京津唐地区城市化对植被物候的影响研究

城市化过程使得土地利用、地表植被覆盖发生着显著的变化,如何定量化描述城市化对植被物候的影响越来越受到各方的关注。基于京津唐地区2001~2006年NDVI时间序列影像,得出了京津唐地区植被物候空间分布格局,计算出北京、天津、唐山3个核心城市城区的距离变量与平均植被物候,并分析了城市化对植被物候指标的影响趋势。结果表明:①2001~2006年,北京城市化使得城区及离城区较近的地方植被生长开始时间提前、结束时间推后、生长季周期变长、NDVI振幅减小;②天津和唐山的城市化使得城区及离城区较近的地方植被生长开始时间延后、结束时间提前、生长季周期变短\,NDVI振幅减小;③城市化对植被物候的影响与该地区城市扩张类型存在相关性关系。     

利用遥感监测长江三角洲森林植被物候对气候变化的响应

植物的物候与气候等环境因素息息相关,是指示气候与自然环境变化对生态影响的重要指标。目前,气候变暖日益为人所关注,使用遥感技术研究植物物候与气候变化之间的关系具有重要的意义。监测人口密度高和城市经济发达地区的植物物候对气候变暖的响应,可以揭示区域热环境变化及其产生的生态效应。本研究选取长江三角洲地区为研究区域,使用SPOT卫星VGT传感器的长时间NDVI数据序列,对经济发达区域森林植被的NDVI序列进行非对称性高斯函数拟合法平滑处理,并提取与研究其物候特征,发现①NDVI与气温具有较强相关性,随气候变暖,森林植被NDVI年均值有增加趋势;②森林植被生长活跃期起始日期提前,终止日期延后,时长有明显的延长趋势,生长活跃期内NDVI有所增加;③森林植被NDVI极大值与极小值出现日期均明显提前,NDVI极大值有增大趋势,而极小值呈下降趋势,年内极差增加,NDVI增长期缩短,衰落期延长;④森林植被在春、夏两季NDVI均值有所增长,秋季无明显变化,冬季略有降低。     

HJ-1A NDVI与MODIS NDVI时间序列提取植被物候特征对比研究

以HJ-1A和MODIS为数据源,通过动态阈值法提取物候特征参数,对HJ-1A NDVI和MODIS NDVI时间序列进行植被物候特征提取进行定性和定量比较,通过比较结果,提出HJ-1A NDVI数据在该应用中存在的问题,促进国产中空间高时间分辨率影像数据在植被物候信息提取研究中的应用,提高其在生态系统研究中的应用价值。结果表明:在SOS、EOS和LOS以及TOMS几个主要的物候时间点上,MODIS NDVI时间序列的标准差较小,所得物候数据更为集中,偏离度较小,所得物候数据较稳定;而HJ-1A NDVI时间序列所得物候数据的标准差较大,数据偏离程度较大,而在POS、BOS和AOS等表征植被生命周期中生长幅度数据上,其标准差较小,离散程度小。     

Logistic函数方法拟合多时序NDVI数据的改进研究

单Logistic函数曲线拟合法是NDVI时间序列重建及物候遥感中关键物候期划分的重要方法之一。虽然该方法不需要设定阈值或经验系数、较适应于不同环境区域的物候遥感监测,但是在山区NDVI噪音较大的情形下,其拟合精度仍会受到较大影响。选取秦岭中部山区为研究区,在分析了多年NDVI时间序列数据特征基础上,利用山区NDVI数据序列最大值相对于最小值更为稳定的特性,对传统单Logistic模型求解方法进行改进,采用更为稳定的参数构建模型以提高NDVI时间序列重建的精度。基于秦岭样区MODIS NDVI多年遥感数据,分别在保持植被生长季特征能力和保留高质量原始真值程度两方面对原方法与改进方法的计算结果进行比较。研究表明改进的方法在上述两个方面都具有更好的效果。在植被指数噪音较大的山区,改进的方法对NDVI时间序列重建表现出更好的适用性,可为复杂的山区物候遥感相关研究提供参考。     

基于遥感的中国东北植被物候不对称特征分析

植被物候是反映全球气候变化的重要生态指标,春季返青期物候已经得到广泛研究,但秋季物候及其与春季物候的不对称性仍然不明朗。基于GIMMS NDVI 3g遥感数据提取中国东北地区植被关键物候参数,利用春季和秋季中返青(衰落)速率、生长期长度、植被活动能力(以NDVI均值表示)3个物候指标的差异来刻画春秋物候的不对称性,定义为物候不对称指数AsyR、AsyL和AsyV(Asymmetry of growing Rate,Length,Vegetation index)。首先利用双逻辑斯蒂曲线拟合和曲率求导方法获取各植被像元的物候期和生长速率参数,其次在像素尺度上探索了3种春秋物候不对称性的时空分布特征。结果表明:3种不对称指数的年际变异显著,研究区整体上3种不对称指数均呈现大约10 a的周期性,AysV和AsyL同相位并与AsyR呈相反相位。3种指数可以从不同角度刻画植被春秋季生长形态不对称性,在时空表现上存在一定的不确定性。AsyR和AsyV在不同植被类型中的空间格局比较相似,并能一定程度上区分农作物和自然植被,AsyL的空间分布规律较差、区分度不高。不对称指数发现,针叶林和阔叶林区域主要为衰落期的植被活动占主要优势,形态上是春季快速成长、秋季缓慢衰落;农作物区表现为缓慢成长和快速衰落;草原区域不对称性不显著。生长形态不对称性可以反映春秋两季的植被活动对整个生长季植被生产力的控制作用,有助于更加细致地探索物候对植被生态系统固碳的影响。在实际应用方面,也可以根据不同植被的物候不对称特征进行植被分类,服务于农业普查和植被生态系统管理。     

黑河流域NDVI周期性分析及其与气候因子的关系

利用2007~2009年的SPOT VEGETION NDVI数据来延长1982~2006年GIMMS(Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies) NDVI数据,从而得到1982~2009年的NDVI数据,结合同时期的气象资料,利用经验模态分解方法(EMD),对黑河流域季节合成植被指数(SINDVI)、气温以及降水序列的周期性进行了分析,并进一步分析了黑河上中下游NDVI和气温、降水之间的关系。结果表明：上游SINDVI与气温、降水均存在准3 a和准6 a的相似周期,中游SINDVI与气温存在准3 a和准10 a的相似周期,而与降水存在准3 a、准6 a、准8 a和准15 a的相似周期,下游SINDVI与气温存在准3 a和准10 a的相似周期,与降水存在准3 a和准6 a的相似周期。表明在黑河流域,气温和降水均是影响植被变化的重要因子,而气候因子的周期性变化主要受大气运动的影响,进而影响植被的周期变化。因此,EMD方法在分析植被动态的周期性特征及其与气象条件周期性的关系方面具有较好的效果。     

基于NDVI数据的三江平原农田物候监测

物候现象被称为气候变化的积分仪,研究农田物候现象对农业生产有重要的指导意义。多时相遥感影像使区域物候监测成为可能。利用傅里叶级数对MODIS NDVI数据进行平滑,结合地面观测资料,采用动态阈值法提取物候信息,并与实际观测结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明:三江平原大部分农作物在第120~130 d开始生长,在第250~260 d左右停止生长,2003年三江平原农作物开始生长和结束的时间较早,2005年开始生长日期比2003年有所推迟,2007年农作物开始生长的日期早于2005年,但生长季结束的日期比2003年和2005年都晚,2007年生长季长度较长。采用MODIS NDVI数据获取的物候参数具有一定的可靠性,在农田大面积分布区域监测结果更为准确。
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21世纪初期东北地区农田物候动态及其对气候的响应

利用遥感技术的物候提取方法在理解农田物候对气候变化的敏感性问题中具有较大潜力。基于MODIS的归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）遥感产品,提取东北农田地区2005～2020年植被物候参数并用地面实测数据加以验证,然后获取农田物候与气温、降水量和日照时数间的相关关系。结果表明东北地区2005～2020年农田物候空间分布格局较为一致,只在部分区域因作物品种布局原因存在差异;农田物候的时间变化显著,多数地区生长季开始日期以1 d/a的速率在提前,生长季长度以1 d/a的速率在延长。农田物候受气温与降水量的影响较为明显,受日照时数影响不大,同时也在一定程度上受到种植结构变化的影响。而且,农田物候在很大程度上受人为因素干扰,因此有些区域气候因素对其影响表现出相反趋势。     

基于分段Morlet小波变换的植被物候遥感识别方法

本文中作者提出分段Morlet小波变换的方法从遥感数据中识别出地表物候.地表物候是人类了解地球生态系统的必要参数,也是动植物保护、农耕等活动的重要依据.研究发现已有的方法存在物候识别不准确、去除噪声效果差等缺陷,而Morlet小波在周期识别、去除噪声方面表现非常好,因此本文使用Morlet小波变换的方法处理青海湖流域2003-2014年的NDVI数据,发现该方法存在变换后的曲线与原NDVI数据不贴合或物候周期偏移的情况.因此作者提出进一步的改进方法：分段Morlet小波变换,原理是根据NDVI最大值将每个NDVI周期划分成两段,对左右两段分别进行Morlet小波变换并自动选取合适的参数,使物候识别更加合理、准确.作者通过分段Morlet小波变换和最大斜率法提取青海湖流域LSP参数,分析LSP参数的时间变化、空间变化、特别年份等,揭示了青海湖流域物候变化的特点,同时证明基于分段Morlet小波变换的植被物候遥感识别方法在准确性与高效性上都有所提高.     

基于遥感和气象数据的蒙古高原1982~2013年植被动态变化分析

蒙古高原生态系统及其变化对中国北方乃至整个东北亚的生态安全有着重要影响,了解蒙古高原干旱半干旱区植被生长的动态如何在不同时间和空间尺度上响应气候变化十分必要。利用NDVI数据构建长时间序列,分析植被生长动态变化的过程和时空特征,并与气象数据进行相关性分析。主要结论如下:①NDVI的分布具有地带性;②大约39.5%的区域NDVI呈显著的增加(P=0.1),7.3%的区域NDVI显著减少(P=0.1),说明植被条件在蒙古高原有所好转;③蒙古高原NDVI的变异系数均值16.99%,这表明过去32年里植被覆盖变化情况有较强的波动性;④蒙古高原植被的生长状况与降水量有极显著的正相关关系,与气温有极显著的负相关关系。     

Characteristics and Sustainability Evaluation of Vegetation Change in Heihe River Basin during 2001 to 2017

Characteristics of vegetation variation play an important role in ecological monitoring and provide the basis for integrated river basin management decisions. In this study, the spatial-temporal trends in vegetation cover change and its sustainability in Heihe river basin during 2001~2017 were characterized, using MODIS-EVI time series data at a spatial resolution of 250 meters in Google Earth Engine(GEE) platform. Combined with temperature, precipitation and river runoff data, the factors affecting vegetation growth in Heihe River Basin were identified. The results show that: Over the last 17 years, the average annual increment of EVI in Heihe river basin was 0.003 9, and the annual expansion of vegetation area was 480.3 km². Vegetation in the upper, middle and lower reaches of Heihe river has changed in varying degrees affected by temperature, precipitation, reclamation of cultivated land, water resources management and related groundwater. Whether the annual maximum EVI value or vegetation area, the increase trend of vegetation in the middle reaches was the most significant, and the oasis area was more obvious than the non-oasis area. This trend is sustainable in the short term, but there is a greater risk for a long time scale. The study provides a demonstration for high-speed monitoring of vegetation changes, reflecting the equal importance of growth and type changes for monitoring vegetation in arid regions. The regional synergy of vegetation changes in river basin puts forward higher requirements for integrated river basin management, such as reasonable water separation and strengthening surface-groundwater collaborative management.     

黑河流域2001~2017年植被变化特征及其可延续性评价

植被的变化特征是流域生态监测的重要内容和流域综合管理决策的基础信息。基于谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE),利用空间分辨率为250 m的MODIS-EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)产品,研究2001~2017年黑河流域植被的时空变化趋势及延续性特征。结合气温、降水与河流径流量观测数据,分析黑河流域上游、中下游绿洲与非绿洲区植被变化的影响因素。结果表明:近17年来黑河流域植被年最大EVI值年均增幅为0.0039,年均新增植被面积为480.3 km^2。受气温、降水、耕地开垦、水资源管理措施及与其密切相关的地下水等因素的不同影响,上中下游表现出不同的变化特征。无论是年最大EVI值还是植被面积,中游的增加趋势最为显著,绿洲区较非绿洲区增加趋势更为明显。这种变化趋势短期内可能延续,但长时间内存在较大风险。研究为快速监测植被变化提供了示范,揭示了干旱区植被监测中长势变化与类型变化的同等重要性,流域植被变化的区域协同性对合理分水、加强地表-地下水协同管理等流域综合管理提出了更高要求。     

Temporal and spatial dynamics of phenology along the North–South Transect of Northeast Asia

Vegetation phenology is sensitive to climate change and, as such, is often regarded as an indicator of climate change. It is a common practice to extract vegetation phenological indicators based on satellite remote sensing data. In this study, we used the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Study (GIMMS) Third-Generation normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI_3G) to investigate temporal and spatial changes in phenology in Northeast Asia. Based on the maximum rate of change in the NDVI and dynamic threshold, we used the Asymmetric Gaussian model, Double Logistic method, and Savitzky-Golay filter to extract the start of the growing season (SOS), the end of the growing season (EOS), and the length of the growing season (LOS), respectively, along the North–South Transect of Northeast Asia (NSTNEA) from 1982 to 2014. We then compared the differences in SOS, EOS, and LOS and considered their spatio-temporal dynamics and relationship with temperature. The results show that the Asymmetric Gaussian model has the highest stability among the three methods. Dynamic thresholds corresponding to the maximum change rate of NDVI were mainly between 0.5 and 0.6. From 1982 to 2014, the SOS in the NSTNEA region occurred approximately 0.19 days earlier each year; the trends in EOS and LOS were not significant. In general, temperature and latitude have a strong linear relationship, both of which significantly impact vegetation phenology in the NSTNEA region. In addition, elevation also significantly impacts on vegetation phenology in the NSTNEA region.     

Assessment of the SeaWinds scatterometer for vegetation phenology monitoring across China

Vegetation phenology tracks plants' lifecycle events, revealing the response of vegetation to global climate changes. Changes in vegetation phenology also influence fluxes of carbon, water, and energy at local and global scales. In this study, we analysed a time series of Ku-band radar backscatter measurements from the SeaWinds scatterometer on board the Quick Scatterometer (QuickSCAT) to examine canopy phenology from 2003 to 2005 across China. The thaw season SeaWinds backscatter and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) leaf area index (LAI) time series were significantly correlated in 20 of the 22 sites (p < 0.05). A weighted curve-fitting method was applied to detect the start of season and end of season from both data sets. The SeaWinds scatterometer generally detected earlier timing of spring leaf-out and later fall senescence than the MODIS LAI data sets. The SeaWinds backscatter detected phenological metrics in 75.85% of mainland China. Similar spatial patterns were observed from the SeaWinds backscatter and MODIS LAI time series; however, the average standard deviation of the scatterometer-detected metrics was lower than that of MODIS LAI products. Overall, the phenological information from the SeaWinds scatterometer could provide an alternative view on the growth dynamics of land-surface vegetation.     

Monitoring East African vegetation using AVHRR data

NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite data are applied to regional vegetation monitoring in East Africa. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for a one-year period from May 1983 are used to examine the phenology of a range of vegetation types. The integrated NDVI data for the same period are compared with an ecoclimatic zone map of the region and show marked similarities. Particular emphasis is placed on quantifying the phenology of the Acacia Commiphora bushlands. Considerable variation was found in the phenology of the bushlands as determined by the satellite NDVI, and is explained through the high spatial variability in the distribution of rainfall and the resulting green-up of the vegetation. The relationship between rainfall and NDVI is further examined for selected meteorological stations existing within the bushland. A preliminary estimate is made of the length of growing season using an NDVI thresholding technique     

Assessing growing season beginning and end dates and their relation to climate in Taiwan using satellite data

Due to the close relationship between climate and plant phenology, changes in plant phenological patterns have been used as a surrogate of climate change. We analysed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images to investigate the onset, offset and length of growing season, as well as spatial and inter-annual patterns of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) across six types of vegetation/land use in Taiwan. Regression models indicate that temperature was moderately to strongly related to NDVI for each of the six vegetation/land-use types (coefficients of determination (R ²) = 0.45–0.86). There was a 1–2 month lag time between changes in temperature and NDVI in the forests that are distributed in mid- to high-elevation areas, but not in low-elevation unirrigated fields, paddy fields and urban areas. The relationship between precipitation and changes in NDVI was only significant for unirrigated fields and urban areas (R ² = 0.37–0.43). Growing season ended considerably earlier at low elevations than at high elevations, possibly because of the earlier start and more severe dry period in low-elevation areas, such that the length of the growing season was longer in the forests than in the unirrigated fields, paddy fields and urban areas.     

The use of MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index to study spatio-temporal variation in vegetation phenology over India

India has a diverse set of vegetation types ranging from tropical evergreen to dry deciduous. The phenology of these natural vegetation types is often controlled by climatic condition. Estimating phenological variables will help in understanding the response of tropical and subtropical vegetation to climate change. The study investigated the annual and inter-annual variation in vegetation phenology in India using satellite remote sensing. The study used time-series data of the only available satellite measured index of terrestrial chlorophyll content (MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index) from 2003 to 2007 at 4.6 km spatial resolution. A strong coincidence was observed with expected phenological pattern, in particular, in inter-annual and latitudinal variability of key phenological variables. For major natural vegetation type the onset of greenness had greater latitudinal variation compared to the end of senescence and there was a small or no leafless period. In the 2003-04 growing season a late start for the onset of greenness was detected at low-to-mid latitudes and it was attributed to the extreme cold weather during the early part of 2003. The length of growing season varied from east to west for the major cropping areas in the Indo-Gangetic plain, for both the first and second crops. For the first time, this study attempted to establish a broad regional phenological pattern for India using remotely sensed estimation of canopy chlorophyll content using five years of data. The overall patterns of phenological variables detected from this study broadly coincide with the pattern of natural vegetation phenology revealed in earlier community level studies. The results of this study suggest the need for an organised network combining ground and space observation which is at presently missing in India.     

Spatial–temporal changes in vegetation coverage in the global coastal zone based on GIMMS NDVI3g data

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we used the Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) third-generation Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (GIMMS NDVI3g) dataset. Based on GIMMS NDVI3g data over the global coastal zone from 1982 to 2014, the spatial–temporal characteristics of vegetation coverage were analysed by plotting the spatial pattern and monthly calendar of NDVI; furthermore, historical trends and future evolutions of vegetation coverage change at the pixel scale were studied by performing the Mann-Kendall trend test and calculating the trend slope (β) and Hurst index (H) of NDVI. The main findings are as follows: 1) Vegetation density exhibits dramatic differences in the global coastal zone. Specifically, desert belts mostly have perennial non-vegetation or low vegetation coverage, and tundra belts principally have moderate or high vegetation coverage; additionally, forest belts mainly have dense vegetation coverage. 2) In the global coastal zone, intra-annual variations in vegetation coverage show a ‘∩’-shaped curve with an obvious peak from June to September (maximum in July or August), while inter-annual variations show a fluctuating but generally slowly increasing trend over the entire study period; accordingly, variations in different subregions show significant differences. 3) At monthly, seasonal and annual scales, the overall vegetation coverage increases in the global coastal zone, while there are relatively few areas with decreasing vegetation coverage; furthermore, change trends of vegetation coverage in most areas will demonstrate relatively strong positive persistence in the future. 4) The increasing trend in high-latitude coastal tundra is extremely significant in the growing season because vegetation in the tundra belts is highly sensitive to climate change. 5) Areas with a decreasing trend of vegetation coverage exhibit spatial patterns of aggregation in the ‘circum urban agglomeration’ and ‘nearby desert belt’ regions, that is, the decreasing trend of vegetation coverage is relatively high in coastal urban agglomeration areas and desert belt peripheries. This paper is expected to provide knowledge to support vegetation conservation, ecosystem management, integrated coastal zone management and climate change adaptation in coastal areas.     

Integration of MODIS-derived metrics to assess interannual variability in snowpack, lake ice, and NDVI in southwest Alaska

Impacts of global climate change are expected to result in greater variation in the seasonality of snowpack, lake ice, and vegetation dynamics in southwest Alaska. All have wide-reaching physical and biological ecosystem effects in the region. We used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) calibrated radiance, snow cover extent, and vegetation index products for interpreting interannual variation in the duration and extent of snowpack, lake ice, and vegetation dynamics for southwest Alaska. The approach integrates multiple seasonal metrics across large ecological regions.Throughout the observation period (2001-2007), snow cover duration was stable within ecoregions, with variable start and end dates. The start of the lake ice season lagged the snow season by 2 to 3 months. Within a given lake, freeze-up dates varied in timing and duration, while break-up dates were more consistent. Vegetation phenology varied less than snow and ice metrics, with start-of-season dates comparatively consistent across years. The start of growing season and snow melt were related to one another as they are both temperature dependent. Higher than average temperatures during the El Niño winter of 2002-2003 were expressed in anomalous ice and snow season patterns. We are developing a consistent, MODIS-based dataset that will be used to monitor temporal trends of each of these seasonal metrics and to map areas of change for the study area.