利用高光谱数据估测植物叶片碳氮比的可行性研究

植物碳氮比作为一个在农业、生态、全球变化等领域广泛使用的因子,如果能够利用遥感获得的高光谱数据进行估测,可以突破传统测量方法的种种弊端,具有重要的实践意义,同时对于定量遥感反演领域的拓宽也具有启示作用。利用统计分析的方法,对碳氮比遥感定量估测的可行性进行深入探讨,认为利用高光谱数据估测植物叶片碳氮比是可行的。另外还通过与氮的遥感定量研究相比较,找到一个较好的研究碳氮比遥感定量反演的切入点,并将两者分别作为因变量进行逐步回归分析,得到比较理想的结果。
     

高光谱反演叶片叶绿素及全氮含量

植物的含氮量和叶绿素含量指示了植被的健康状况.本文利用野外采集的叶片样本获取叶片的光谱反射率及叶绿素和全氮的含量,分析和利用高光谱数据反演叶片叶绿素及全氮含量的可行性及精度.鉴于高光谱数据存在冗余这一特性,本次试验采取了偏最小二乘法来对光谱数据进行回归分析,进行叶绿素和氮素含量的估算.同时,本文也比较了叶片叶绿素含量和氮素含量在不同单位表达形式下,偏最小二乘法对其的估算精度.试验结果表明,基于偏最小二乘法分析叶片反射率估测叶片的叶绿素含量及全氮含量具有很好的结果,精度全都达到85%以上,具有应用价值.     

可见光—近红外光谱估算三江源区不同土壤全氮含量

近年来可见光—近红外反射光谱已被广泛应用于估算土壤全氮含量,为大范围区域土壤全氮含量获取提供了一种快速、有效的方法。基于实验室测定的三江源区146个表层土壤(0~30cm)样品的反射光谱数据(350~2 500nm)与全氮含量数据;利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和反向传播神经网络(BPNN)两种模型方法与光谱反射率(REF)及其4种数学预处理变换相结合,分别建立分土壤类型样本和总体样本全氮估算模型;评估利用可见光—近红外光谱技术预测三江源区土壤全氮含量的能力。结果表明:BPNN模型的R2cal、R2val及验证RPD的平均值分别为0.87、0.81与2.28;而PLSR模型则相应为0.75、0.72和1.95;表明BPNN模型预测能力整体上要优于PLSR模型。BPNN与光谱各种形式的结合均具有良好、或接近良好预测全氮的能力;而PLSR与REF、倒数对数(Log(1/R))及波段深度(BD)的结合仅少部分具有良好估算能力、大部分则为粗略估算能力,一阶微分(FDR)和二阶微分(SDR)估算精度均较低,尤其是SDR(R20.5,RPD=1.10~1.27)均不具备估算能力。总体样本所建模型稳定性好于分土壤类型,分土壤类型建模差异性明显;此外,总体来看,BPNN模型比PLSR建模精度高、模型稳定性好,但PLSR模型可操作性强于BPNN模型。     

利用中巴-2号卫星CCD估测土壤全氮的研究

遥感监测土壤对于及时快速掌握农田肥力状况,合理施肥意义重大。NDVI在监测地表植被覆盖中发挥着重要作用,水田植被覆盖种类单一,其他影响因素少,这使得通过NDVI监测水稻长势,间接监测土壤肥力状况变得可行。本文就是利用中巴-2号卫星的CCD的植被指数对南京溧水县水田的土壤质量进行监测,回归方程的决定系数R2=0.741,相对误差为0.1663。结论发现利用中巴卫星的植被指数对研究区的的水田氮素的监测是可行的,并在此基础上做了研究区的氮素等级分布图,实现了遥感监测溧水水田土壤全氮的估测。     

在水分胁迫下棉花冠层叶片全氮含量的高光谱遥感估算模型研究

研究利用美国产ASD地物光谱仪,获取新疆北部地区棉花冠层关键生育时期的高光谱数据,采用红边积分面积变量估测棉花冠层叶片的全氮含量,对反射光谱进行一阶微分,应用一阶微分光谱数据,衍生出基于光谱位置变量的分析方法,以红边积分面积(SDr)为自变量,冠层全氮(TN)含量为因变量,做相关分析与处理,构建新陆早6号红边积分面积与冠层叶片TN含量的相关数学模型。研究在不同水处理条件下,对棉花冠层单叶叶绿素含量和单叶全氮含量做相关分析,结果表明:叶绿素含量与TN含量呈显著的正相关(R=0.8723,n=39),叶绿素含量能有效的估计棉花单叶TN含量;红边积分面积变量与冠层TN含量呈显著的相关性,相关系数是0.7394(n=40),利用构建的相关模型可以较为精确地估测棉花两个品种新陆早6号与8号冠层叶片的全氮含量,RMSE分别为0.3859和0.4272。研究认为红边积分面积变量具有预测棉花冠层全氮含量的应用潜力,研究得出利用3边面积变量构造的数学模型对反演作物冠层TN含量有较高应用价值。研究认为,红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。研究结果证明:①随着棉花的生长发育,叶片的生理生化参数发生变化,冠层的生理生化参数随之发生变化;②.棉花叶片叶绿素含量与叶片的全氮含量相关性显著(R=0.8723,n=38),通过建立数学模型,可以估测叶片中全氮的含量;③由一阶微分光谱衍生出基于光谱“红边”位置变量的分析方法,使我们认识到“红边”的变幅、形状和面积包含了各个波段的信息,这些波段综合产生的变量所构造的模型,为棉花氮素营养参数的估计提供了预测能力;④如果棉花叶绿素含量高,说明水分充足、氮代谢旺盛,植株处于生长旺盛时期,红边向蓝光方向发生了位移。利用红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。     

在水分胁迫下棉花冠层叶片全氮含量的高光谱遥感估算模型研究

研究利用美国产ASD地物光谱仪,获取新疆北部地区棉花冠层关键生育时期的高光谱数据,采用红边积分面积变量估测棉花冠层叶片的全氮含量,对反射光谱进行一阶微分,应用一阶微分光谱数据,衍生出基于光谱位置变量的分析方法,以红边积分面积(SDr)为自变量,冠层全氮(TN)含量为因变量,做相关分析与处理,构建新陆早6号红边积分面积与冠层叶片TN含量的相关数学模型。研究在不同水处理条件下,对棉花冠层单叶叶绿素含量和单叶全氮含量做相关分析,结果表明:叶绿素含量与TN含量呈显著的正相关(R=0.8723,n=39),叶绿素含量能有效的估计棉花单叶TN含量;红边积分面积变量与冠层TN含量呈显著的相关性,相关系数是0.7394(n=40),利用构建的相关模型可以较为精确地估测棉花两个品种新陆早6号与8号冠层叶片的全氮含量,RMSE分别为0.3859和0.4272。研究认为红边积分面积变量具有预测棉花冠层全氮含量的应用潜力,研究得出利用3边面积变量构造的数学模型对反演作物冠层TN含量有较高应用价值。研究认为,红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。研究结果证明:①随着棉花的生长发育,叶片的生理生化参数发生变化,冠层的生理生化参数随之发生变化;②.棉花叶片叶绿素含量与叶片的全氮含量相关性显著(R=0.8723,n=38),通过建立数学模型,可以估测叶片中全氮的含量;③由一阶微分光谱衍生出基于光谱“红边”位置变量的分析方法,使我们认识到“红边”的变幅、形状和面积包含了各个波段的信息,这些波段综合产生的变量所构造的模型,为棉花氮素营养参数的估计提供了预测能力;④如果棉花叶绿素含量高,说明水分充足、氮代谢旺盛,植株处于生长旺盛时期,红边向蓝光方向发生了位移。利用红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。     

高光谱遥感反演土壤重金属含量研究进展

土壤重金属污染是当今重要的世界性环境问题之一。如何快速高效地获取土壤重金属含量及分布信息是进行污染风险评价及预测研究的前提。高光谱遥感具有无损、实时获取信息的优势,利用高光谱技术反演土壤重金属含量仍处于探讨阶段,对其反演机理和建模方法的研究成果进行了介绍和分析。认为充分研究不同类型土壤对重金属的吸附特性,是深入理解重金属含量反演机理的基础。加强不同土壤类型、不同污染程度的案例对比分析,发展光谱信号处理方法,引入非线性建模算法,构建重金属形态量反演模型,是土壤重金属含量遥感估算研究的重要研究方向。     

松花湖水体叶绿素a含量与反射光谱特征关系初探

根据2008年7月在松花湖实测的水体反射光谱及实验室分析得到的叶绿素浓度数据,对松花湖水体反射光谱特征与叶绿素浓度之间的关系进行探讨与分析。研究结果表明:水体叶绿素浓度与各波长点处反射率相关性均较好,并选择700 nm处反射率建立单波段模型。而700 nm和677 nm波长处反射率比值、685 nm处光谱一阶微分、700 nm波长处波峰几何特征具有较好的相关性,给出了松花湖水体叶绿素浓度估算模型,为松花湖水体叶绿素浓度反演监测提供了一定的理论基础与参考。     

PSO-DF:基于高光谱的水稻叶片氮含量估测方法

水稻叶片氮含量的估测对实现田间施肥高效、水稻高产的目标具有重要意义。提出了一种基于粒子群深度森林的水稻叶片氮素估测方法(Particle Swarm Optimization-Deep Forest, PSODF),通过粒子群优化算法筛选深度森林模型(Deep Forest,DF)参数中最优的级联层估计器数量和估计器中的树数,从而提高深度森林模型在水稻氮素数据集上的回归精度。为验证PSO-DF的有效性,研究采用无人机搭载高光谱图像采集器获取宁夏粳稻高光谱图像,并对同期水稻叶片进行取样、测量、分析,并提取与水稻叶片氮含量相关系数最高的3个特征波段,将其作为光谱特征与水稻氮含量数据进行反演,对PSO-DF、原模型DF以及其他6种常见机器学习算法构建的水稻氮含量估测模型进行了对比。结果表明：PSO-DF算法构建的模型效果优于其他模型,其R²和RMSE指标均明显优于其他模型。     

定西遥感试验场土壤光谱特征分析

对分布于甘肃省东部的黑壤土、灰褐土、黄绵土、新积土4个土类的7个土属进行电磁波谱测试。在0.4～1.1μm波段内,以土种为单位共测试21条裸土光谱曲线。从形态上可区分为缓斜型和陡坎型。在0.4～0.65μm波段内,各土壤光谱反射率值多相互交错分布,但在0.65～1.1μm波段内,陡坎型类土壤的光谱反射率值多高于缓斜型。土壤表层质地差异大时,将影响电磁波辐射能量的变化,当土壤表层水分含量小于饱和含水量时,在0.55～0.95μm波段内,土壤水分含量越高,其光谱反射率值越低。经各波段与反射率之间的相关分析说明,缓斜型土壤光谱曲线以一元一次回归曲线拟合程度高,而陡坎型土壤则以一元二次回归曲线拟合更为理想。该结果为在遥感图像中提取土壤线信息,提供了可参考的数据。     

A multi-angle spectrometer for automatic measurement of plant canopy reflectance spectra

The paper describes the design and operation of a multi-angle spectrometer (MAS) for automatic measurement of near-field spectral reflectances of plant canopies at hourly intervals. A novel feature of the instrument is a rotating periscope connected to a spectrometer via a fiber optic cable. Canopy reflectances are calculated for multiple view azimuths, at a single zenith angle from measurements of spectrometer dark current, incoming solar irradiance and reflected radiances. Spectral measurements are made between 300 and 1150 nm wavelength at a band-to-band spacing of 3 nm, and a bandwidth (full-width, half maximum) of 10 nm. Preliminary data analysis showed that the canopy reflectance model of Kuusk [Kuusk, A. (1995). A fast, invertible canopy reflectance model. Remote Sensing of Environment 51, 342-350] reproduced the observed large differences in visible and near-infrared (NIR) reflectances, but the model was unable to predict quantitatively the observed variations in the measured reflectance spectra with azimuth, particularly in the NIR. Discrepancies between model and measurements are likely due to the inhomogeneous nature of the forest canopy in contrast to the assumption of a uniformly absorbing turbid medium in the model. Measurements using the MAS can be used to investigate directional dependences of reflectance indices and for testing BRDF models used to separate geometrical and plant physiological contributions to the reflectance signals. The MAS provides continuous sampling of reflectance indices which can be compared with canopy properties such as chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity.     

基于Hyperion影像的高光谱水汽含量反演的算法比较研究

基于高光谱遥感图像数据的大气参数反演和一体化辐射校正具有重要研究意义和应用价值。首先,通过6S模型辐射传输计算分析了EO-1/Hyperion遥感影像在940和1 130nm附近水汽吸收区域的光谱吸收特点。其次,采用两通道比值法和三通道比值法,比较了不同波段组合的大气含水量高光谱遥感反演精度并进行了敏感性分析,模拟实验结果表明采用三波段比值算法的相关系数和均方根误差均优于对应的两波段算法。最后,利用张掖地区2008年3景EO-1Hyperion高光谱遥感影像,反演了大气含水量,并与地基CE-318太阳分光光度计测量数据进行对比验证,结果表明:1 124nm水汽吸收通道反演精度优于940nm,两通道和三通道比值法的均方根误差分别为0.369和0.128g/cm2,三通道比值方法优于两通道比值方法,与地面观测结果一致。     

水稻叶绿素浓度与光谱反射率关系研究

结合田间小区实验,获取了水稻生育期9组叶片叶绿素浓度和相应的光谱反射率数据,进行了相关分析研究,结果表明:水稻叶片叶绿素浓度与其光谱反射率之间具有相关性,在450～686nm和750～770 nm光谱区内相关性较好,且在686 nm处两者达到最高的相关性;水稻叶片的“红边”拐点波长位置与其叶绿素浓度之间具有很强的相关性,复相关系数为0.88,并由此进一步讨论了高光谱遥感定量探测水稻叶绿素浓度的可行性。
     

褐潮土的光谱特性及用土壤反射率估算有机质含量的研究

本文通过ASDFR便携式光谱仪对132个风干土壤样品的光谱反射率进行了实验室测定。根据土样光谱反射率变化,获得了褐潮土土壤剖面的不同诊断层反射光谱特征。结果表明,在400～1200nm范围之间,土壤有机质含量与土壤光谱反射率有较好的相关性。利用导数光谱方法建立了预测土壤有机质含量的方程,提出了预测北京地区褐潮土有机质光谱的最佳波段。在波长447nm处采用反射率和A值(反射率倒数的对数)所建立的预测方程的预测精度较高。采用反射率的一阶微分建立的预测方程的最佳波段在516nm处。而A值一阶微分光谱在615nm处相关性最好。作为一项参考指标用光谱分析法评价土壤中有机质含量,以期对精准农业中土壤养分或肥力的预测具有一定的指导作用。     

Estimation of vegetation water content and photosynthetic tissue area from spectral reflectance: a comparison of indices based on liquid water and chlorophyll absorption features

Because of the high water content of vegetation, water absorption features dominate spectral reflectance of vegetation in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. In comparison to indices based on chlorophyll absorption features (such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)), indices based on the water absorption bands are expected to “see” more deeply into thick canopies and have a preferential sensitivity to thin as opposed to thick tissues. These predictions are based on the much lower absorption coefficients for water in the short wavelength water bands as compared to chlorophyll. Thus, the water bands may have advantages over NDVI for remote sensing of photosynthetic tissues. Previous studies have primarily related water band indices (WI) to leaf area index (LAI). Here we expand the definition of photosynthetic tissues to include thin green stems and fruits and measure a wide range of species to determine the influence of variable tissue morphologies and canopy structures on these relationships. As expected, indices based on reflectance in the water absorption bands in the near infrared were best correlated with the water content of thin tissues (less than 0.5-cm thickness). The choice of wavelength for a water index was much more important for thick than for thin canopies, and the best wavelengths were those where water absorptance was weak to moderate. We identified three wavelength regions (950-970, 1150-1260 and 1520-1540 nm) that produced the best overall correlations with water content. Comparison of these wavelength regions with the atmospheric “windows” where water vapor absorption is minimal suggests that the 1150-1260 and 1520-1540 nm regions would be the best wavelengths for satellite remote sensing of water content. We also developed and tested a new Canopy Structure Index (CSI) that combines the low absorptance water bands with the simple ratio vegetation index (SR) to produce an index with a wider range of sensitivity to photosynthetic tissue area at all canopy thicknesses. CSI was better than either WI or SR alone for prediction of total area of photosynthetic tissues. However, SR was best for prediction of leaf area when other green tissues were excluded. All of these relationships showed good generality across a wide range of species and functional types.     

由粗到细的高光谱图像多端元光谱混合分析

光谱可变性是影响高光谱图像光谱混合分析精度的重要因素,多端元光谱混合分析是解决该问题的有效手段。为了降低光谱混合分析时间复杂度的同时提高其精度,提出了一种由粗到细的多端元光谱混合分析算法,该算法首先基于扩展的端元集对每个像元进行全约束光谱混合粗分析,确定含所有地物的初始端元集,在此基础上进一步进行精细光谱混合分析,迭代光谱混合分析构建端元子集,最终根据重构误差变化量确定各个像元的最优端元集。实验结果表明:相比迭代光谱混合分析法和分层多端元光谱混合分析法,所提出的由粗到细的高光谱图像多端元光谱混合分析能有效降低算法反演丰度误差并改善计算效率。     

由粗到细的高光谱图像多端元光谱混合分析

光谱可变性是影响高光谱图像光谱混合分析精度的重要因素,多端元光谱混合分析是解决该问题的有效手段。为了降低光谱混合分析时间复杂度的同时提高其精度,提出了一种由粗到细的多端元光谱混合分析算法,该算法首先基于扩展的端元集对每个像元进行全约束光谱混合粗分析,确定含所有地物的初始端元集,在此基础上进一步进行精细光谱混合分析,迭代光谱混合分析构建端元子集,最终根据重构误差变化量确定各个像元的最优端元集。实验结果表明:相比迭代光谱混合分析法和分层多端元光谱混合分析法,所提出的由粗到细的高光谱图像多端元光谱混合分析能有效降低算法反演丰度误差并改善计算效率。     

不同含水量黄棕壤反射光谱特征研究

采用多光谱辐射仪(MSR～16R)对自然条件下不同水分含量黄棕壤光谱特征进行了研究，试验结果表明在可见光部分(460～710nm)，土壤含水量与光谱反射率相关性差，而在红外部分(760～1650nm）土壤含水量与光谱反射率达到极显著负相关，模式方程拟合度都在0．86以上，因此通过测定土壤光谱反射率来推算土壤含水量是可行的。应用地面光谱测量试验的结果，本文讨论了由地面光谱测量来推算土壤含水量向由卫星遥感影像反演土壤含水量过渡的可能性，进而对采用TM遥感影像对黄棕壤分布区土壤水分状况实施遥感监测的可行性作了一些探访。     

Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture

A growing number of studies have focused on evaluating spectral indices in terms of their sensitivity to vegetation biophysical parameters, as well as to external factors affecting canopy reflectance. In this context, leaf and canopy radiative transfer models are valuable for modeling and understanding the behavior of such indices. In the present work, PROSPECT and SAILH models have been used to simulate a wide range of crop canopy reflectances in an attempt to study the sensitivity of a set of vegetation indices to green leaf area index (LAI), and to modify some of them in order to enhance their responsivity to LAI variations. The aim of the paper was to present a method for minimizing the effect of leaf chlorophyll content on the prediction of green LAI, and to develop new algorithms that adequately predict the LAI of crop canopies. Analyses based on both simulated and real hyperspectral data were carried out to compare performances of existing vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI], Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index [RDVI], Modified Simple Ratio [MSR], Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index [SAVI], Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index [SARVI], MSAVI, Triangular Vegetation Index [TVI], and Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index [MCARI]) and to design new ones (MTVI1, MCARI1, MTVI2, and MCARI2) that are both less sensitive to chlorophyll content variations and linearly related to green LAI. Thorough analyses showed that the above existing vegetation indices were either sensitive to chlorophyll concentration changes or affected by saturation at high LAI levels. Conversely, two of the spectral indices developed as a part of this study, a modified triangular vegetation index (MTVI2) and a modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI2), proved to be the best predictors of green LAI. Related predictive algorithms were tested on CASI (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager) hyperspectral images and, then, validated using ground truth measurements. The latter were collected simultaneously with image acquisition for different crop types (soybean, corn, and wheat), at different growth stages, and under various fertilization treatments. Prediction power analysis of proposed algorithms based on MCARI2 and MTVI2 resulted in agreements between modeled and ground measurement of non-destructive LAI, with coefficients of determination (r²) being 0.98 for soybean, 0.89 for corn, and 0.74 for wheat. The corresponding RMSE for LAI were estimated at 0.28, 0.46, and 0.85, respectively.