干凝胶法制备惯性约束聚变靶用大直径空心玻璃微球

为实现惯性约束聚变靶用大直径空心玻璃微球的干凝胶法制备,从数值模拟和工艺实验2个方面研究了发泡剂种类及含量、炉内载气组分、压力和温度对大直径空心玻璃微球制备过程的影响。结果表明:采用碱金属的乙酸盐作为发泡剂可以显著提高干凝胶粒子的发泡效率,提高载气中的氦气含量和升高炉温可以提高干凝胶粒子在吸热阶段的升温速率、更为迅速有效地完成封装过程,从而有利于大直径空心玻璃微球的制备。虽然降低载气压力有利于显著增大空心玻璃微球的直径,但是空心玻璃微球的品质急剧下降。当载气中氦气的体积分数为50%～80%、载气压力为(0.75～1.0)×105Pa、炉温为1500～1700℃时,干凝胶粒子的成球率较高、大直径(700～1000μm)空心玻璃微球的球形度、同心度和表面光洁度较好。     

干凝胶法制备惯性约束聚变靶用高渗透性空心玻璃微球

为制备惯性约束聚变靶用高渗透性空心玻璃球（hollow glass microspheres,HGM）,研究了初始玻璃配方、发泡剂种类、炉内载气组分和压力、精炼温度对干凝胶粒子的炉内成球过程和最终HGM的产率、质量和渗透性能的影响。结果表明：初始玻璃配方中的绝大部分碱金属氧化物在精炼过程中都从液态玻璃挥发进入载气,最终...     

惯性约束聚变靶用空心玻璃微球纵横比的调控

为实现对惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶用空心玻璃微球(HGM)纵横比的调控,基于对干凝胶法制备HGM炉内成球过程的分析,建立了HGM纵横比的定量控制模型,实验研究了载气组分和压力对HGM直径和纵横比的影响。结果表明:通过调节载气中氩气分压可以控制熔融玻璃液泡的膨胀程度,从而定量控制最终HGM的直径和纵横比。但是,通过大幅度降低载气中的氩气分压来提高HGM半径和纵横比是不可行的。为提高载气的传热能力,确保HGM球形度、表面粗糙度和合格率满足ICF制靶的要求,必须在载气中添加一定分压的氦气。除部分极端工艺条件外,提出的HGM纵横比控制模型预测值与实验结果吻合良好。     

惯性约束聚变靶用空心玻璃微球的干凝胶法制备技术

干凝胶法是我国目前制备惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶用空心玻璃微球(HGM)的主要方法,其制备的HGM可在较宽的范围内满足ICF物理实验的要求。从干凝胶粒子/微球的溶胶-凝胶法制备技术和HGM的炉内成球原理出发,系统综述了近三十年来ICF靶用HGM干凝胶法制备技术研究的相关报道,分析总结了干凝胶法制备技术在HGM成分设计、元素掺杂、直径及球形度、壁厚及均匀性、耐压强度、渗透性能、表面粗糙度、性能一致性等方面的技术现状及难点,对干凝胶法制备HGM技术的瓶颈性问题及可能的解决方案进行了讨论。     

激光聚变靶用空心玻璃微球制备方法

高质量的空心玻璃微球一直是激光惯性约束聚变实验最广泛采用的靶丸之一,因商用空心玻璃微球的生产方法不能满足实验需要,陆续开发了新的制备方法,如液滴法、干凝胶法、溅射法和降解芯轴技术等.综述了几种方法的制备原理、成球过程、微球产品的特点、在惯性约束聚变实验制靶中的地位以及国内外发展现状等.液滴法制备的微球直径小、壁较薄,干凝胶法制备的微球直径稍大、壁较厚,溅射法主要用于制备阻气层,而降解芯轴技术则将空心玻璃微球产品直径和壁厚范围扩大,所制备的空心玻璃微球是所有制备方法中直径最大和性能最好的.     

炉内温度对聚碳硅烷粒子成球性能的影响

由聚碳硅烷粒子作为原料,通过粒子下落进入负压高温炉内,粒子达到流动状态,在发泡剂作用下内部起泡膨胀,最终得到空心微球.实验所用聚碳硅烷粒子尺寸为110～180 μm,载气为Ar/He（体积比为2：1）,载气压力为0.09MPa.在这些固定条件下,研究了炉内温度对聚碳硅烷粒子成球性能的影响.结果表明：随着炉内温度从200℃升高到1 000℃,聚碳硅烷成球率、微球平均直径和表面光洁度先增加后下降,最高平均成球率为73%,最大平均直径为375μm,最好表面平均粗糙度Ra仅为0.7 nm.制备空心微球合适的温度约为700℃.     

激光聚变靶用空心玻璃微球的成分设计

基于玻璃成分与性能之间的定量关系,以高强度、高化学稳定性、易熔和低粘度为目标,应用正交试验法对30种待选玻璃配方中Na2O、K2O、Al2O3、CaO的含量进行了优化,从中优选出了10种玻璃配方作为激光聚变实验靶用空心玻璃微球的候选配方.与国内外其它靶用空心微球玻璃的性能相比,候选配方的玻璃不仅化学稳定性和抗张强度有显著提高,而且各自的熔化温度、粘度等参数也满足空心玻璃微球炉内成球法的工艺要求.     

空心玻璃微球高压贮氢技术

利用炉内成球技术制备的亚毫米量级空心玻璃微球进行实验,系统研究了玻璃微球高压贮氢技术.玻璃微球直径150～250 μm,壁厚0.9～4.0 μm.采用气体渗透法充氢,在高温时,气体扩散进入微球内,温度降低后气体不容易扩散出来,即可实现贮氢.通过控制外界温度和气氛可实现氢气的贮存和释放.对于直径200 μm,壁厚1 μm的空心玻璃微球,在350℃充气的平衡时间约6～10 h,充气平衡后,微球内外压基本相等.在室温条件下,微球的保气半寿命约40～50 d.对于直径200 μm,壁厚2 μm的空心玻璃微球,球内氢气最高压力可达20～25 MPa,单位质量贮氢效率为13%～16％.     

玻璃钢化季节性调压数值模拟

建立了风栅中玻璃的冷却模型,数值模拟玻璃冷却的温度和应力变化规律,反演了不同季节风温时的合理匹配风压。结果表明,在玻璃淬冷过程,约3 s时玻璃表面拉应力达到最大,若该应力大于玻璃此时的抗拉强度,玻璃将破裂。此后玻璃从外到内降温速率逐渐减小,在约15~17 s时玻璃表层受内部影响减弱,表面应力趋于稳定。与钢化玻璃表面应力测试结果相比,数值模拟结果略小,但相对误差不超过5%。随冷却风温降低,玻璃钢化所需的风压逐渐减小。在玻璃钢化程度接近的情况下,风压随风温降低近似线性减小,钢化风压调节量与环境温度变化量的相关系数为0.103 kPa/K。     

表面改性过程对空心玻璃微球性能的影响研究

空心玻璃微球是制备复合泡沫材料的关键原料,对其进行表面改性有利于改善复合材料的性能。但目前的研究甚少关注处理过程对微球性能的影响,不利于复合材料的进一步优化设计。因此,本文拟在制备空心玻璃微球的基础上,通过改变处理液组成、处理时间等条件,测试微球粒子密度、抗压强度等变化情况,研究改性过程对其性能的影响。实验结果表明,改性过程中水会侵蚀玻璃壳体,导致其粒子密度随处理时间的延长、酸度的增大而降低,抗压强度也随之下降。采用适当浓度的Al2(SO4)3水溶液处理微球可以在其表面形成新的膜层,改善抗压强度。     

松木屑颗粒热解过程中的热/质传递规律

为探索在固定床反应器中有机固废颗粒热解过程中的热量、质量传递机理,本研究从颗粒尺度上对有机固废松木屑颗粒热解过程建模分析,模型中考虑了焦油的二次裂解反应及挥发分在颗粒孔隙中的质量、动量传递过程,并采用达西定律模拟了挥发分在颗粒孔隙内的流动现象,对颗粒热解过程的吸热反应以及挥发分逸出时的对流换热对颗粒温度的影响进行考察。基于两步反应动力学模型,探讨了不同颗粒尺寸、热解温度对有机固废松木屑颗粒热解过程的影响。结果表明,热解吸热反应和挥发分的对流换热阻碍了热量向颗粒中心的传递,延长了颗粒达到均温的时间;松木屑颗粒热解时,颗粒内会存在明显的温度梯度,在颗粒表面主要受化学反应动力学限制,在颗粒内部则主要受热量传递过程限制。此外,热解温度越低,粒径越大,颗粒内部的传热阻力越大。松木屑颗粒完全热解所需时间会随着颗粒粒径的增大而增加,但当颗粒粒径在10mm以上时,随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒完全热解所需时间的增量要大于10mm以下颗粒。     

火焰合成法制备TiO2的燃烧发生器研究进展

火焰合成法是指前驱物在燃烧器中经过一系列复杂的物理化学反应过程得到产物纳米颗粒的方法,具有一步合成的优点,是现代工业规模化制备高性能材料的一种重要方法。火焰合成过程机理涉及物质的相态变化、颗粒生长团聚和热量质量交换等复杂过程,探究火焰合成过程是实现产物颗粒调控的关键。本文对火焰合成过程中的关键部分,如前驱物、为合成过程提供高温氧化环境的燃烧器、产物颗粒等进行分析,阐述了火焰气溶胶技术中颗粒的生长及转变路径、不同燃烧器的结构及其温度场、流场特点,并分析了不同燃烧器合成的纳米TiO₂进行了粒径及晶型特点的研究进展。指出火焰合成TiO₂生长机理和形态调控的基础研究对工业制备钛白粉具有指导意义。     

Numerical analysis of interphase heat and mass transfer of cluster in a circulating fluidized bed

Interphase heat and mass transfer characteristics of a naphthalene particle cluster in a circulating fluidized riser are numerically analyzed using a three-dimensional CFD model. Heat and mass transfer characteristics of gas over an in-line array of three naphthalene particles and an isolated naphthalene particle are analyzed. Distributions of gas concentration, temperature and velocity are obtained. The heat and mass transfer rates of gas-to-cluster increase with the increase of the cluster porosity and Reynolds number. Present simulations indicate that the small cluster gives higher heat and mass transfer coefficients than those of the large cluster. The heat and mass transfer rates of individual particles in the cluster are lower than that of an isolated particle and particles in an in-line array under a given cluster porosity.     

基于离散单元法的丝状颗粒传热数学模型

丝状颗粒作为一类长径比较大的非球形颗粒,其传热特性及相关技术广泛应用于工农业生产的诸多领域。但目前颗粒在运动过程中传热问题的研究还很不充分,特别是对于丝状颗粒,更是缺乏有效的数学模型进行描述。从颗粒传热机理出发,提出了一种基于离散单元法的丝状颗粒传热模型,模型中综合考虑了颗粒碰撞（接触）传热、颗粒的内部导热以及颗粒与气体间的对流换热。利用该模型,对固定床中堆积丝状颗粒的热量迁移过程进行了数值模拟,着重比较了各种传热方式对传热过程的影响。研究表明,对流换热对整体传热量的贡献较大。此外,还获得了不同工况下颗粒温度随时间的变化规律。     

DRYING OF CARROTS. I. DRYING MODELS.

Three models of different complexity are proposed to describe the falling rate period of the carrot drying process with shrinkage. A moving or fixed boundary problem as well as a constant or local moisture and temperature dependent effective diffusivity are considered. The moving boundary problem is solved by an explicit finite difference method. Heat transfer coefficient and effective diffusivity identification were carried out. The results of the heat transfer coefficient show a good agreement with other sources. Using experimental data and the models. describing the heat and mass transfer three different expressions for the effective diffusivity are established. Two of them are only temperature dependent considering or not particle shrinkage. The third one takes into account temperature and local moisture as well as shrinkage.

Drying of foods is a complicated process involving simultaneous coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena which occur inside the material being dried (Chiang and Petersen, 1987). Several models are found in the literature, representing mass and energy transfer which take place during food drying (King, 1968; Sokhansanj and Gustafson, 1980). Usually, approximate solutions are obtained with these     

Modeling of particle growth and morphology in the gas phase polymerization of butadiene. II. Simulation and discussion

The improved multigrain model was used to simulate the gas phase polymerization of butadiene catalyzed by low‐, medium‐, and high‐activity catalysts, respectively. For the low‐activity catalyst, the mass and heat transfer resistances in the particle were negligible. The morphology of the polymeric particles was uniform. For the medium‐activity catalyst, the overall mass transfer effectiveness was > 90%, the maximal temperature rise was 8K, and the heat transfer resistance in the particle was negligible. Mass transfer resistance does not affect the morphology of product particle significantly. For the high‐activity catalyst, the overall mass transfer effectiveness was within the range of 70–96%, the morphology of the product particle was affected by the mass transfer resistance to some extent. The maximal temperature rise was 21K; the heat transfer resistance in the particle was negligible as well. However, there was some severe mass transfer resistance in the particle, and the maximal temperature rise was ≤ 30K for the large catalyst particle with the same activity. Thus, the polymeric particle morphology was comparatively poor, with the occurrence of particle softening and sticking. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 730–741, 2001     

Kinetics Analysis of Heterogeneous Oxidation of Coal Particles in Supercritical Water

Little research has been conducted on the heterogeneous kinetics of coal oxidation in supercritical water (SCW). Therefore, the oxidation of coal particles in SCW coupled with heat and mass transfer was investigated. The real coal particle temperature was estimated in terms of a simplified heat balance. With increasing particle temperature, the rate‐limiting step of the oxidation reaction gradually changed from the surface reaction to the mass transfer of oxygen. According to this result, the reaction rate model was built. The model could be used to predict the quantitative relationship among the particle size, the particle temperature, and the time to complete oxidation.     

硅胶粒径对太阳能吸附制冷系统性能的影响

针对以硅胶-水为工质对的太阳能吸附式制冷系统,实验研究了不同粒径的硅胶材料对吸附床传热传质特性及系统制冷能力的影响。三组对比实验的硅胶材料平均粒径分别为1mm、3mm和5mm,在太阳辐射接近的条件下完成实验测试,结果表明粒径中等的硅胶材料表现最优,其制冷系数COP和按照循环周期定义的比制冷功率SCP2均最高。小粒径材料虽然使吸附剂填充量有所增加,但是会导致吸附床轴向传质阻力增加,影响其末端吸附能力的发挥。而材料的粒径过大,则会降低吸附床的吸附剂填充量及其传热性能,从而导致预热脱附和冷却过程的时间延长,不利于系统的制冷性能改善。实验结果表明,吸附剂粒径是影响太阳能吸附式制冷系统工作性能的一个重要因素,在系统设计中需要给予重视。     

固定床中丝状颗粒的传热传质特性

目前对于固定床中丝状填充颗粒传热传质特性的认识仍处于初始阶段。为了能够从颗粒尺度的微观层面揭示丝状颗粒与气体、颗粒与颗粒之间的热、质传递机理,建立了一种丝状颗粒传热传质数学模型,之后将离散单元法与计算流体力学相结合,对实验中较难获得的床层局部流动及传递信息进行了数值模拟,并着重分析比较了气流入口温度以及表观气速等关键因素对固定床中丝状颗粒温度和含水率变化的影响规律。通过模拟结果与实验数据的对比,验证了所建模型的可行性。研究结果表明:同一时刻,固定床中颗粒温度大体上是随着床层高度的增加而降低,含水率则是随着床层高度的增加而升高;气流入口温度对于固定床中丝状颗粒平均温度的提升起着主导作用,而颗粒的传质速度则受表观气速的影响更为明显。     

Modelling of batch fluidised bed drying of pharmaceutical granules

This paper presents a mathematical model based on a three-phase theory, which is used to describe the mass and heat transfer between the gas and solids phases in a batch fluidised bed dryer. In the model, it is assumed that the dilute phase (i.e., bubble) is plug flow while the interstitial gas and the solid particles are considered as being perfectly mixed. The thermal conductivity of wet particles is modelled using a serial and parallel circuit. The moisture diffusion in wet particles was simulated using a numerical finite volume method. Applying a simplified lumped model to a single solid particle, the heat and mass transfer between the interstitial gas and solid phase is taken into account during the whole drying process as three drying rate periods: warming-up, constant rate and falling-rate. The effects of the process parameters, such as particle size, gas velocity, inlet gas temperature and relative humidity, on the moisture content of solids in the bed have been studied by numerical computation using this model. The results are in good agreement with experimental data of heat and mass transfer in fluidised bed dryers. The model will be employed for online simulation of a fluidised bed dryer and for online control.