湖南旱地土壤对铵离子的矿物固定与固定态铵释放的动力学研究

采用振荡平衡法和好气培养-间歇淋洗法研究了湖南省主要旱地土壤对添加铵离子的矿物学固定和土壤固定态铵释放的动力学特性。结果表明,供试土壤对添加铵离子的矿物固定速度很快,反应12小时后基本上达到了最大固定量;而土壤固定态铵的释放则非常缓慢,反应42天后仍未达到最大释放量。这一动力学特征有利于土壤对溶液中NH4 的保持,防止NH4 的环境污染,有效地为作物供氮和提高氮肥利用率。一级动力学方程能较好地拟合供试土壤对铵离子的矿物学固定的动力学资料,一级动力学方程和抛物扩散率方程均能较好地拟合供试土壤固定态铵释放的动力学资料,表现为相关系数r值较高,标准误SE值较低。     

苹果酸对温室土壤磷释放与吸附的影响

试验研究了不同浓度苹果酸处理对温室土壤磷吸附和释放的影响,并运用DPS数据分析系统建立了土壤磷释放和吸附与苹果酸浓度之间相关的数学模型。结果表明:(1)随着苹果酸用量增加,土壤释放磷量也逐渐增加。二者之间的关系可以用Peal-Reed等7种不同类型的数学模型拟合;(2)供试土壤对磷的吸附较好地符合Langmu ir方程式;苹果酸显著降低了土壤对磷的吸附,随着苹果酸浓度的增加,土壤对磷的最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量都呈现下降趋势。     

黄棕壤矿物固定态铵的释放与黑麦草种植密度的关系

通过在黄棕壤上种植不同密度的黑麦草后发现 ,土壤矿物固定态铵在旱作条件下可分为两大部分 :一是原有的矿物固定态铵。这部分铵在试验条件下无任何释放 ,即与黑麦草的种植密度无关 ;二是施肥后新增加的固定态铵。这部分铵的释放与黑麦草种植密度关系密切。该部分又可分为易释放部分和不易释放部分 ,前者与种植密度关系较小 ,而后者与种植密度关系较大 ,其单位质量土壤矿物固定态铵的释放量随着种植密度的增加而增加     

安徽凤阳几种土壤对锌的吸附

研究了凤阳县几种土壤吸附锌的性能,讨论了这几种土壤对锌的吸附性能与它们的理化性质的关系。结果表明:供试土壤吸附锌的能力比较接近,土壤吸附锌的量随平衡液浓度的增加而增加,吸附符合Freund lich吸附、Langmu ir吸附和Temk in吸附关系;在土壤质地比较接近的情况下,土壤对锌的最大吸附量与土壤的酸碱度、有机质含量、质地等因素有关。     

蔬菜保护地土壤对外源钾的固定特征研究

对蔬菜保护土地壤的固钾特征进行了研究,结果表明土壤的固钾率随着土壤速效钾含量的提高和钾素施入量的增加逐渐降低．土壤用于保护地蔬菜栽培以后,速效钾含量明显提高,同时土壤对钾素固定率也随之降低．铵离子可以替代钾离子而被土壤粘土矿物固定,铵离子和钾离子等浓度存在时土壤的固钾率仅是钾离子单独存在时的二分之一,当这两种离子的浓度分别达到300．0μg·g-1时,施入土壤中钾素的固定率降低到50％以下,最低的只有27．7％。因此,在蔬菜保护地条件下,为避免钾素的淋失和土壤溶液浓度的提高,应提倡钾肥与铵态氮化肥分施和钾肥分次施用。     

几种土壤氟吸附动力学研究

采用平衡法对我国几种土壤氟吸附的动力学过程进行了研究。结果表明,不同土壤氟吸附的动力学参数差异很大,黄壤的最大吸附量最高,棕壤最低,棕壤的平衡时间最短,石灰土的平衡时间最长。不同土壤的氟吸附动力学参数与土壤理化性质有很大相关性。供试土壤的氟吸附动力学过程用双常数方程和E lovich方程描述获得了良好的拟合效果。而一级动力学方程和二级动力学方程都不适合土壤氟吸附动力学过程的描述。不同土壤的k值和β值证明黄壤较其他土壤吸附速率大,对加入土壤中氟的缓冲性大。     

计算机模拟咖啡因在反相液相色谱固定相上的保留行为

运用前沿分析法测定了咖啡因在反相液相色谱固定相上的吸附等温线,并对单位点和多位点Langmuir吸附等温式式运用Origin软件进行了非线性拟合。通过平衡扩散模型运用数值方法从理论上计算出可能的洗脱色谱峰,并与实验值进行了比较。结果表明多位点吸附模型更符合实际情况。从理论上探讨了固定相上残余硅醇基等对溶质色谱峰可能造成的影响。     

应用等温吸附曲线判断水稻土供硅能力Ⅰ等温曲线方程参数与水稻相对产量的关系

选取低浓度系列平衡液进行等温吸附解吸试验,并结合田间试验的效果,研究了不同水稻土对硅的吸附解吸特征及其与土壤理化性质水稻土供硅能力之间的关系。结果表明:在低浓度梯度条件下,直线方程y=bx-a可以很好地描述土壤对硅的吸附过程。水稻相对产量与a之间存在着极显著的幂指数函数正相关关系,所以,a可以作为评价水稻土供硅能力的指标。     

应用吸附等温曲线判断水稻土供硅能力Ⅱ吸附等温曲线方程参数与水稻土理化性质的关系

选取低浓度系列平衡液进行等温吸附试验,研究了不同pH水稻土对硅的吸附等温曲线方程参数与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:土壤吸附硅的缓冲容量(PBCSi)与土壤粘粒含量呈线性正相关关系(r=0.7745**,n=12),与土壤pH呈对数正相关关系(r=0.8660**,n=12);土壤吸附硅的零位浓度(ZACSi)与土壤游离氧化铁含量呈对数正相关关系(r=0.5801*,n=12),与土壤pH呈指数负相关关系(r=0.8661**,n=12);评价土壤供硅能力指标的参数与土壤氧化铁活化度呈指数负相关关系(r=0.6026*,n=12),与氧化铁晶胶比呈幂函数正相关关系(r=0.5950*,n=12)。     

淹水条件下有机酸(糖)对土壤磷素固定的影响

以水田土壤剖面为对象,从磷素固定的角度研究了无定型铁等主要固磷基质在淹水加有机酸(糖)条件下的变化特征及其固磷能力变化特点。结果表明,剖面各层土壤淹水条件下添加有机酸(糖)培养后均可以与Langmiur方程很好拟合,淹水不添加有机酸(糖)与添加的处理相比,所有样品的最大固磷量均表现出降低的特点。淹水后土壤无定形硅含量与淹水前相比有所降低;无定形铁淹水前后变化不大但多数以含量增加为主,加酸(糖)处理中无定形铁含量表现出下降的趋势;络合态铁增加非常明显。无定性硅的变化与土壤固磷能力的变化相关性不显著,淹水前后无定形铁含量变化与最大吸磷量变化之间的相关性达到极显著水平,但淹水加酸(糖)后的最大吸磷量与淹水前相比多数样品有所降低;络合态铁氧化物主要表现为与磷素固定能力一定的负相关。     

增铵对菠菜生长及品质的影响

通过水培试验研究不同NH4 -N/NO3--N比例(100/0,25/75,50/50,0/100)对4个菠菜品种地上部和根系生长、以及植株不同部位硝酸盐、水溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,在NH4 -N/NO3--N比例为0/100时,各品种菠菜的生物量最大,而随着NH4 -N/NO3--N比例的增加,各品种菠菜的生物量和硝酸盐累积量均呈递减趋势,而水溶性糖含量则呈递增趋势,说明增铵能提高菠菜品质,但不能增加菠菜的产量。     

黄淮海平原粘土层在土系划分中的意义,分类指标和土系初建

通过整理分析有关粘土层对土壤水盐运动影响的研究资料和对黄淮海平原３０个有粘土层的 土壤剖面的归纳总结．研究确定了不同粘土层厚度和粘土层出现部位的土系划分指标,并将这３０个土壤剖面分类为９个土系．     

亚热带小流域不同沉积区土壤粘粒矿物的演变

在亚热带丘陵河谷地小流域范围内地表物质的迁移常可导致不同沉积区物质组成的变化 .从黄泥土→洪积泥砂土→培泥砂土 ,随着搬运距离的增加 ,其粘粒矿物组成发生了一系列的变化 ;高岭石逐渐下降 ,云母逐渐增加 ,蛭石渐趋下降消失 ,而绿泥石则逐渐形成 ;同时赤铁矿、针铁矿也先后下降消失 .矿物的演化与沉积物所处环境的水分条件及溶液中盐基物质和酸碱度变化有关     

磷钾硼锌肥对百合、白术产量和养分吸收的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了不同营养元素对百合、白术产量和养分吸收的影响。两年结果表明,在河沙土和灰泥土上,施用磷、钾、硼和锌肥的百合产量分别平均增产5.1%、33.5%、22.3%、16.3%和16.2%、12.5%、2.1%、6.1%,在灰泥土上,白术产量分别平均增产8.6%、34.6%、9.1%、5.8%,百合施用钾、硼和锌肥的增产效果大于白术,而白术施磷的增产效果大于百合。施磷肥能促进百合和白术对氮、磷、钾和硼的吸收,而降低对锌的吸收;施钾、硼和锌肥能增进百合和白术的氮、磷、钾、硼和锌养分的吸收量。百合和白术吸收的养分量表现出钾>磷>锌>硼。百合和白术吸收的氮、磷、钾和锌主要分配在鳞茎和根状茎部分,吸收的硼主要集中在茎叶部分。平衡施肥可提高药用部分(鳞茎和根状茎)的磷、钾和锌养分的分配比率。     

Detection of sandy soil surfaces using ASTER‐derived reflectance,emissivity and elevation data: potential for the identification of land degradation

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) reflectance and emissivity data were used to discriminate nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV) from exposed soils, to produce a topsoil texture image, and to relate sand fraction estimates with elevation data in an agricultural area of central Brazil. The results show that the combination of the shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands 5 and 6 (hydroxyl absorption band) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands 10 and 14 (quartz reststrahlen feature) discriminated dark red clayey soils and bright sandy soils from NPV (crop litter), respectively. The ratio of the bands 10 and 14 was correlated with laboratory measured total sand fraction. When applied to the image and associated with topography, a predominance of sandy soil surfaces at lower elevations and clayey soil surfaces at higher elevations was observed. Areas presenting the largest sand fraction values, identified from ASTER band 10/14 emissivity ratio, were coincident with land degradation processes.     

Use of ADINA in soil mechanics with case studies for excavations

The reliability and the variety of mathematical procedures related to incremental solution strategies for the nonlinear analysis as well as the general availability of the ADINA code make this latter particularly well adapted for soil and rock mechanics. These materials, especially the soils, have indeed a marked nonlinear strain-stress behaviour. These qualities are somewhat counterbalanced by the relative lack of constitutive laws applicable to soil however.

The first part of this paper deals with the general and practical use of ADINA in soil and rock mechanics.

The second presents, as case study, an ADINA use for the evaluation of the deformations around excavations in clayey soils. With the classical methods of geomechanics, it is not possible to determine these deformations correctly. Only the use of the FEM with nonlinear constitutive laws for ground performance and possibly considering also the pore pressure allows for the good evaluation of these deformations. Two very large excavations have been analysed in this way and it was possible to compare the results of the computation with many in situ observations.     

Surface-sediment dynamics in a dust source from spaceborne multispectral thermal infrared data

This study utilized spaceborne multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) data to document spatial relationships of surface sediments over time in a modern depositional environment associated with dust emissions, Soda Lake playa, Mojave Desert, United States. The approach employed here involved time-series TIR data acquired from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and a linear spectral mixture analysis. An automated algorithm was applied to derive emissivity image endmembers. Evaluation of the chosen endmembers revealed that they can be categorized into five major spectra classes based on diagnostic absorption features. Each spectrum has been identified in relation to mineral abundance and soil arrangement that are common in playa settings: A, “clayey silt-rich crust”; B, “intermediate-salt crust”; C, “quartz-rich deposit”; D, “salt-rich rough crust”; E, “sulfate-rich crust”. Spectral classes A-B-C-D yielded the lowest RMS errors (0-0.025) over time in the iterative deconvolution algorithm between the measured and modeled spectra. The produced fractional abundance images show high areal concentrations for clayey silt-rich crust, salt-rich rough crust, and quartz-rich deposit, as the first surficial mapping of Soda Lake. Significant changes in the spatial relationships of the major surface sediments in Soda Lake were observed after a flooding event (2005) and a relatively dry period (2006). The approach utilized in this study can be advantageous for continuous monitoring of environments characterized by a small area and a complex surface, which may enable a better understanding of their responses to climate changes and potential for dust emissions.     

Feasible Operations on Proofs: The Logic of Proofs for Bounded Arithmetic

This paper presents a semantics for the logic of proofs in which all the operations on proofs are realized by feasibly computable functions. More precisely, we will show that the completeness of for the semantics of proofs of Peano Arithmetic extends to the semantics of proofs in Buss’ bounded arithmetic . In view of applications in epistemology of in particular and justification logics in general this result shows that explicit knowledge in the propositional framework can be made computationally feasible. This research supported by CUNY Community College Collaborative Incentive Research Grant 91639-0001 “Mathematical Foundations of Knowledge Representation”.     

自动驾驶场景下小且密集的交通标志检测

在自动驾驶场景中,交通标志的检测和识别对行车周围环境的理解至关重要。行车过程中拍摄的图片中存在许多较小的交通标志,它们很难被现有的物体检测方法检测到。为了能够精确地检测到这部分小的交通标志,我们提出了用浅层VGG16网络作为物体检测框架R-FCN的主体网络,并改进VGG16网络,主要有两个改进点:1）减小特征图缩放倍数,去掉VGG16网络卷积conv4_3后面的特征图,使用RPN网络在浅层卷积conv4_3上提取候选框;2）特征拼层,将尺度相同的卷积conv4_1、conv4_2、conv4_3层的特征拼接起来形成组合特征（aggregated feature）。改进后的物体检测框架能够检测到更多的小物体,在驭势科技提供的交通标志数据集上取得了很好的性能,检测的准确率mAP达到了65%。     

Optimally Adaptive Integration of Univariate Lipschitz Functions

We consider the problem of approximately integrating a Lipschitz function f (with a known Lipschitz constant) over an interval. The goal is to achieve an additive error of at most ε using as few samples of f as possible. We use the adaptive framework: on all problem instances an adaptive algorithm should perform almost as well as the best possible algorithm tuned for the particular problem instance. We distinguish between and , the performances of the best possible deterministic and randomized algorithms, respectively. We give a deterministic algorithm that uses samples and show that an asymptotically better algorithm is impossible. However, any deterministic algorithm requires samples on some problem instance. By combining a deterministic adaptive algorithm and Monte Carlo sampling with variance reduction, we give an algorithm that uses at most samples. We also show that any algorithm requires samples in expectation on some problem instance (f,ε), which proves that our algorithm is optimal.