A fuzzy control scheme for video transmission in Bluetooth wireless

This paper is concerned with transmission of Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) video over a Bluetooth wireless network using a fuzzy approach. MPEG Variable Bit Rate (VBR) video sources suffer from long delay and excessive loss due to the sudden bursts in bit rate. Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding scheme may work well for a network with a guaranteed bandwidth. However, a Bluetooth channel is subject to wireless interference and can never guarantee a constant bandwidth. Subsequently, it is impossible to transmit a CBR video over Bluetooth wireless without data loss or image quality degradation. To resolve this problem, a fuzzy control system is introduced at the Host Controller Interface (HCI). The system consists of a traffic-shaping buffer whose role is to prevent excessive back-to-back cells being generated during the peak transmissions of MPEG video sources. The output bit rate of the traffic-shaping buffer is controlled by a fuzzy controller to ensure that the video stream from the host conforms to the traffic condition of the Bluetooth channel. Another fuzzy controller regulates the average arrival bit rate to the traffic-shaper to guarantee that the buffer is neither full nor empty. Computer simulation results demonstrate that the use of the fuzzy controllers reduces excessive data loss at the HCI as compared with an open loop VBR/CBR video transmission in Bluetooth.     

An adaptive control for video transmission over bluetooth

This paper is concerned with transmission of a moving picture expert group (MPEG) video stream over a Bluetooth channel, using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy technique. MPEG variable bit rate (VBR) video sources over a network generally experience long delay and unacceptable data loss, due to high variations in bit rate. Furthermore, transmission rate could be unpredictable in a Bluetooth network due to interferences by other wireless devices or general Bluetooth channel noises. Subsequently, it is almost impossible to transmit VBR data sources over Bluetooth without excessive delay or data loss. In this work, an adaptive scheme is introduced so that the controller may adjust itself to the current state of the system under control. This paper utilizes a traffic-shaping buffer to prevent excessive back-to-back transmissions of MPEG VBR data sources. A novel adaptive neuro-fuzzy scheme regulates the output rate of the buffer to ensure that the video stream from the host conforms to the traffic conditions of the Bluetooth channel during the transmission period. The computer simulation results show that the use of the neuro-fuzzy controller reduces excessive delay and data loss at the host-controller-interface, as compared with a conventional VBR video transmission and a rule-based fuzzy controller (RBF1) in Bluetooth.     

Two neuro-fuzzy control schemes for a traffic-regulating buffer in wireless technology

Bluetooth wireless operates in 2.4-GHz Industrial Scientific and Medicine (ISM) frequency, which may interfere with other devices functioning within the same frequency band, such as WiFi. Furthermore, Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) variable bit rate (VBR) video demands larger and more stable bandwidth and may cause data loss and time delay as a result of the high variation in bit rate in Bluetooth channels with limited bandwidth. To address these issues, two new neuro-fuzzy schemes are developed to control the input and output of a buffer referred to here as the traffic-regulating buffer. Regarding the input of this buffer, a rule-based fuzzy scheme is introduced and supervised by a neural network technique as a master controller to monitor the arrival rate to the buffer. The output of the traffic-regulating buffer is observed by another rule-based fuzzy scheme and is supervised by a second neural network to monitor the departure rate. Computer simulation results demonstrate that the two proposed neuro-fuzzy models reduce standard deviation and excessive data loss, and they also show an improved picture quality as compared with conventional MPEG VBR video over a Bluetooth channel.     

Application of neural-fuzzy controller for streaming video over Bluetooth 1.2

This paper is to introduce an application of Computational Intelligence (CI) to Moving Picture Expert Group-4 (MPEG-4) video compression over IEEE.802.15.1 wireless communication, known as Bluetooth 1.2, in order to improve picture quality. The 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical frequency band is used for the IEEE.802.15.1 standard. IEEE.802.15.1 can be affected by noise and interference due to other neighboring wireless devices sharing the same frequency carrier. The noise and interference create difficulties in ascertaining an accurate real-time transmission rate at the receiving end. Furthermore, the MPEG-4 codec is an object-oriented compression system and demands a high bandwidth. It is therefore difficult to avoid excessive delay, image quality degradation and/or data loss during MPEG-4 video transmission over standard systems. A new buffer entitled ‘buffer added’ has been introduced at the input of the Bluetooth 1.2 device. This buffer is controlled by a Rule-Based Fuzzy (RBF) logic controller at the input and a neural-fuzzy controller (NFC) at the output. The two new fuzzy rules manipulate and supervise the flow of video over the Bluetooth 1.2 standard. The computer simulation results illustrate the comparison between a non-CI video transmission over Bluetooth 1.2 and the proposed design, confirming that the applications of RBF and NFC do improve the image quality, reduce data loss and reduce time delay.     

基于模糊控制的ATM网络VBR视频传输平滑策略

VBR视频传输的突发性是影响ATM网络服务质量的关键因素,文中通过模糊控制方法对视频传输流量的阈值进行监控,实现了接入的平滑并可动态调整传输速度。文中以传输流量及这发级作为评价指标进行分析,结果表明VBR视频传输自适应平滑策略的实效性。     

An Integrated Framework for Efficient Transport of Real-Time MPEG Video over ATM Best Effort Service

This paper describes a framework for the transport of real-time multimedia traffic generated by MPEG-2 applications over ATM networks using an enhanced UBR best effort service (UBR+). Based on the factors affecting the picture quality during transmission, we propose an efficient and cost-effective ATM best effort delivery service. The proposed framework integrates three major components: 1) a dynamic frame-level priority assignment mechanism based on MPEG data structure and feedback from the network (DexPAS), 2) a novel audio-visual AAL5 SSCS with FEC (AV-SSCS), and 3) an intelligent packet video discard scheme named FEC-PSD, which adaptively and selectively adjusts cell drop levels to switch buffer occupancy, video cell payload type and forward error correction capability of the destination. The overall best-effort video delivery framework is evaluated using ATM network simulation and MPEG2 video traces. The ultimate goal of this framework is twofold: First, minimizing loss of critical video data with bounded end-to-end delay for arriving cells and second, reducing the bad throughput crossing the network during congestion. Compared to previous approaches, performance evaluation shows a good protection of Predictive coded (P-) and Bi-directional Predictive coded (B-) frames at the MPEG video slice layer.     

MPEG-2实时解码中的输入缓冲器控制

分析了ＭＰＥＧ２ 的时序模型,研究了理想解码器的输入缓冲器工作过程以及实际实时解码器解码开始的时刻、解码非瞬时、码流非平稳等因素对输入缓冲器的影响,指出实际解码器的输入缓冲器必须增大。在输入缓冲器容量受限制的情况下,给出了输入缓冲器控制策略。该策略已经成功地应用于作者研制的高清晰度电视功能样机中。     

Hardware implementation of dynamic fuzzy logic based routing in Network-on-Chip

This paper presents the hardware implementation of a generic fuzzy logic-based adaptive routing scheme for both buffered and bufferless Networks-on-Chip (NoC). The routing scheme considers the dynamic traffic load and power consumption on neighboring router links to select the output port of an incoming flit. Specifically, fuzzy logic control is used to build a simple, generic, and efficient nonlinear control law that dynamically calculates the input link cost. Basing the link cost on traffic load and power consumption and not on empty buffer slots, makes the proposed algorithm applicable to both buffered and bufferless NoCs. Hardware implementation in ASIC and FPGA technologies demonstrate that the hardware area overhead imposed by the fuzzy control logic is from minimal to negligible for practical flit sizes and scales excellently with network size. Furthermore, since the fuzzy control logic is not in the router critical path, it imposes no additional latency. Finally, we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed routing scheme through simulative evaluation against representative conventional counterparts.     

视频缓冲器的自适应控制

视频缓冲器是可变输出位率编码器和恒定速率信道之间的接口设备，它的设计是多媒体通信领域重要的研究课题，本文提出一种自适应缓冲器控制方法，这种方法在确定量化参数过程中，不仅要参考缓冲器的占空度，而且还要考虑图象序列和编码器的统计特性，利用这种方法调节器输出位率，可以有效地避免缓冲器上溢和下溢，并且保证图象质量的渐进过渡。     

一种基于抖动约束的整形算法

通过分析传统的通信量整形算法中由数据缓冲引入的延迟抖动问题,提出了一种基于抖动约束的通信量整形算法.在整形过程中,延迟是由数据缓冲的充满程度和令牌输出速率决定的.通过在线检测数据缓冲的充满程度和令牌的输出速率,计算出数据包的延迟和延迟抖动,然后根据延迟抖动约束动态调整整形器的参数,使数据分组在整形过程中经历的延迟抖动保持在约束范围之内.实验结果表明,该算法不仅可以平滑突发数据流,而且可以有效地降低由数据缓冲造成的延迟抖动.     

Predictive buffer control in delivering remotely stored video using proxy servers

We study the problem of using proxy servers to stream video stored at a geographically separate location. The separation of the server and the storage introduces a non-negligible delay in retrieving video frames in real time. We assume an additive-increase/multiplicative-decrease transport protocol to support the streaming process and develop an effective scheme to achieve consistent, high streaming quality. The heart of the scheme is the control of buffer occupancy at the proxy server. We model the buffer as a bilinear dynamical system disturbed by a point process with stochastic state-dependent intensity. We first develop a buffer controller that does not exploit this model. Then, using the buffer model, we construct a second controller based on an optimal-control analysis for the case without retrieval delay. Extending these two controllers, we subsequently synthesize two controllers based on prediction of future system states using the model, taking into account both the delay and the state-dependent disturbance intensity. Our empirical study illustrates the effectiveness of the streaming scheme. We further find that the controllers exploiting the buffer model demonstrate performance significantly superior to that of the model-free controller in overcoming the adverse impact of the retrieval delay. We also conduct limited experiments to study the impact of variable retrieval delays.     

一种提高SPICE虚拟视频性能的反馈丢帧策略

针对SPICE（SimpleProtocolforIndependentComputingEnvironment）远程桌面视频播放质量问题,文中在原有架构基础上提出一种反馈比较丢帧的策略。该方案首先根据实际网络带宽和SPICE客户端缓冲区占有率之间取舍得到一个最优速率,然后将其反馈至SPICE服务器端,SPICE服务器端根据缓冲区中的数据占有率与反馈值做比值,并根据比较结果采用缓冲区管理方案适当地丢弃视频帧。实验通过在有无权衡因子和缓冲区管理两个方面对视频的传输过程进行验证,结果表明该方案有效地减少了视频延迟,提高了视频流畅度。     

多媒体播放中的动态双门限自适应调整算法

针对无线网络存在的自相似特性会影响视频流的播放质量问题,提出了基于滑动窗口的接收端播放缓存调整算法,根据网络流量的变化,动态地调整双门限,并利用播放缓存的占用率来控制视频流的播放速度,平滑时延抖动.仿真实验证明,无论网络流量处于平稳状态还是处于突发状态,本文设计的算法都能够较好地保证视频流的连续播放,提高视频流的播放质量,为用户提供良好的视觉效果.     

Joint rate control for VBR MPEG video on PVC ATM links

A joint rate control algorithm for variable bit rate (VBR) MPEG-compressed digital video on point-to-point permanent virtual circuit (PVC) ATM links is proposed. The algorithm controls the encoding mode of a number of video encoders that operate either on VBR or constant bit rate (CBR) mode. The algorithm selects the encoding mode based on the buffer occupancy of a multiplexer co-located with the encoders that interfaces them to the PVC link. VBR encoding is the predominant encoding mode used during congestion-free periods. CBR mode is used only during congested periods. When CBR is selected, new bit rates are jointly assigned to the encoders based on their relative encoding complexities. The bit rate assigned to the encoders are enforced by a CBR rate control local to each encoder. The performance of the joint rate control algorithm is evaluated through simulation of a packet multiplexer, where a number of connections are multiplexed onto a fixed-capacity channel. The performance is compared to that of multiplexing conventional CBR and open-loop VBR from the video quality and bandwidth efficiency points of view. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves performance over multiplexed conventional CBR or open-loop VBR MPEG video, without significantly increasing implementation complexity. The application of the algorithm to video-on-demand over ATM is discussed.     

MPEG VBR video traffic modeling and classification using fuzzytechnique

We present an approach for MPEG variable bit rate (VBR) video modeling and classification using fuzzy techniques. We demonstrate that a type-2 fuzzy membership function, i.e., a Gaussian MF with uncertain variance, is most appropriate to model the log-value of I/P/B frame sizes in MPEG VBR video. The fuzzy c-means (FCM) method is used to obtain the mean and standard deviation (std) of T/P/B frame sizes when the frame category is unknown. We propose to use type-2 fuzzy logic classifiers (FLCs) to classify video traffic using compressed data. Five fuzzy classifiers and a Bayesian classifier are designed for video traffic classification, and the fuzzy classifiers are compared against the Bayesian classifier. Simulation results show that a type-2 fuzzy classifier in which the input is modeled as a type-2 fuzzy set and antecedent membership functions are modeled as type-2 fuzzy sets performs the best of the five classifiers when the testing video product is not included in the training products and a steepest descent algorithm is used to tune its parameters     

基于CPLD芯片的视频图像码率控制方法研究

针对小波视频码率控制方法缓冲器容量有限,存在控制精准误差大的问题,提出了基于CPLD芯片的视频图像码率控制方法研究。依据基于CPLD芯片的视频图像码率控制框图可知,该码率控制方法是由CPLD芯片视频图像灰度增强、编码码率控制、视频质量控制与主动跳帧控制四个模块组成的。运用Philips公司的9位视频输入处理器sAA7113芯片解码视频,输出达到ITU656标准的YUV 4：2：2格式的数字视频信号。统一视频信号格式,利用灰度的线性变换的方式增强图像灰度,借助Verilog HDL描述CPLD执行算法。依据固定编码比特率和固定图像质量之间关系,获取编码特性,并计算缓冲区和编码帧目标比特数,依据当前渲染到纹理值,统计报文丢失率,由此实现视频图像编码码率控制。为了扩充缓冲器容量,对视频质量和主动跳帧进行控制,使缓存满度的减小不会导致控制器无法精准调节后续帧量化参数。由实验结果可知,该方法最小控制误差为0.07,能够有效提高视频质量。     

面向RCBR网络的变比特率MPEG视频流的自适应预测

变比特率视频业务是将来多媒体业务的主要组成部分，为保证高质量，实时传输的需要，准确把握视频特征，结合网络传输机制为多媒体通信提供更好的服务质量（QoS)是目前亟待解决的问题之一，该文针对面向RCBR（Renegotiated Constant Bit Rate)网络的变比特率MPEG视频提出了基于编码结构的自适应预测算法，它充分利用了视频流的周期相关性，能准确快速，无延迟地对视频帧的码率进行预测，通过网络动态地为视频分配合适的带宽，不仅能达到高质量，低延迟抖动的视频服务，并且提高了网络的利用率，与分配固定带宽的网络相比，其网络缓冲的排除性能和网络的利用率有明显提高。     

ATM网络中全动态视频源的二次建模

通过对ATM网络视频业务传输性能及其建模分析,针对高运动性（即全动态）视频源的建模,给出基于块的MPEG运动估计算法,提出一种非线性模型。基于自回归在GOP层对MPEG视频流进行二次建模。仿真表明,该文提出的NAR模型能准确预测具有适度运动性的实际MPEG流,对具有高运动性的流在不同的负荷和缓冲器的条件下提供可接受的预测。     

Performance analysis of adaptive buffer management mechanism using autoregressive based MPEG-4 encoded video traffic model

The burstiness of video traffic in future wired and wireless networks makes dynamic management of network resources more critical. This helps to meet stringent delay and loss requirements of video traffic and improves its Quality of Service (QoS). Since buffer management in queueing system plays an important role towards effective control of QoS for various types of applications, we have focused on its dynamic management. In this paper, we have proposed ADPBS scheme for priority queueing system. The performance of this scheme is analyzed with MPEG-4 encoded video sequence as input to the ADPBS queue. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB for various combinations of threshold control parameters, different traffic load and input traffic mix variations. The results of simulations indicate that dynamically controlled threshold in ADPBS contributes to significant reduction of packet loss of different priority classes as compared with static partial buffer sharing queue and first in first out queue based on threshold control parameters and the traffic type.     

Fuzzy adaptive predictive flow control of ATM network traffic

In order to exploit the nonlinear time-varying property of network traffic, the traffic flow from controlled sources is described by a fuzzy autoregressive moving-average model with auxiliary input (fuzzy ARMAX process), with the traffic flow from uncontrolled sources (i.e., cross traffic) being described as external disturbances. In order to overcome the difficulty of the transmission delay in the design of congestion control, the fuzzy traffic model is translated to an equivalent fuzzy predictive traffic model. A fuzzy adaptive flow control scheme is proposed to avoid congestion at high utilization while maintaining good quality of service. By use of fuzzy adaptive prediction technique, the difficulties in congestion control design due to nonlinearity, time-varying characteristics, and large propagation delay can be overcome by the proposed adaptive traffic control method. A comparative evaluation is also given to show the superiority of the proposed method.