Multi-objective performance optimization of a probabilistic similarity/dissimilarity-based broadcasting scheme for mobile ad hoc networks in disaster response scenarios

Communications among crewmembers in rescue teams and among victims are crucial to relieve the consequences and damages of a disaster situation. A common communication system for establishing real time communications between the elements (victims, crewmembers, people living in the vicinity of the disaster scenario, among others) involved in a disaster scenario is required. Ad hoc networks have been envisioned for years as a possible solution. They allow users to establish decentralized communications quickly and using common devices like mobile phones. Broadcasting is the main mechanism used to disseminate information in all-to-all fashion in ad hoc networks. The objective of this paper is to optimize a broadcasting scheme based on similarity/dissimilarity coefficient designed for disaster response scenarios through a multi-objective optimization problem in which several performance metrics such as reachability, number of retransmissions and delay are optimized simultaneously.     

Situation awareness and virtual globes: Applications for disaster management

This paper presents research on the use of virtual globes to support the development of disaster event situation awareness in humans via open source information analysis and visualization. The key technology used for this research is the Context Discovery Application (CDA), which is a geovisual analytic environment designed to integrate implicit geographic information with Google Earth™. A case study of humanitarian disaster management is used to demonstrate the unique abilities of the CDA and Google Earth^TM to support situation awareness. The paper provides some of the first empirical evidence on the utility of the virtual globes to support situation awareness for disaster management using implicit geographic information. The evidence presented was derived from evaluations by disaster management practitioners at the United Nations (UN) ReliefWeb project, an extremely relevant, yet difficult group to access for conducting academic disaster management research. Finally, ideas for future research on developing virtual globe applications to support situation awareness are described.     

Characterizing multi-event disaster resilience

This paper presents an approach for providing a quantitative measure of resilience in the presence of multiple related disaster events. It extends the concepts of the resilience triangle and predicted disaster resilience by considering the tradeoffs between multiple criteria for each individual sub-event, as well as for an entire multi-event situation. The focus of the research is on sudden-onset disasters, and on the initial impact of each sub-event as well as the amount of time available to work towards recovery of the system before the next sub-event occurs. A mathematical model is developed for the new resilience measure, along with an approach for graphically representing the relationships between the different criteria. An example is then provided of using the new approach to compare the relative resilience of different scenarios under a representative multi-event disaster situation. The results demonstrate that characterizing multi-event resilience analytically can ultimately provide a great depth of information and thus support better disaster planning and mitigation.     

大规模网络安全态势评估系统

在大规模网络安全事件应急响应过程中,一个网络安全态势评估系统可以起到很好的辅助决策作用。提出了一种计算网络安全危害指数的方法,并在这种方法基础上设计实现了一个大规模网络安全态势评估系统。该系统通过对网络安全事件的模拟重放,对网络安全状况进行评估,给出网络整体的安全危害指数,并提出针对安全事件的响应控制策略。系统运行结果表明,这种安全态势评估的方法针对大规模网络安全行为是有效的。     

Distributed collaborative situation-map making for disaster response

A situation map that shows the overview of a disaster situation serves as a valuable tool for disaster response teams. It helps them to orientate their location and to make disaster response decisions. It is, however, a complicated task to rapidly generate a complete and comprehensive situation map of a disaster area, particularly due to the centralized organization of disaster management and the limited emergency services. In this study, we propose to let the affected population be utilized as an additional resource that can actively help to make such a situation map.The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of constructing a shared situation map using a collaborative distributed mechanism. By examining earlier research, a detailed list of potential problems is identified in the collaborative map-making process. These problems were then addressed in an experiment which evaluated a number of proposed solutions. The results showed that more collaboration channels led to a situation map of better quality, and that including confidence information for objects and events in the map helped the discussion process during the map-making.     

P2P cloud network services for IoT based disaster situations information

In order to cope with disaster situations properly, it is very important to identify the disaster scale and provide the accurate information of the site to the appropriate authorities including disaster site and Central Disaster Management Center, on-site command post, etc. and share the information provided. In particular, sharing information on disaster situations should control the disaster quickly to prevent the disaster situation from lasting and expanding. However, in the event of a large-scale disaster, delay is caused in the existing commercial network and therefore, the disaster situation cannot be communicated quickly and accurately. In order to determine the situation exactly in the event of a disaster, safety and connectivity of the network and flow of data are very important. Even if the stability of the network and connection of nodes are resolved in the network of each agency business operator, it is necessary to share the platform between networks for IoT/M2M communication for the smooth flow of data. Recently, the disaster safety net of combining existing disaster standard technology with Ubiquitous Technology and Smart IT such as Tetra of Europe, iDEN of the U.S., etc. has been built for disaster safety communications. In addition, systems useful for demand-centered, site-centered immediate disaster response by using Mobile, SNS, cloud computing, etc. are being built and designed to play an important role in the disaster information system especially through IoT, P2P cloud network, big data, etc. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed the P2P cloud network service for IoT based disaster situations information according to the paradigm of the changing times. The proposed service is to combine IoT/M2M network with P2P cloud service for rapid and smooth response in the event of a disaster and provide the results as social services such as SNS. To this end, the wide area wireless disaster information network system has been built in the local and each local network is connected to each other to provide disaster situations by using the server of the disaster area. At this time, each server was to be interconnected via P2P network and to be connected automatically by software-based network in P2P Cloud System. Also, the cognitive cycle was applied for selecting optimal wireless link and router of P2P Cloud-based Disaster Information Network and the danger situations of the disaster area were to be provided to the user by configuring disaster information component for providing services and building central disaster information platform managing it.     

Using SDI and web-based system to facilitate disaster management

Spatial data and related technologies have proven to be crucial for effective collaborative decision-making in disaster management. However, there are currently substantial problems with availability, access and usage of reliable, up-to-date and accurate data for disaster management. This is a very important aspect to disaster response as timely, up-to-date and accurate spatial data describing the current situation is paramount to successfully responding to an emergency. This includes information about available resources, access to roads and damaged areas, required resources and required disaster response operations that should be available and accessible for use in a short period of time. Any problem or delay in data collection, access, usage and dissemination has negative impacts on the quality of decision-making and hence the quality of disaster response. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize appropriate frameworks and technologies to resolve current spatial data problems for disaster management.This paper aims to address the role of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) as a framework for the development of a web-based system as a tool for facilitating disaster management by resolving current problems with spatial data. It is argued that the design and implementation of an SDI model and consideration of SDI development factors and issues, together with development of a web-based GIS, can assist disaster management agencies to improve the quality of their decision-making and increase efficiency and effectiveness in all levels of disaster management activities.The paper is based on an ongoing research project on the development of an SDI conceptual model and a prototype web-based system which can facilitate sharing, access and usage of spatial data in disaster management, particularly disaster response.     

Social Roles and Consequences in Using Social Media in Disasters: a Structurational Perspective

Disaster management officials, as well as the general public, are increasingly using social media to communicate. Such usage has resulted in new and emergent social consequences for disaster management and has reformed the roles of its relevant stakeholders. However, the existing literature on social media use in disasters is still preliminary and incomplete, and does not capture the change in social roles that stakeholders have taken and the consequences of the actions that people take in using social media. In this paper, by using Structuration theory as a meta-theory and by analysing the posts and comments in three officials’ Facebook fan pages in three different disasters, we theorize the social structures (i.e., social roles and social consequences) and the human actions taken by both the public and the disaster management officials during disasters. Furthermore, we explain how the social structures emerge out of the human actions involved, and how the social structures further shape those actions. Our research provides theoretical and practical insights into how the usage of social media in disasters benefits disaster management and reinforces the roles of the different stakeholders.     

基于 Sentinel-1 与 Landsat8 的巢湖地区洪水淹没灾害分析

为及时准确得到阴雨天气下的洪水淹没区域及受灾情况,以巢湖流域作为研究区域,选择灾前、灾后的 Sentinel-1 影像作为数据源,基于 SDWI 指数及直方图双峰法提取水体信息,结合 Landsat 8 数据对山体阴影进行去除,快速提取洪水淹没范围,分析洪涝灾害前后时空变化特征,并结合 Landsat 8 数据获取的土地利用类型分类图,对受灾地区进行灾情评估。结果表明：2020 年 6—9 月巢湖流域重灾区域集中于巢湖西部、东部、北部,耕地、居民地受灾程度严重;利用多时相 Sentinel-1 影像快速提取洪涝受灾情况,可为国家减灾备灾、应急救灾、恢复重建工作提供有力的数据支撑。     

August 2003: Reflections on a French Summer Disaster

The heat wave of August 2003 caused a hecatomb in France. Its extent and consequences (INVS 2003) require analysis in order to understand why such a situation occurred and how to avoid that the same medical disaster will be caused in the future by identical climatic conditions. This natural disaster had no known precedent in France. The heatwave lasted for three weeks in August 2003 and led to 14800 deaths. However, the human toll of this catastrophe cannot be explained solely by the violence of the attack. Any analysis of this dramatic crisis, as for any public health threat, should take into account the agent involved, the population concerned, the specific relation between the agent and the target, and, based upon this, the crisis management needed. The analysis presented in this article, following the described line, shows that the crisis management was far from optimal. Learning from this situation should allow us to do better, next time such a climatic catastrophe occurs. A key factor is promoting adequate citizen response.     

Avian influenza – Is the world on the verge of a pandemic? … and can it be stopped?

With more than 100 million birds either dead from infection or culled, the present outbreak of avian influenza in Asia is unprecedented in size. The virus is capable of transmitting to man, causing lethal infections, but as yet the virus does not easily transmit from human to human. However, there is a substantial risk of either re‐assortment of virus (combination of avian and human influenza), or adaptation of the influenza virus to humans. If this happens we may be on the verge of a new influenza pandemic with grave consequences both for human health and the world economy. The present situation stresses the importance of good surveillance and updated pandemic plans in all countries.     

平战不确定需求下社会应急资源供应商布局

针对“平战”2种状态以及需求不确定条件下的供应商选址问题,提出社会应急资源供应商布局策略。建立“平”时供应商选址随机混合整数规划模型,运用期望值方法和随机模拟方法处理不确定性需求,并基于“平”时的优化模型,建立“战”时供应商选址整数规划模型。仿真结果表明,该策略能有效协调优化“平战”2种状态下的供应商布局。     

Contribution of remote sensing to disaster management activities: A case study of the large fires in the Peloponnese,Greece

Natural disasters such as floods, wildfires, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions usually result in significant human losses and environmental degradation. To minimize the consequences of these catastrophic events, fire managers and national authorities are in need of accurate information regarding the geographic extent of the affected areas, both during the outbreak and shortly after the suppression of the fire event.

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether analysis of Earth Observation (EO) data acquired through the International Charter ‘Space and Major Disasters’ can be successfully used to address the requirements of environmental disaster management. Specifically, operational information extracted through reliable and robust object‐based classification models was provided on the extent of the total burned area and the environmental implications in the Peloponnese (southern Greece) following a request from the National Forest Service and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Hellas.

The results not only revealed the size of the disaster but also indicated the potential operational use of remote sensing in order to provide immediate and precise information to local, national and international organizations in relation to the post‐fire impact assessment.     

基于高密度人群的人流行为分析

对人流分析的宏观模型、微观模型和社会力模型在某些方面都可起到模拟人群流动的作用,可在建筑设计、安全防范、灾难预警、危机处置等方面起到很好的理论指导作用。文章以实际情况中人群密度非常高情况下产生的严重后果事件为前提,在元胞自动机模型基础上,提出了一种基于高磐度人流行为的模型,该方法可更好地模拟高密度人流的现实情况。     

Assessing eco-scarcity as a cause of the outbreak of conflict in Darfur: a remote sensing approach

The conflict in Darfur, Western Sudan, is frequently represented in the media as a dispute over access to resources by competing communities. Environmental degradation is often cited as either a causal or a contributory factor to the outbreak of the conflict and its prolongation. In this paper, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data are used as a measure of ‘eco-scarcity’ to assess the notion that the outbreak of conflict was the result of competition for resources between communities. It is shown that there is no evidence in the vegetation mapping for a worsening of the ecological situation in Western and Northern Darfur states around the outbreak of the conflict. On the contrary, the years prior to the outbreak of the conflict experienced better than average vegetation growth in the context of the past 25 years.     

智慧水利在四川洪水预报和防洪调度中的应用

随着水利部大力推进智慧水利建设,智慧水利已成为全国水利行业发展的必然方向。为探索智慧水利在洪水预报和防洪调度中的应用成效,简要说明四川省水旱灾害防御形势和预报调度技术发展现状,以四川省智慧水利建设为切入点,系统介绍水旱灾害防御智慧水利总框架,从感知层、支撑层、应用层对四川省洪水预报和防洪调度工作中的水文要素感知,信息存储传输,值班管理,实时水雨情监测,防汛形势分析,预报调度,水文应急分析,水情服务等关键环节进行详细阐述。以智慧水利在四川省 2020 年流域性特大暴雨洪水过程为例,通过分析洪水作业预报精度和流域水库群调度削峰滞洪成效,以及对比近年来防汛减灾经济效益增长情况等方式,说明智慧水利建设能够大幅提升水文监测自动化、预警预报实时化、预报调度一体化、分析评价智能化水平,带来更大的防汛减灾效益。     

Dissonance between multiple alerting systems.II. avoidance and mitigation

For pt.I. see ibid., p. 366-75. The potential for conflicting information to be transmitted by different automated alerting systems is growing as these systems become more pervasive in process operations. Newly introduced alerting systems must be carefully designed to minimize the potential for and impact of alerting conflicts. A model of alert dissonance, developed in a companion paper (Part I), provides both a theoretical foundation for understanding conflicts and a practical basis from which specific problems can be addressed. Alerting systems are hybrid processes, involving continuous process dynamics and discrete alert level changes in state space. This paper presents a hybrid model to facilitate analysis of dissonance. Using backward reachability analysis, regions of dangerous dissonance space are identified. Then, modifications can be made to the control strategy of the process or to the alerting thresholds to avoid dangerous consequences of dissonance. An example problem is presented to demonstrate the application of the hybrid model to identify dangerous dissonance space and to identify proper actions to avoid dangerous consequences of dissonance.     

利用机器学习方法对灾难生命支持课程NDLS培训效果进行分析预测#br#

2019年底新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)肺炎疫情爆发,疫情使人们更加认识到应急救援队伍建设和相关人才培养的重要性。本文以2018—2019年间参加灾难生命支持课程(National Disaster Life Support, NDLS)培训的学员数据为研究对象,利用非监督和监督2种机器学习方法相结合的方式,分析NDLS培训效果的影响因素,帮助培训组织对学员的培训效果进行有效预判,从而提前干预,提高培训质量。首先运用Apriori算法找出若干个对培训效果影响较大的因素,然后用决策树模型对培训效果进行预测,并利用决策树分析的结果验证关联分析的结论。以置信度、支持度及提升度等参数作为Apriori关联规则的评价指标。用十折交叉验证作为决策树预测模型评估的方法。结果显示模型效果良好,其结果可以帮助培训组织对学员的学习效果进行有效预判、监控并保证培训质量。     

一个低成本的简单灾备方案

通过实践,结合实际情况,利用容灾技术和虚拟技术,设计出一套功能完备、价格低廉的简单灾备方案,实现在低成本的前提下,数据的备份和恢复,有效保证数据的安全。     

三峡库区巴东段地质灾害因子关联规则挖掘

选择地质灾害较为发育的巴东县为研究区,并以该区灾害点为数据样本,利用GIS将灾害点与地层岩性、高程、坡度、坡向、水系组合、遥感影像土地利用分类结果等6个影响因子进行叠加分析,选取灾害点的灾害类型、灾害规模、灾害体的物质类型、高程差、水系岸别等5个属性与叠加分析结果利用Apriori算法进行关联规则挖掘,最后挖掘出灾害规模与水系组合间关系等单因素间关联以及不同灾害属性与各因子间的关系等多因素间关联。通过与前人的相关研究成果对比分析,证明得出的规则具有合理性并符合实际情况,可为地质灾害分析决策提供先验知识。