焊后热处理对奥氏体／珠光体钢接头熔合区断裂形态的影响

利用扫描电镜对比观察了不同碳含量母材的奥氏体（Ａ）／珠光体（Ｐ）异种钢焊接接头熔使区在焊态和焊后热处理后的断口形态与对应的金相组织。发现焊态接头熔合区的断裂形态由滑移变形、浅纫窝和准解理小面组成，崦焊后的热处理接头熔合区的断裂形态为碳化物带＋放射状解理混合花样。在溶合区两侧可看到明显的边界线和脆－韧转变特征，初步讨论了熔合区粘口的形成机理和焊后热处理对它的影响。     

奥氏体与非奥氏体钢焊接接头的氢分布

本文对拘束条件下的奥氏体与非奥氏体钢焊接接头熔合区氢浓度进行了测定。并建立变应变接头模型,对异种钢接头氢分布进行了有限元计算。结果表明:在熔合区,焊后氢浓度逐渐增加,当t=6000秒时出现极大值。最大氢浓度大小依次为:1Cr13熔合区,16Mn熔合区,1Crl8Ni9Ti熔合区。此结果与裂纹试验结果相吻合。这对防止电站设备中大量异种钢焊件的氢裂事故具有指导作用,而且为进一步研究焊接接头局部氢浓度与氢脆的关系、建立新的氢裂判据奠定了基础。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系,测得疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率da/dN,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区,裂纹在铁素体材料侧,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线5～25μm扩展,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为：da/dN=7.07×10-13(△K)3.863。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体／铁素体异种钢接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体 /铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系 ,测得疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率 da/ d N,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明 ,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径 ,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区 ,裂纹在铁素体材料侧 ,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线 5～ 2 5 μm扩展 ,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力 ,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为 :da/ d N=7.0 7× 10 - 1 3(△ K ) 3.86 3     

碳迁移对镍基和奥氏体焊条焊接的Cr5Mo异种钢焊接接头蠕变破断寿命的影响

基于节约费用和施工方便的考虑，工程应用中常采用异种钢焊接。Cr5Mo异种钢焊接接头广泛应用于炼油、石油化工等过程工业中的高温环境。针对镍基和奥氏体焊条焊接的Cr5Mo异种钢焊接接头，通过时效处理和蠕变持久实验，研究了碳迁移对蠕变破断强度与时间的影响。研究表明，奥氏体焊条焊接的Cr5Mo异种钢焊接接头由于碳迁移蠕变破断强度下降，破断寿命减少，约为镍基焊条焊接的Cr5Mo异种钢焊接接头蠕变破断寿命的50％。     

高温锅炉管T22/TP347H异种钢焊接接头早期失效原因

采用化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验和硬度测试等方法，分析了T22/TP347H异种钢焊接接头早期失效的原因。结果表明：在T22钢侧熔合区发现了氧化缺口；T22钢与焊缝的边界附近存在元素浓度梯度，产生了马氏体脆化层。建议选用合金元素含量更高的焊材或者镍基焊材，避免早期失效的发生。     

不同强度级别双相不锈钢激光焊接头的组织与力学性能

目的 为了合理制定不同强度等级DP钢同种和异种接头的激光焊接工艺,研究激光焊接工艺对接头组织性能的影响。方法 采用SEM、硬度试验、拉伸试验等手段,研究不同强度等级DP钢同种和异种激光焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能。结果 对于同种DP钢激光焊接,由于接头各个区域经历的热循环不同,因此其马氏体体积分数和形态、含碳量等存在明显差异。在焊缝熔合区,由于冷却速度较高,因此马氏体体积分数较高且为细条状,硬度高于母材硬度。在热影响区,由于马氏体发生了回火分解,因此其硬度值低于母材硬度,且软化的程度和范围大小与DP钢的强度级别相关。软化的热影响区成为接头的薄弱区域,降低了接头的拉伸性能。在异种DP钢激光焊接接头中,焊缝熔合区的硬度也明显高于母材硬度。靠近高强度级别母材侧的热影响区范围更大,软化程度更明显,接头硬度分布不再对称。接头的抗拉强度与低等级DP钢母材的抗拉强度基本一致。结论 激光焊接工艺对不同强度等级DP钢同种和异种接头组织性能的影响存在较大的差异,DP钢强度级别越高,接头或接头对应侧的热影响区软化程度越明显,这在制定焊接工艺以及焊后处理工艺过程中需要予以考虑。     

异种金属焊接研究现状及发展趋势

随着新材料、新设备、新工艺的应用日益广泛,异种金属焊接在工程应用中显得越来越重要.从焊接工艺、组织特征、力学性能、稀释和碳迁移、应力/应变状态、腐蚀性能及焊后热处理等方面对国内外在异种金属焊接方面的研究成果进行了综述,得出异种金属焊接接头各区域的组织和性能极其不均匀、熔合区为最薄弱环节的结论.指出异种金属焊接今后的研究重心将偏向新焊材的研制、接头抗腐蚀性能的提高、轻合金异种材料的焊接等领域.     

TP347HFG/12Cr1MoVG异种钢焊接接头开裂原因

某大型电站锅炉屏式过热器TP347HFG/12Cr1MoVG异种钢钨极气体保护全氩弧焊接接头服役1.5×10⁴ h后频繁发生开裂泄漏。利用宏观观察、金相检验、扫描电镜分析及力学性能测试等方法对该过热器TP347HFG/12Cr1MoVG异种钢接头进行开裂原因分析。结果表明：异种钢接头焊接工艺不当,导致了12Cr1MoVG侧熔合线镍基填充金属与母材未有效熔合,使TP347HFG/12Cr1MoVG异种钢接头发生早期开裂失效。     

ER50-6焊丝激光焊接Q345B/304异种钢接头组织与性能

目的 研究异种钢激光填丝焊接工艺对焊接组织与性能的影响规律,以降低Q345B/304异种钢激光焊接的成本,扩大异种钢激光焊接的应用范围,使其能够满足使用要求,实现Q345B/304异种钢激光焊接低成本的产业化应用。方法 采用便宜的ER50-6碳钢焊丝代替价格高昂的ER308L不锈钢焊丝以及不锈钢药芯焊丝对Q345B/304异种钢进行激光焊接,主要采用填丝ER50-6焊丝对5 mm厚的Q345B/304异种钢板进行激光焊接,再结合焊缝区、熔合区及热影响区的纳观-微观-宏观多尺度表征和测试结果,研究不同工艺参数下焊接接头的组织与结构,同时结合焊接工艺参数和多尺度的表征结果,研究焊接接头硬度、焊缝中元素分布、物相特征、力学性能的变化规律。结果 当激光功率为4.5 kW、焊接速度为6 mm/s、焊丝直径为1.2 mm、装配间隙为1 mm、送丝速度为2.5 m/min时,焊缝成形最好,且在焊缝中没有出现大量的M23C6和σ等有害相,焊接接头的力学性能等也完全满足使用要求。结论 采用ER50-6焊丝对Q345B/304异种钢进行激光焊接,能够得到完全符合质量要求的焊接接头,且降低了焊接成本。     

Formation and evolution of layered structure in dissimilar welded joints between ferritic-martensitic steel and 316L stainless steel with fillers

Dissimilar high-energy beam (HEB) welding is necessary in many industrial applications. Different composition of heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM) lead to variation in mechanical properties within the dissimilar joint, which determines the performance of the welded structure. In the present study, appropriate filler material was used during electron beam welding (EBW) to obtain a reliable dissimilar joint between reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel and 316 L austenitic stainless steel. It was observed that the layered structure occurred in the weld metal with 310S filler (310S-WM), which had the inferior resistance to thermal disturbance, leading to severe hardening of 310S-WM after one-step tempering treatment. To further ameliorate the joint inhomogeneity, two-step heat treatment processes were imposed to the joints and optimized. δ-ferrite in the layered structure transformed into γ-phase in the first-step normalizing and remained stable during cooling. In the second-step of tempering, tempered martensite was obtained in the HAZ of the RAFM steel, while the microstructure of 310S-WM was not affected. Thus, the optimized properties for HAZ and 310S-WM in dissimilar welded joint was both obtained by a two-step heat treatment. The creep failure position of two dissimilar joints both occurred in CLAM-BM.     

Similar and dissimilar RSW of low carbon and austenitic stainless steels: effect of weld microstructure and hardness profile on failure mode

Abstract

In this paper, the failure behaviour of similar and dissimilar resistance spot welded joints of low carbon and austenitic stainless steel sheets was studied under tensile shear test with attention focused on the failure mode. Results showed that the microstructure of the fusion zone and the hardness distribution across the weld have a profound effect on the failure behaviour. Similar spot welds of stainless steel sheets exhibit the highest tendency to fail in interfacial failure mode, compared to low carbon steel similar spot welds and dissimilar low carbon and stainless steel spot welds. This behaviour is explained by the consideration of pullout failure location and hardness profile characteristics of each joint. It was shown that the failure mode transition is controlled by the hardness ratio of the fusion zone and the pullout failure location. In the case of dissimilar resistance spot welding, the hardness of the fusion zone which is governed by the dilution between two base metals, and the fusion zone size of the low carbon steel side are the dominant factors determining the failure mode of the joint.     

Low-cycle fatigue behaviors of a new type of 10% Cr martensitic steel and welded joint with Ni-based weld metal

In the present work, Ni-based filler metal was used to weld a new type of 10% Cr martensitic steel. Due to the microstructure and chemical composition difference between martensitic steel and the Ni-based weld metal, a clear interface existed in the dissimilar welded joint. At the region of the interface, the microstructure was physically connected and an element transition layer was formed. Low-cycle fatigue (LCF) results showed that the welded joint was not fractured at the interface. Meanwhile, the martensitic steel and Ni-based weld metal exhibited cyclic softening and cyclic hardening behaviors, respectively. For martensitic steel, the width of the laths increased and the dislocation density decreased after the fatigue test, whereas in the fatigue-tested Ni-based weld metal, the dislocation density increased. The continuous connection and composition transition at the region of interface, combined with the high ductility and cyclic hardening behavior of Ni-based weld metal, is beneficial for the LCF properties of the welded joint.     

固溶处理对304/Q245R焊接接头组织及性能的影响

为研究固溶处理对304奥氏体不锈钢和Q245R碳钢异种金属焊接接头显微组织及性能的影响,采用E309-16奥氏体不锈钢焊丝对6 mm厚的304/Q245R板材进行手工电弧焊,焊后使用箱式电阻炉对焊接接头进行固溶处理,对焊接接头进行显微组织观察和力学性能测试.结果表明:相对于固溶处理前,固溶处理后的接头焊缝组织为灰色奥氏体和黑色铁素体,枝晶偏析程度明显降低,Cr、Ni等合金元素分布较为均匀;焊缝和碳钢侧热影响区硬度值均有所提高,最高硬度值为304.59 HV,出现在焊缝位置;接头抗拉强度较高,达570 MPa,拉伸断裂发生在母材Q245R碳钢部位.另外,对焊缝进行XRD测定,未检测到不利于接头性能的相,这表明固溶处理后的异种金属接头性能良好,能够满足工程中的实际需求.     

母材中碳进入熔池方式及其影响研究

归纳并提出了熔地母材中碳进入熔池中的方式，在此基础上，探讨了焊态下熔焊接头中脱／增碳层的形成原因，形成时期以及焊缝不均匀混合区中的碳分布特点。得出”母材中碳以机械混合唱 ，母材团，扩散混合三种方式进入熔池 态下，母材侧不完全熔化区因碳扩散鸸菜成了不明显的脱碳层，焊缝侧不均匀混合区因多为源方式而形成了碳分布不均匀的增碳层。利用异种接头金相观察和硬度测试结果。验证了所得结论的正确性。     

T92/Super304H异种钢焊接接头的性能研究

根据新型耐热钢T92和Super304H钢的焊接特点制定了适宜的焊接工艺,研究了焊制的T92/Su-per304H异种钢焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,T92/Super304H异种钢接头的各项力学性均能满足使用要求。焊缝金属的韧性远低于T92钢侧热影响区,焊缝金属的结晶形态对焊缝韧性有很大的影响。焊接接头中焊缝金属的硬度值最高,而T92钢侧热影响区硬度最低,并且不同热影响区部位显微硬度变化较大,Super304H钢侧热影响区硬度变化不大。     

Q960E超高强钢焊接接头组织和性能研究

目的 对Q960E超高强钢的焊接工艺进行研究以获得高强高韧的焊接接头。方法 选择超高强钢Q960E作为母材、FK1000ER120S–G焊丝作为填充材料进行MAG焊,采用改变焊接电流的方式来研究焊接热输入对焊接接头组织和性能的影响。结果 当焊接电流为155～230 A时,均获得了全焊透无明显缺陷的焊缝。随着焊接热输入的增大,焊接接头中各亚区宽度增大,其中焊缝区变化最为显著,在最小热输入条件下焊缝宽度为3.98 mm,在最大热输入条件下焊缝宽度增至5.53 mm。对焊接接头进行组织分析发现,焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和板条马氏体;完全相变区组织主要为板条马氏体;未完全相变区组织主要为回火马氏体和部分重结晶形成的马氏体。硬度测试表明,在热影响区的回火区发生了软化现象,最低硬度仅为290HV;在完全相变区发生了硬化现象,硬度最大值可达500HV。在不同热输入条件下,焊接接头各亚区硬度变化趋势一致,焊接接头抗拉强度为995～1 076 MPa,拉伸试验均断裂在热影响区,断后伸长率为9.33%～10.21%,断裂时存在颈缩现象,为韧性断裂。随着热输入的增加,粗晶区马氏体板条束宽度增大,未完全相变区...     

熔化焊接头“不均匀混合区”的形貌特征研究

通过对大量熔化焊接头的金相观察，研究了熔化焊接头焊缝底部附近“不均匀混合区”的形貌特征，归纳金相观察结果，发现不均匀混合区由小岛，后续熔化滞留层，扩散过渡层四种形貌构成，文中关于熔化焊接头“不均匀混合区”的形貌划分方法，能很好地解释熔化焊接头中焊缝底部附近的成分，组织．性能不均匀性的形成原因，有助于正确理解熔化焊接头的特征区域构成。     

Application of low Ms temperature consumable to dissimilar welded joint

Abstract

The welding of dissimilar joints is very common in systems used in oil exploration and production in deep sea waters. Commonly involves welding of low carbon steel pipes with low alloy steel forgings both with inner Inconel clad. The forged steel part undergoes a process of buttering with Inconel or carbon steel electrode before the weld of the joint. The buttering process is followed by a process of residual stresses relief. The conventional way of reducing the level of residual stresses in welded joints is to apply post welding heat treatments. Depending on the size and complexity of the parts to be joined, this can become a serious problem. An alternative technique for reducing residual stresses is to use an electrode that during the cooling process undergoes a displacive transformation at a relatively low temperature so that the deformation resulting from the transformation compensates the contraction during the cooling process, and, although many papers have been published in this direction using Fe–Cr–Ni alloys, most of them report a loss of toughness in the weld metal. Maraging steel is a family of materials with M_s temperature below 200°C and even without the final heat treatment of aging has superior mechanical properties to low alloy steels used in forgings. In this work, forged piece of AISI 4130 was buttered with Maraging 350 weld consumable and subsequently welded to ASTM A36 steel using Inconel 625 filler metal. In addition, the dissimilar base metal plates were welded together using Maraging 350 steel weld consumable. The levels of residual stress, and the toughness and microstructures of heat affected zone and weld metal were investigated.