我国东北地区化肥消费与生产现状、问题及其调控策略

利用统计资料和农户调查资料综合分析了中国东北地区农业生产、化肥消费与生产现状及存在问题.结果表明,东北地区农业生产基础雄厚,是我国重要的粮食生产基地,总体种植结构以粮食作物为主,经济作物为辅;从历年变化趋势看,稻谷和豆类种植面积近11年平均年增长率分别达到5%和4%,小麦种植面积下降迅速.东北各区化肥消费以氮肥为主,磷复肥为辅,施肥方式以基肥为主,存在氮肥和磷肥不合理施用现象;从11年统计分析看,钾肥与复合肥使用量增长较快,年均增长率分别达到10.7%和6.4%;化肥生产企业规模、化肥品种和产能不能满足当地化肥市场消费需求,2005年化肥自给率仅为35.4%.综合分析认为,未来东北地区化肥市场需求强劲,存在提升的空间.     

尿素价格上涨原因浅析

我省化肥价格自去年9月出现低点以来有两次明显上涨,一次是今年3月底达到一个高点,尿素平均零售价1600元/吨,后在国家宏观政策调控下,到5月份又回原了10%左右;第二次是6月份以来尿素零售价又回到1600元/吨,7月份则一路上扬,全省原来平均价达1750元/吨,环比上涨11%,同比上涨25%,一部分地区突破1800元/吨。今年以来化肥价格上涨是全国性的上涨,从全国看我省价格水平居于中等偏上水平。化肥价格上涨,分析原因有以下几个方面:(1)农产品价格上升,化肥需求明显增长。今年以来国家出台一系列扶持农业生产的政策措施,各地纷纷制定了最低粮食种植面积及粮食生产目标。今年全国粮食种植面积超过15亿亩,比上年增长1%;同时近两年粮价明显上升,极大地调动了农民种粮生产积极性。农业投入增加,相应用肥量增加。据安徽省土肥站有关专家预测,今年我省农民用肥将增长10%左右。(2)社会库存低。4、5月份在国家宏观调控下价格回落,农资经销商不敢大量进货,有不少经销商还退出了本季购销活动,各级社会库存很少。(3)成本推动是价格上升的主要因素。今年以来,物价指数出现较明显上升,其中“煤”、“运”、“电”、“气”是最主要的带动因素,也是...     

粮食作物对化肥的需求分析

根据相关文献资料,综述化肥在保障我国粮食安全中的作用与贡献,分析与预测实现2010年、2015年、2020年粮食总产目标所需新增化肥的数量。根据近5年来我国粮食生产中出现的问题,指出要保障我国粮食安全,除了继续发展化肥工业,增加化肥用量之外,国家应采取其他相应措施,包括稳定粮食作物的种植面积(至少应维持在11 000万hm2水平);调整粮食价格,保护农民种粮积极性;改善农田基本生产条件,推行节水灌溉技术,促进粮食均衡增产;适度提高粮食净进口份额等等。单纯依靠增加化肥的投入,实现国内粮食供需平衡,不仅代价太大(包括资源、环境和成本代价),市场和农民也不一定能够接受。     

发展中国家磷肥的发展对中小型硫酸装置的需求

农业是我国国民经济的重要组成部分。增产粮食在我国一直作为头等工作来抓。根据我国耕地面积和人口比例的特点,要求我国农业生产致力于单位面积的生产数量不断增长。化肥是农业增产的重要手段之一。建国以来,化肥产量的大幅度增长,为农业增产作出了一定的贡献。但是化肥品种和相互的比例,还存在不适应需要的情况,势必影     

2014年农药行业运行总体平稳 产量保持小幅增长

<正>从国家统计局各项数据来看,2014年我国农药行业运行总体平稳,农药产量保持小幅增长,由于国内种植面积下降、部分地区气候反常等原因,市场行情与2013年同期相比有所下降,国外由于气候等原因需求同样下降,进出口增幅降低。在全体企业的共同努力下,行业经济效益继续保持上升的趋势,但利润率有所下降。进出口贸易顺差继续增加,出口平均单价也比2013年有所提高。在行业效益有所提高的同时,保证了农业防治病虫草害的需要,对全国粮食丰收作出了积极的贡献。     

腐植酸物质能在化肥节流中作贡献

建国以来,国家十分重视化肥工业,化肥生产发展很快,为农业生产和国民经济作出了一定的贡献。1978年我国化肥产量居世界第三位,仅次于苏联和美国;1984年我国合成氨产量超过美国,跃居世界第二位,仅次于苏联。人口增长,需要粮食,化肥要跟上。我国人口统计“八五”期间将达到12亿,需要粮食9000亿斤,人均年粮食750斤,每年增长粮食160亿斤。这样迅速的粮食增长,如何使化肥同步增长?这是一个十分严竣的问题。我们的答复是既要开源,更要节流。开源就是兴建、改建化肥生产装置,提高化肥产量;节流就是提高化肥利用率,减少损     

2014年上半年中国农药行业运行情况

<正>从国家统计局各项数据来看,2014年上半年我国农药行业运行平稳,农药产量保持小幅增长。由于国内种植面积下降,国内市场需求同比有所下降,国外由于气候原因需求同样下降,进出口增幅同比下降。从效益情况来看,今年上半年农药行业效益较去年有所提高。我国农药行业充分保证了农业防治病虫草害的需要,并继续对全国粮食丰收作出了积极的贡献。     

“十二五”期间化肥行业运行简要回顾

通过分析"十二五"期间我国化肥行业生产、进出口、消费以及经济运行4方面,总结"十二五"期间化肥行业的总体运行情况:总量突破预期控制目标,产能过剩进一步加剧;出口增长,但出口收益连年下滑;自给率稳步上升,钾肥进口依存度下降;行业收入增长,利润下降,亏损面扩大。指出我国化肥行业规划管理中几个值得关注的问题。     

1986年上海化肥行业技术进展

化肥行业是一个支农的化学工业,其产品关系到国计民生,是粮食、棉花及其他经济作物增产丰收的重要保证。我国化肥行业面广厂多,水平差距很大,与国外差距更显著,这表明本行业技术进展的潜力很大。下面介绍本市化肥行业一年来技术进展的情况。一、概况 1986年上海市化肥行业各项指标完成情况如下:总产值比1985年上升5.3％;产量比前年上升1.3％;优质品率51.5％,比前年上     

我省化学肥料使用现状与前景

一、化肥与我省农业生产 1.化肥在我省农业增产上的作用 1955年我省农业化肥使用量达万吨,以后逐年均有较大幅度的增加,每五年的递增量为163～260％,同期农业种植面积80％左右的粮食年产量也递增112～127％(表一)。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。