰值时间和糊化温度较低。(2)糯玉米和普通玉米淀粉的RVA特征值受到浓度影响,随着淀粉浓度的增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、沉降值、终值黏度和回复值随之增加,峰值时间略有降低,浓度太低时淀粉不能糊化,在能糊化条件下则随着浓度的增加而降低。在低浓度条件下,糯玉米淀粉的峰值黏度高于普通玉米,而在较高浓度(11%)条件下,糯玉米淀粉的峰值黏度则低于普通玉米淀粉。     

羟丙基糯米淀粉微观形态及其淀粉糊性质的研究

对羟丙基糯米淀粉微观形态及其淀粉糊性质进行了研究。通过电镜扫描和RVA分析,发现羟丙基糯米淀粉的颗粒表面出现了凹槽状和浅褶皱等被腐蚀的痕迹,且羟丙基糯米淀粉的起始糊化温度和峰值黏度都明显降低。研究还发现,羟丙基糯米淀粉的表观黏度随糖浓度的增大增加,随盐浓度、酸碱浓度和转子转速增大而降低;其透明度随淀粉乳浓度、糖浓度和pH值增大而提高,随氯化钠浓度的增大,则是先下降再增高,但总体变化不大;同时羟丙基化还可以显著提高淀粉的冻融稳定性。     

芡实淀粉糊黏度特性研究

芡实中淀粉含量丰富,芡实淀粉糊的黏度特性直接影响其食品的质地特性及其加工条件.以米淀粉为参照,分别考查了芡实淀粉糊的质量分数、温度、pH值以及常用食品添加剂(如氯化钠、氯化钙和蔗糖等)对淀粉糊黏度的影响规律.结果显示,与米淀粉相比,芡实淀粉糊的黏度较低,淀粉糊质量分数、温度、淀粉糊pH值等因素对其黏度影响很大.添加试验结果表明,添加氯化钠、氯化钙和蔗糖对芡实淀粉的糊化有抑制作用,其中盐的影响较明显.     

氯化钠对马铃薯淀粉糊化特性的影响

以马铃薯淀粉为研究对象,研究氯化钠对淀粉糊特性的影响。结果表明:随着氯化钠添加量的增加,马铃薯淀粉起始糊化温度和峰值温度升高,峰值粘度和最终粘度呈现先下降后略微上升的趋势,且淀粉糊的热稳定性提高;氯化钠使淀粉糊的透明度下降,且在添加量为2%时透明度最低;马铃薯原淀粉糊不易凝沉,氯化钠的添加使淀粉糊出现较大的凝沉现象,随着氯化钠添加量的增多凝沉现象加剧,放置时间越长凝沉现象越趋于稳定;氯化钠增大淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度,且不同质量分数的氯化钠对其的影响不同;最后,氯化钠的加入提高淀粉糊的冻融稳定性。     

NaCl对氧化淀粉浆料糊化性能的影响

研究NaCl对氧化淀粉浆料糊化性能的影响。采用快速黏度仪(RVA)测试了不同NaCl浓度下氧化淀粉的糊化温度、糊化时间、峰值黏度、终值黏度和回生值。结果表明:随着NaCl对淀粉质量浓度的增大,氧化淀粉的糊化温度、糊化时间和峰值黏度逐渐增大;终值黏度和回生值随着NaCl对淀粉质量浓度的增大,先减小后增大;NaCl对淀粉质量浓度在2%～6%的范围内时,淀粉浆液的低温稳定性和抗老化性能有所提高。     

羧甲基淀粉糊性质的研究

本文对羧甲基淀粉糊性质进行了详细的研究，包括糊的冷热粘度稳定性、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、透明度、ｐＨ值和介质（蔗糖，氯化钠）对糊粘度性质的影响。结果表明，淀粉经过羧甲基化后，糊的热粘度稳定性大为降低，冷粘度稳定性增加；在ｐＨ３．５～８．５范围内，有较好的耐酸碱稳定性；１０％蔗糖对糊粘度性质影响不明显，添加氯化钠会使糊化温度升高，峰值粘度降低，凝沉性增大；羧甲基淀粉具有易糊化，糊凝沉性低，冻融稳定性好和透明度高的优良性质。     

食品成分对山药淀粉老化度和冻融稳定性的影响

研究了氯化钠、蔗糖、单甘酯对山药淀粉老化度和冻融稳定性的影响,结果表明山药淀粉的老化度随氯化钠浓度的增大而有所增大,随蔗糖浓度、单甘酯浓度的增大而有所减小;山药淀粉的冻融稳定性随氯化钠浓度、蔗糖浓度、单甘酯浓度的增大而改善,氯化钠、蔗糖、单甘酯对山药淀粉的冻融稳定性有促进作用。     

Cationisation of Glycerol Plasticised Wheat Starch under Microhydric Molten Conditions

Cationisation of glycerol plasticised wheat starch was performed in a molten mixture under the action of thermo‐mechanical energy using two reagents: 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride and 2‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. The reaction was catalysed with sodium hydroxide under microhydric conditions. The results showed that under these conditions the reaction proceeds rapidly and reaches completion within a few minutes. The reaction efficiencies were higher for lower degrees of substitution (DS). The epoxide showed a higher reactivity than the chloro derivative. Both destructurisation of starch granules and increased sodium hydroxide concentration enhanced the reaction, but an increase in plasticiser concentration had a negative effect. Measurements of intrinsic viscosity showed a decrease of the average molecular weight of the product, which was attributed to the thermo‐mechanical melting process. An increase in water affinity with DS was seen in the water sorption properties of the chemically modified starch.     

应用RVA仪分析荸荠淀粉的糊化特性

为了更好地开发利用荸荠淀粉,以荸荠淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)分析淀粉糊化特性,研究不同淀粉质量分数和同一淀粉质量分数下pH、蔗糖、食盐、黄原胶以及明胶对荸荠淀粉糊化性质的影响。结果表明,随着淀粉质量分数的增大,荸荠淀粉的糊化温度降低,凝胶性及凝沉性增强;pH值对荸荠淀粉的热稳定性、凝胶性和抗老化能力没有明显的影响,而在酸性条件下荸荠淀粉糊的凝沉性比在碱性条件下的稍好;加入蔗糖后淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度均显著提高,糊化时间增长;食盐对荸荠淀粉的影响不大;加入黄原胶会影响荸荠淀粉的糊化;加入明胶后淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度均显著降低。     

玉米淀粉磷酸双酯的理化特性研究

以玉米淀粉为参照,采用红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析、快速粘度分析等现代仪器分析方法对玉米淀粉磷酸双酯的结构特征、热力学特性、黏度特性等物化性质进行了测定和研究,并采用体外消化方法,模拟人体肠道体系,研究了玉米淀粉磷酸双酯的消化特性,根据淀粉水解百分率推算其血糖指数的变化。结果表明,玉米淀粉经三偏磷酸钠酯化交联后,其红外光谱在1028 cm-1处出现新的吸收峰,说明分子中引入了磷酸根基团;样品的糊化温度和热焓值都有所升高,随着结合磷含量增加,淀粉糊黏度降低,稳定性增强;随着酯化度的增加玉米淀粉磷酸双酯抗消化淀粉含量显著上升,消化能力有较大水平的降低,高酯化度玉米淀粉磷酸双酯预测血糖指数为67.11,为中等血糖指数食品,可以添加在食品中为糖尿病患者食用。     

十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯性质的研究

采用RVA快速粘度测定仪，研究了十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(SSDS)糊的粘度性质。测定了糊的凝沉性质、糊的乳化性质、糊的冻融稳定性、并采用扫描电子显微镜对SSDS的微观结构进行了分析。结果显示：酯化后SSDS的颗粒形貌、糊粘度性质较原玉米淀粉糊有较显著变化、其抗凝沉性、乳化性都明显优于原玉米淀粉，而冻融稳定性比原玉米淀粉差。     

鹰嘴豆、饭豆、绿豆淀粉性质的比较

以鹰嘴豆、饭豆、绿豆淀粉为对象,研究了不同豆类淀粉的糊化性、膨胀度、溶解度、淀粉-碘复合物的可见光谱、淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性以及沉降体积等性质。结果表明:绿豆淀粉的成糊温度和峰黏度最高,而鹰嘴豆淀粉的热糊稳定性和冷糊稳定性最好;3种淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度均随温度的升高而增加,并且淀粉碘复合物可见光光谱的最大吸收波长都在620 nm左右。绿豆淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性和凝沉性最好,沉降体积最大。     

Effect of Storage on Starch Content and Modification of Cassava Starch

The effect of storage on yield and modification of starch using hydrochloric acid and acetic anhydride were studied. Yield of starch from fresh roots (24.4%) was significantly greater than yield (16,2%) from roots stored at room temperature for six days. On a dry weight basis the amount of starch in the roots decreased over a six day storage period. The proximate composition of cassava starch on dry weight basis was 0.24% ash, 0.13% fat, 0.49% protein, 0.15% crude fibre and 98.4% starch. The isolated starch was treated with different concentration of hydrochloric acid to produce acid thinned and dextrinized starches and different concentration of acetic anhydride to produce acetyl substituted starches. The alkali number of acid thinned and dextrinized starches increased with acid treatment while the viscosity decreased. The degree of substitution increased with the concentration of acetic anhydride used. The cold water solubility of the acid thinned and acetyl substituted starches were similar to that of native starches while the solubility of the dextrinized starches increased with the acid concentration. The viscosity of the acetyl substituted starches increased with the degree of substitution.     

玉米淀粉的粒度效应对其糊化行为影响研究

研究和探讨了经过机械微细化处理的不同粒度玉米淀粉的糊化特性，结果表明，随着玉米淀粉粒度的降低，其糊化温度下降，糊化温度区间缩小，淀粉糊的粘度下降，但热糊稳定性增加。由于微细化处理后淀粉凝沉性增强，淀粉糊的透明度随淀粉粒度的下降而降低。     

硬脂酸淀粉酯的性质

对硬脂酸淀粉酯的流变学性质和乳化稳定性进行了研究.结果表明:硬脂酸淀粉酯的粘度明显低于原淀粉,其粘度随温度的升高和剪切速率的增加而下降,取代度的增加对硬脂酸淀粉酯的粘度没有显著影响;硬脂酸淀粉酯的乳化稳定性随取代度、硬脂酸淀粉酯用量以及油水比的增加而增加,随温度的升高而降低.     

用RVA仪分析玉米淀粉的糊化特性

以玉米淀粉为原料,利用RVA(快速黏度分析仪),研究了不同浓度玉米淀粉以及在同一浓度下氯化钠、蔗糖以及转速对淀粉糊化特性的影响,并且在此基础上将RVA糊化程序改为多重RVA程序,然后观察对淀粉的特性的影响。结果表明:随着玉米淀粉溶液浓度的增加,起始成糊温度降低,淀粉糊的热稳定性降低,凝胶性增强。随氯化钠浓度增大,起始成糊温度逐渐升高,到达峰值时间有所延长,热稳定性明显提高,但凝胶性降低。当蔗糖浓度增加时,淀粉成糊温度、峰值黏度、最低黏度和最终黏度都随之增加,热稳定性增强,冷却过程中淀粉糊形成凝胶的能力减弱。玉米淀粉在多重RVA程序中,淀粉胶体反复形成并且溶解。添加油脂后的玉米淀粉的黏度曲线的变化是复杂的,由淀粉和油脂之间的相互作用引起,油脂的水溶性以及淀粉颗粒与蛋白质的关系影响着它们的相互反应。     

Change in Digestibility of Gamma-Irradiated Starch by Low Temperature Cooking

Combination effect of irradiation and low temperature cooking on starch digestibility has been investigated as a basic research for application of radiosterilization on starch fermentation. The digestion of corn starch by glucoamylase after cooking at low temperature was enhanced by γ-irradiation and the required cooking temperature was decreased from 75-80°C to 65°C by 25 kGy. Gelatinization of starches except tapioca starch was enhanced by irradiation and it corresponds to the digestibility. The digestibility of potato starch which has a high viscosity was especially enhanced at low temperature cooking because the viscosity was markedly decreased by irradiation. These results show that the irradiation of starches is useful not only for the sterilization of fermentation broth but also for the enhancement of digestion.     

交联酯化机械活化玉米复合变性淀粉的制备及其性能研究

以机械活化玉米淀粉为原料,三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,醋酸酐为醋化剂进行复合变性,制备机械活化玉米交联酯化复合变性淀粉,考察反应温度、交联剂用量、交联pH值、交联时间、酯化剂用量、酯化pH值、酯化时间等因素对交联酯化淀粉糊冷黏度的影响,与原玉米淀粉合成的交联酯化淀粉进行比较,研究了产物的理化特性,并利用红外光谱、X射线衍射对产物的结构进行表征分析。结果表明:各因素对机械活化玉米淀粉的交联酯化反应均有影响。对于机械活化1.0 h的玉米淀粉,在反应温度40℃、三偏磷酸钠1.0%、交联pH值10.0、交联时间2.0 h、醋酸酐用量0.5 mL、酯化pH值9.0、酯化时间60 min的条件下,所制备的机械活化玉米交联酯化淀粉糊的冷黏度由活化淀粉的466 mPa.s提高到1 629 mPa.s,淀粉糊液黏度的稳定性、抗酸性、抗老化性明显提高。红外光谱和X射线衍射图谱显示,淀粉经过交联酯化复合变性处理后,分子结构上引入新的化学基团,交联酯化淀粉属于V型结晶。