基于物理散射模型的全极化SAR图像增强滤波算法

针对传统的极化SAR滤波方法图像中城镇区域和植被区域地物在滤波中易被混淆, 导致滤波后图像中地物边缘保持效果下降的问题, 提出了一种增强的保持极化散射特性的滤波算法。利用一种增强的四分量极化分解方法获取更加精确的地物散射机制, 并将散射机制信息引入滤波方法中, 使滤波算法中像素的散射机制更精确。增强的四分量极化分解方法引入了极化SAR数据的定向角补偿技术、一种新的体散射模型以及两种散射功率限制条件, 来改进Freeman-Durden分解的结果。理论分析和实验结果表明, 改进后的方法获取了比传统的极化SAR图像滤波算法更加理想的计算结果。     

基于特征向量分解与散射机制判别指数的全极化SAR图像地物提取与分类

基于特征向量分解和基于散射模型的极化目标分解是全极化SAR非相干分解中的典型算法。本文对比研究了两种算法的特点及分解结果在地物识别分类方面的优势,在基于特征向量分解得到的H-Alpha特征平面的基础之上,引入散射机制判别指数来刻画地物的类别差异,从而能约束H-Alpha平面分割的界限以提高分类的精度,而且利用散射机制占优性强弱可辅助分类结果的解译。实验选取了鄱阳湖地区一景Radarsat-2标准全极化数据,实验结果对比表明一种散射机制占主导的地物,分类精度得到改善,特别是水域、形成二面角的目标区和成片分布的植被区域可以显著地提取出来。     

基于特征值分解的全极化SAR遥感数据分类研究

应用极化目标特征值分解理论,研究了全极化合成孔径雷达图像的精细分类问题,在H-α-Wishart分类基础上引入平均散射功率,并根据不同地物的散射功率强度信息,给出了一种简单的阈值分割方法,最后利用鄱阳湖地区的Radarsat-2全极化数据进行了实验和分析,结果发现引入平均散射功率信息后的分类类别更多、精度更好。     

SAR目标极化分解方法研究

从极化SAR图像数据中,我们可以提取目标的极化散射特性,从而实现全极化数据的分类和聚类等其他应用。这需要我们对极化数据进行分析,有效地分离出目标的散射特性,其理论核心是目标分解。本文针对几种现有的目标分解方法进行了深入的分析和研究,并从分解思想、分解结果、算法实现难点、计算量以及应用范围等多方面进行比较,以期对这些分解方法进行更深刻的理解,为目标分解方法的实际应用提供一定的理论参考。     

SAR目标极化分解方法研究

从极化SAR图像数据中,我们可以提取目标的极化散射特性,从而实现全极化数据的分类和聚类等其他应用.这需要我们对极化数据进行分析,有效地分离出目标的散射特性,其理论核心是目标分解.本文针对几种现有的目标分解方法进行了深入的分析和研究,并从分解思想、分解结果、算法实现难点、计算量以及应用范围等多方面进行比较,以期对这些分解方法进行更深刻的理解,为目标分解方法的实际应用提供一定的理论参考.     

水云模型于L波段SAR和中国北方森林的适用性分析

水云模型假定来自植被体的体散射是主导散射机制,二面角散射可以忽略;这一假定是否适用于穿透性较强的L波段SAR和中国东北森林有待研究。本文以黑龙江省逊克县森林和ALOS PALSAR全极化数据为基础,分析典型地物的Yamaguchi极化分解散射分量的直方图,研究中国东北典型森林在L波段的散射机制,以确定水云模型的适用性。结果表明,体散射是该地区森林的主导散射机制,树干-地面的二面角散射可以忽略,水云模型的假设条件满足,可以应用于L波段SAR和中国东北森林。     

面向双站SAR系统的长波PolInSAR目标自适应分解北大核心CSCD

双站SAR系统无时间去相干的特性,结合长波的强穿透能力,在估计植被结构参数上应用前景极大,借助极化干涉SAR分解技术研究双站SAR系统下的植被区散射过程,对揭示信号与地物的交互过程,构建植被结构参数反演模型具有重要意义。考虑模型适用性和双站SAR系统存在的不可忽略的去相干,将极化干涉矩阵表达为极化方位角扩展的广义表面散射矩阵、广义二次散射矩阵和Neumann自适应体散射矩阵与其对应相干成分乘积的和的形式,基于残差最小二乘准则,使用非线性最小二乘优化技术同时求解所有模型参数。使用BioSAR 2008项目的 L波段全极化机载数据对方法进行测试,获取了实验区不同散射机制的相干成分、相位分布和能量信息,结合机载激光雷达数据进行了分析。结果表明:分解方法对植被区不同散射机制区分良好,有效抑制了体散射功率高估;植被区表面散射在垂直向上的分布与植被高度和穿透程度存在联系,体散射相位中心高度与机载激光雷达植被高接近且趋势一致;有效估计了散射机制的相干性。     

基于双极化ASAR数据的水稻信息提取

通过分析长乐市试验区2005年ENVISAT ASAR数据图像,研究水稻信息提取的方法。提出在分析两个时相、双极化ASAR水稻后向散射变化规律的基础上,构建基于两个时相、双极化的新波段图像的新方法,该方法不仅增强了水稻信息,还减少了水稻和其他背景地物的混淆度,只要采用简单的图像监督分类方法就可以很好地提取出水稻信息,其精度达到94.92%。研究表明,该方法能够有效的识别并提取出水稻信息。     

极化分解技术在估算植被覆盖地区土壤水分变化中的应用

地表植被覆盖是影响雷达遥感估算土壤水分的主要因素之一。本文探讨了将极化分解技术与植被覆盖地区的一阶散射模型结合估算土壤水分变化的方法。雷达数据经极化目标分解技术分解后得到的双次散射项和一阶植被散射模型的植被-地表的双次散射项一一对应，再利用多时相雷达数据消除植被层后向散射的影响，从而估算出地表土壤水分变化量。最后应用全极化机载雷达数据（AirSAR）对该方法进行了检验，结果表明该方法能够较好的估算植被覆盖地表的土壤水分变化。     

改进Notch滤波的全极化SAR数据船舶检测方法

全极化SAR数据提供了更多的地物极化散射信息,目前被广泛的应用于海上船舶检测的应用研究。本文提出改进的Notch滤波方法,实现全极化SAR数据的海上船舶检测。该方法结合目标的极化散射特性与能量双重特点,设计针对海面、方位向模糊、相干斑噪的不同滤波,消除虚警,通过SPAN能量因子降低由于散射机制相同而造成的漏检。利用RADATSAT-2全极化精细扫描数据对本文的算法进行验证,并与PWF和SPAN方法进行对比分析,实验结果表明本文提出的方法能从海面上有效检测出各种大小的船舶,同时能抑制方位向模糊、相干斑噪以及船舶的旁瓣造成的虚警。     

Airborne Experiment of TG-2 Multi-angle Polarization Imager for Cloud Phase Identification

Multi\|angle polarization measurement technology can be used to detect cloud and aerosol information,and it barely depends on prior temperature information.In order to verify capability of cloud phase classification from the TG\|2 Multi\|angle Polarization Imager developed independently by China,the results of first airborne observation experiment of Multi\|angle Polarization Imager for cloud observations were compared with the results of numerical simulation under typical conditions.The libRadtran model simulation shows that the water cloud has the maximum polarized radiation (primary rainbow) for scattering angles near 140°.The results based on radio sounding and microwave radiometer show that there are water cloud under 3.7 km height of the research area.Meanwhile,the Multi\|angle Polarization Imager accurately captures the character of maximum polarized radiation of water cloud droplet (primary rainbow) near 140° scattering angles.In addition,the corresponding MODIS observation data also shows there exists a large scale of water cloud near the research area.Above results comprehensively indicate the Multi\|angle Polarization Imager has the function of cloud phase recognition without relying on prior information,and this test lays the foundation for the further study of the space\|based polarization observations of cloud phase.     

基于极化合成的目标分类算法

极化合成是极化SAR图像处理的一种重要方法,它能在成像处理后,利用已获得的Sinclair矩阵重新生成任意极化方式下的雷达接收功率图像,并能通过选取收发天线极化状态相同或正交,分别得到描述目标散射特性的共极化特征图和交叉极化特征图。根据极化合成理论和极化特征图的概念,可以获取目标的最佳极化。将其作为分类器的输入特征量,提出了一种基于极化合成的目标分类算法,并对实测极化SAR数据进行了分类实验。结果表明,该算法对于从极化SAR数据中获取目标的最佳极化,进而对目标进行分类是可行和有效的。     

全极化SAR数据信息提取研究

全极化SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)测量的是每一像元的全散射矩阵,可合成包括线性极化、圆极化及椭圆极化在内的多种极化图像。因此与常规的单极化和多极化SAR相比,在雷达目标探测、识别、纹理特征的提取等方面全极化SAR具有很多优点。基于新疆和田地区的SIR-C L波段全极化雷达数据,介绍了极化合成的基本原理和数据处理流程,分析了几种典型地物全极化信号的特点,并在此基础上用监督分类法进行了全极化SAR数据的信息提取。结果表明:全极化SAR数据比单极化和多极化SAR数据具有更高的分类精度,并有效地的提取出地表信息,为利用SAR数据反演地表参数打下了基础。     

基于目标分解理论的全极化SAR图像神经网络分类方法

由于全极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar)能够测量每一观测目标的全散射矩阵，即可合成包括线性极化、圆极化及椭圆极化在内的多种极化图像，因此与常规的单极化和多极化SAR相比，在雷达目标探测、识别，纹理特征和几何参数的提取等方面，全极化SAR均具有很多优点，但是由于地物分布的复杂性往往造成不同地物具有相似的后向散射信号特征，因而加大了地物信息提取的难度。同时由于这些极化合成图像具有较高的相关性，从而导致了图像分类精度的降低。为了提高全极化SAR图像的分类精度，基于新疆和田地区的SIR-CL波段全极化雷达数据，利用目标分解理论首先将地物回波的复杂散射过程分解为几种互不相关的单一的散射分量。由于这些单一的散射分量都对应于具有不同物理和几何特征以及分布特征的地物，从而提供了更加丰富的地表覆盖信息，这样就很大程度地改善了地物信息的分类精度；然后利用分解后单一散射分量数据结合传统的极化合成数据，可以得到更多的互不相关的数据源，再使用神经网络分类法对这些数据进行分类。分类结果表明，这种方法大幅度提高了全极化SAR数据用于实验区土地覆盖分类的精度。这种分类方法也可以广泛地用于SAR数据地表覆盖和土地利用动态监测和地表参数的提取。     

全极化SAR极化特征谱应用研究

在分析特征值分解结果,全部散射机制组合和极化特征谱性质的基础上,提出基于3个特征谱参数的假彩色合成方法,可以更加有效直观地反映地物散射特征,再对散射熵、散射角、反熵和4个极化特征谱参数进行特征选择分析,给出最佳的多维特征向量选择方案,从而实现传统遥感图像分类器如同ISODATA算法对极化SAR图像的分类。实验选择了一景Radarsat\|2标准全极化SAR数据,包含典型的城市、植被和水体三大类地物,实验结果表明:极化特征谱假彩色合成充分反映了各地物散射特征,特征谱和散射角组成了最佳特征向量,非监督分类结果表明:该方法克服了城市与植被在H\|Alpha平面上分布界限模糊的问题,分类精度高于H\|Alpha平面非监督分类,与Wishart-H-Alpha-A分类方法相当。     

Compact polarimetry assessment for rice and wetland mapping

Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data of rice and wetlands are used to simulate compact polarimetry (CP) mode data from the upcoming RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM). The simulated CP data are then used to evaluate the information content for rice and wetland mapping using supervised classification, and the results are compared for linear and circular polarization combinations and polarimetric decompositions from the fully polarimetric data and the simulated CP data. The results are consistent for both rice and wetlands and show that the classification accuracy increases as one goes up the polarization hierarchy. The circular polarizations produced the best classification results for the polarization combinations. This result requires further research to verify. Although the CP data did not perform as well as the fully polarimetric data, the results were better than for dual polarization, and this mode may offer the best option for rice and wetland mapping applications because of swath coverage. Note that both the compact simulations and the fully polarimetric data produced operationally suitable classification accuracies. Additional research is underway to evaluate the monitoring capability of this new CP mode. This article describes the approach used for the analyses and the classification results for both rice and wetlands.     

Shape estimation of transparent objects by using inverse polarization ray tracing

Few methods have been proposed to measure three-dimensional shapes of transparent objects such as those made of glass and acrylic. In this paper, we propose a novel method for estimating the surface shapes of transparent objects by analyzing the polarization state of the light. Existing methods do not fully consider the reflection, refraction, and transmission of the light occurring inside a transparent object. We employ a polarization raytracing method to compute both the path of the light and its polarization state. Polarization raytracing is a combination of conventional raytracing, which calculates the trajectory of light rays, and Mueller calculus, which calculates the polarization state of the light. First, we set an initial value of the shape of the transparent object. Then, by changing the shape, the method minimizes the difference between the input polarization data and the rendered polarization data calculated by polarization raytracing. Finally, after the iterative computation is converged, the shape of the object is obtained. We also evaluate the method by measuring some real transparent objects.     

Circularly polarized V‐shaped dielectric resonator antenna

In this article, a probe fed V‐shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) loaded with circular patches, is proposed for X band applications. A prototype was fabricated to validate the results. Circular polarization is achieved by the geometry of DRA integrated with the circular patches on its surface. These circular patches behave as a monopole antenna. To achieve circular polarization two orthogonal fields have been excited in the DRA, which are in time phase quadrature. Due to the symmetry of design, it shows dual polarization, both Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) and Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP), in two orthogonal directions. The fabricated prototype exhibits wide impedance bandwidth of 7.85‐10.1 GHz (25%) and circular polarization (CP) Bandwidth (BW) of 8.35‐8.7 GHz (4%). Maximum measured gain of 4.8 dBi has been obtained in comparison with the simulated gain of 5.6 dBi. Applications of the proposed antenna include satellite communication, telemetry tracking and control, Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), weather radar, and military radar in X band. Directional CP performance is useful in designing a smart antenna and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna.     

Mapping paddy rice fields by applying machine learning algorithms to multi-temporal Sentinel-1A and Landsat data

Sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data present an opportunity for acquiring crop information without restrictions caused by weather and illumination conditions, at a spatial resolution appropriate for individual rice fields and a temporal resolution sufficient to capture the growth profiles of different crop species. This study investigated the use of multi-temporal Sentinel-1A SAR data and Landsat-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data to map the spatial distribution of paddy rice fields across parts of the Sanjiang plain, in northeast China. The satellite sensor data were acquired throughout the rice crop-growing season (May–October). A co-registered set of 10 dual polarization (VH/VV) SAR and NDVI images depicting crop phenological development were used as inputs to Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) machine learning classification algorithms in order to map paddy rice fields. The results showed a significant increase in overall classification when the NDVI time-series data were integrated with the various combinations of multi-temporal polarization channels (i.e. VH, VV, and VH/VV). The highest classification accuracies overall (95.2%) and for paddy rice (96.7%) were generated using the RF algorithm applied to combined multi-temporal VH polarization and NDVI data. The SVM classifier was most effective when applied to the dual polarization (i.e. VH and VV) SAR data alone and this generated overall and paddy rice classification accuracies of 91.6% and 82.5%, respectively. The results demonstrate the practicality of implementing RF or SVM machine learning algorithms to produce 10 m spatial resolution maps of paddy rice fields with limited ground data using a combination of multi-temporal SAR and NDVI data, where available, or SAR data alone. The methodological framework developed in this study is apposite for large-scale implementation across China and other major rice-growing regions of the world.     

The relationship between the leaf area index (LAI) of rice and the C‐band SAR vertical/horizontal (VV/HH) polarization ratio

We investigated the relationship between the leaf area index (LAI) of rice and the ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) vertical/horizontal (VV/HH) polarization ratio. Four alternating polarization ASAR images of swaths IS4 and IS5 over rice fields were used in the study. The VV/HH polarization ratio correlates well with the field‐measured LAI and an empirical relationship was established to estimate the LAI of rice using the VV/HH polarization ratio. A theoretical radiative transfer model was adopted to analyse the relationship. The error of the estimated LAI was 0.17 for the test site and a better correlation was found when LAI was less than 3.5. The results suggest that ASAR alternating polarization data can be used to estimate the LAI of rice for wide‐area monitoring of rice growth.