板栗淀粉结构和功能特性研究进展

淀粉是板栗的主要成分,约占干物质的38%~80%。近年来,关于谷物和块茎类淀粉的结构及其对功能性质的影响研究已取得实质性进展,但对板栗淀粉的研究还不够深入。对板栗淀粉的提取方法、结构与功能性质进行了综述,重点阐述了板栗淀粉微观形貌、化学组成、分子结构、膨胀度和溶解度、热特性、糊化特性、淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性、凝胶质构及体外消化性。最后,展望了板栗淀粉未来的研究方向。     

板栗淀粉的性质研究

淀粉是板栗的主要成分,其结构和性质直接关系到板栗的加工和应用。本文研究了板栗淀粉的表面结构、偏光十字、X-衍射图谱和结晶结构、粘度曲线等特性,以及淀粉乳浓度、温度、pH值、常用食品添加剂等对板栗淀粉糊粘度的影响,为开发板栗深加工产品提供理论基础。     

板栗淀粉研究进展

综述了近年来有关板栗淀粉理化性质的研究概况，着重就板栗淀粉颗粒性质、淀粉糊性质以及食品添加剂对板栗淀粉糊粘度特性的影响等内容作了阐述。     

板栗淀粉糊的特性研究

通过对板栗粉中占主要成分的淀粉的研究,为后期板栗粉冲剂开发提供试验理论依据,探讨了板栗淀粉糊的溶解度和膨润力、透明度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性以及凝胶强度等性质,并与小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉进行了比较。研究结果表明,从85℃开始,板粟淀粉的溶解度和膨润力都有很明显的上升;板栗淀粉的透明度低于小麦淀粉和玉米淀粉相似;凝沉现象随时间的增加比较明显;板栗淀粉的冻融稳定性和凝胶强度性质较其他两种淀粉出色。     

板栗贮藏前后淀粉性质的比较

为研究板栗贮藏前后淀粉性质的变化,分别测定淀粉的凝沉性、冻融稳定性、透光率、结晶结构、直链与支链淀粉含量、粒度、糊化特性等。结果表明,贮藏后的板栗淀粉较贮藏前其淀粉糊的凝沉加快;冻融稳定性、透明度下降;淀粉颗粒结晶结构未发生变化,仍属于C型;糊化温度降低,峰值黏度上升,稳定性变差,更容易老化。贮藏后板栗淀粉的抗老化能力降低。     

板栗贮藏失水过程对淀粉及其加工特性的影响研究

摘 要：目的 探究板栗石灰化过程中主要生理品质和加工特性的变化。方法 以贵州‘仓更’板栗为原料,测定板栗失水石灰化过程中的总淀粉、直链、支链淀粉含量和相关酶活性的变化;采用扫描电镜、红外光谱和X射线衍射分析板栗原粉和淀粉结构差异;通过糊化性质和流变特性评估其加工特性。结果 石灰化后板栗总淀粉、直链、支链淀粉含量显著（P＜0.05）降低,淀粉酶活性先升高后降低;板栗原粉中生成了更多直链淀粉-脂质复合物,淀粉颗粒表面出现裂纹;淀粉分子有序结构减少,相对结晶度下降;淀粉糊化温度升高,热焓值下降,淀粉结构稳定性变差;且淀粉糊表现为假塑性流体,具有剪切稀化现象,淀粉糊黏弹性下降。结论 板栗淀粉酶活性的上升,淀粉水解以及淀粉结构的变化与板栗石灰化的发生密切相关并改变其生理品质和加工特性。     

微波对板栗淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

为探讨微波辐照对板栗淀粉颗粒结构和理化性质的影响,采用微波辐照板栗淀粉,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)等研究微波处理不同时间后板栗淀粉的颗粒结构和理化特性。研究表明:与原淀粉相比,微波处理后板栗淀粉的微观形貌发生明显变化,但淀粉颗粒仍为C型晶体。随着微波处理时间的增加,直链淀粉含量增大,淀粉颗粒表面出现裂纹、孔洞和黏结越显著,淀粉颗粒的相对结晶度降低、红外光谱(1 047/1 022)cm~(-1)峰强度比值降低;淀粉膨胀度和透光率也随微波处理时间的增加而降低。DSC分析表明,微波处理80 s的淀粉相转变温度(T_o和T_p)降低、糊化焓(ΔH)减少。表明微波辐照对板栗淀粉的颗粒结构和理化特征均有显著影响。     

板栗淀粉与板栗变性淀粉性质的比较

比较了板栗淀粉,板栗氧化淀粉,板栗羟丙基淀粉,板栗磷酸酯淀粉的主要物理性质并测定了板栗淀粉及其3种变性淀粉的冻融稳定性、透光率、溶解性和膨胀度、糊化特性等性质。结果表明:板栗淀粉经过变性后,3种变性淀粉的冻融稳定性和透光率上升,溶解度变大;氧化淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的膨胀度小于板栗淀粉,磷酸酯淀粉的膨胀度大于板栗淀粉;板栗淀粉糊的糊化温度,峰值黏度、95℃的黏度与50℃的黏度以及在二者温度保温1 h的黏度值均低于板栗淀粉;板栗变性淀粉糊的热黏度稳定性和冷黏度稳定性与板栗淀粉相比变化较大;板栗变性淀粉的凝胶性和凝沉性均低于板栗淀粉,抗老化能力强于板栗淀粉。     

不同蒸煮方式下不同链长脂肪酸对板栗淀粉特性的影响

目的 研究不同蒸煮方式下不同链长脂肪酸与板栗淀粉（chestnut starch, CS）复合对板栗淀粉特性的影响。方法 通过测定淀粉及淀粉-脂质复合物的粒径大小,短程有序度、结晶度、糊化特性和流变特性,探究脂肪酸碳链长度和蒸煮方式对CS性质的影响。结果 脂肪酸的加入降低了CS颗粒尺寸、结晶度和短程有序性,增强了CS持水能力。同一蒸煮方式下,以板栗淀粉-月桂酸复合物变化最为明显,其次依次为板栗淀粉-肉豆蔻酸复合物、板栗淀粉-棕榈酸复合物。与常压蒸煮相比,高压蒸煮后淀粉持水能力增强,结晶结构更有序;短期老化淀粉的储能模量G''降低,损耗角正切值tan δ升高,表明抗短期老化性能提升。结论 不同碳链脂肪酸与CS 复合,短链脂肪酸及高压蒸煮复合效果更优,复合体系复合率更高,持水性能和抗短期回升效果更好。     

4种抗性淀粉的主要理化特性

采用二次循环压热法制备、纯化得到了绿豆、马铃薯、锥栗和板栗抗性淀粉,并对其主要理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:与相应的原淀粉相比,4种抗性淀粉的平均聚合度显著降低,其微观结构为不规则的片层状堆积结构;绿豆、马铃薯抗性淀粉晶体为B型,结晶度升高,且B型晶体所占比例显著增加;锥栗、板栗抗性淀粉晶体为V型,且V型晶体显著增加;4种抗性淀粉的溶解度显著降低,且对α-淀粉酶具有较强的抗性;4种抗性淀粉的糊化焓△H值差别不大,但绿豆与马铃著抗性淀粉的起始糊化温度T_0、峰值糊化温度T_P、终止糊化温度T_C值均要高于锥栗和板栗抗性淀粉的T_0、T_P、T_C值,特别是绿豆与马铃薯抗性淀粉的T_0、T_P、T_C、△H值显著增高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press     

INFOPRINT 2014 was Successfully Held in Dongguan

Sponsored by Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China （PEIAC） and organized by Print China magazine, the Seventeenth Beijing International Printing Information Conference （INFOPRINT 2014） was successfully held on 11th Dec. 2014 at Dongguan Exhibition International Hotel.