基于SRTMDEM的流域特征信息提取——以鄱阳湖流域为例

基于DEM数据提取水文特征因其快速高效,得到了广泛的重视和应用,然而由于传统测绘DEM数据高程获取的问题,提取的水文特征结果的精度不甚理想.本研究选用遥感手段获取的、经过SWBD水系数据预处理的SRTM DEM数据,利用D8水系提取算法实现了鄱阳湖流域的边界提取和亚流域划分.提取结果表明,应用遥感源地形数据提取流域水文特征具有较高的精度和效率,显示了遥感面源数据在更新水文研究基础数据中的优势.     

都江堰市白沙河子流域划分与水系提取研究

文章以四川省都江堰市白沙河流域为研究对象,采用10×10m分辨率的DEM为基本地形数据,应用ArcGIS水文分析模块对该流域进行水系提取与子流域划分工作。率定不同的集水栅格阈值,分别将提取得到的水系与实际水系进行对比,结果表明集水栅格阈值为5000时提取的水系与实际河网最接近,说明0．5km。是该地区形成河网的集水面积阈值。在进行子流域划分汇水阈值取值时,如果仍采用与生成河网相当的阈值,则生成的子流域过多不利于做更深的水文分析。当集水栅格阈值取50000,即子流域面积为5km。时生成的子流域较为合理,以此将研究流域划分为37个子流域,为进一步的水文分析提供了流域基础数据。     

SRTM DEM数据提取河网方法及影响因素研究

从数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Models,DEM）直接提取河网及相关流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础。珠江三角洲地区是中国经济最发达的地区之一,是世界上公认范围最大、结构最复杂的网河流域。研究该地区河网分布及流域特征,对于流域的整体规划和水资源的有序配置具有重要意义。文中首先讨论了基于栅格DEM取流域河网水系特征信息的基本方法;然后基于SRTM DEM数据,以珠江三角洲地区为例给出了利用Arc/Info实现河网提取的具体步骤,实现了大范围区域内的流域特征信息的快速提取;最后对比分析珠江三角洲分流域河网特征。     

SRTM DEM数据提取河网方法及影响因素研究

从数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Models,DEM）直接提取河网及相关流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础。珠江三角洲地区是中国经济最发达的地区之一,是世界上公认范围最大、结构最复杂的网河流域。研究该地区河网分布及流域特征,对于流域的整体规划和水资源的有序配置具有重要意义。文中首先讨论了基于栅格DEM取流域河网水系特征信息的基本方法;然后基于SRTM DEM数据,以珠江三角洲地区为例给出了利用Arc/Info实现河网提取的具体步骤,实现了大范围区域内的流域特征信息的快速提取;最后对比分析珠江三角洲分流域河网特征。     

ASTER-GDEM与SRTM3数据质量精度对比分析

ASTER-GDEM是最新的全球数字高程模型,具有较高的分辨率;SRTM3是目前研究人员广泛应用的地形数据。结合实测数据、矢量化地形图,从高程精度、位置精度和坡度因子3方面对比分析两种数据精度。结果表明:ASTER-GDEM数据高程精度低于SRTM3数据,而水平位置精度较高,二者各级坡度百分率近似,与国家1∶5万数字地形图生成的DEM差异较大。     

数字高程模型坡度误差指标尺度转换分析

针对我国大比例尺DEM数据库尚未建成,但是国家的生产建设又需要1∶5 000DEM所提取的地形因子(如坡度),而目前少有对1∶5 000比例尺DEM转换研究的现状,该研究制定出适合福建全省不同比例尺DEM提取地形因子间互相转换标准。选取福建省典型地貌(山地、丘陵、平原)共7个样区为实验样区,使用python脚本来批量提取7个样区在5种比例尺DEM下的多种地形因子,选取坡度作为研究对象,提出适合中小比例尺DEM向大比例尺DEM转换的3个误差指标:坡度面积、坡度信息熵、坡度鉴别信息,得出1∶10 000、1∶50 000、1∶250 000、1∶500 000DEM所提取坡度因子向1∶5 000转换的定量表达式,制定出中小比例尺DEM提取坡度因子向大比例尺DEM对应因子的转换标准。     

基于DEM的水流方向算法研究

水文信息在空间信息的表达中占有非常重要的地位，它被广泛应用于地形分析、资源环境管理以及水文科学等各个方面。流域是进行地表水文研究的基本对象，由于它反映了地域的水文、地质、地貌等特征，因此在水土保持、环境监测等方面具有重要意义，而基于格网DEM的水系自动提取是进行上述研究的基础。其中水流方向的决定是基于格网DEM的水系自动提取的重要环节之一。为了准确确定水流方向，该文在总结并实现现有的基于格网DEM的决定水流方向算法的基础上，综合FD8算法的多流向处理方法及Rh08算法对地形随机性的处理方法，提出了一种新的改进算法，并通过两组数据验证了该算法在水系提取时，对于多流向和随机性处理的优越性。     

DEM保真精度定量化描述模型

等高线回放法是数字高程模型(DEM)精度评估的重要方法之一,可以用于检测地形的保真程度,但是现有定量评估指标属于相对保真精度的范畴,因此基于水系和地形的固有套合特性,提出了水系和地形套合隶属度函数,从两者的套合程度实现DEM保真精度的定量化描述.首先,根据线状要素位移准则、尺度准则、平均坡度准则、最大套合偏移量准则和目视效果准则,运用模糊数学方法建立水系和地形套合隶属度函数;然后,使用4个不同地貌类型实验区域的1∶5万地形图作为基础源数据,实验分析了DEM保真精度的评估.实验结果表明水系和地形套合隶属度函数不仅可以用于DEM保真精度的定量评估,而且可以用于DEM最佳分辨率的确定以及DEM尺度转换适宜范围的确定.     

利用星载InSAR技术提取镇江地区DEM及其精度分析

InSAR技术是目前获取高精度数字高程模型（DEM）的一种新方法。为了分析InSAR技术提取DEM的精度,首先介绍了美国航天飞机雷达SRTM DEM的精度和数据结构,然后以江苏镇江地区作为试验区,采用ERS1/2卫星影像来提取DEM,并对星载SAR提取的DEM与SRTM 3弧秒分辨率DEM的精度作了比较。 结果表明,利用星载SAR提取的DEM分辨率与SRTM 3弧秒分辨率的DEM相当,能很好地显示出地形起伏（如山脉、沟谷）的纹理特征。进一步的研究还表明,利用InSAR技术提取DEM的精度与SRTM 3 DEM之间存在5米左右的系统误差,并对产生这一系统误差的原因作了详细分析。     

低山丘陵区多源数字高程模型误差分析

作为多学科交叉与渗透产物的数字高程模型(DEM)已在诸多学科和领域及实际应用中发挥了重要作用,但目前能够免费获取的高分辨全球DEM在不同区域仍存在很大的不确定性,应用之前进行质量评估至关重要。以烟台市为实验区,以大比例尺地形图(1∶10 000)生成的DEM为参照,结合坡度、坡向和土地覆被类型等地学因子,定量分析了目前广泛应用的两个版本ASTER GDEM(先进星载热辐射和反射辐射计全球数字高程模型)ASTETR 1和ASTER 2及不同空间分辨率SRTM DEM(航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务)(SRTM 1:～30m和SRTM 3:～90m)在低山丘陵区高程、坡度及坡向误差。结果表明:在研究区域内,ASTER 1、ASTER 2、SRTM 3、SRTM 1总体高程均方根误差分别为8.7m、6.3m、3.7m和2.9m。ASTER与SRTM的高程精度不同程度地受坡度、坡向以及土地覆被类型等地学因子的影响,DEM误差随坡度增加而增大,其中SRTM 3精度对该因子最敏感。尽管坡向对DEM精度影响不明显(4种DEM在不同坡向上的均方根误差波动范围均不超过2m),但是不同土地覆被类型下这4种DEM精度差异显著。此外,分析4种DEM提取的坡度可知,SRTM 1的均方根坡度误差最低(2.5°)、ASTER 1与ASTER 2的坡度的均方根误差大致相同(3.6°、3.9°)、SRTM 3的坡度均方根误差最高(4.3°)。坡向的精度SRTM 1最高,ASTER 1与ASTER 2次之,SRTM 3最低。研究结果对我国低山丘陵区ASTER GDEM与SRTM DEM的应用与精度评估具有一定的借鉴作用。     

DEM generation using ASAR (ENVISAT) for addressing the lack of freshwater ecosystems management,Santa Cruz Island,Galapagos

Low relief oceanic islands often suffer from scarcity of freshwater resources. Remote sensing has proved to be an effective tool to generate valuable data for hydrological analysis and has improved the management of ecosystems and water. However, remotely sensed data are often tested over areas with existing validation databases and not always where the need is greatest. In this paper we address the need for topographical data to understand the hydrological system of Santa Cruz Island (Galapagos archipelago) so that management of freshwater ecosystems and resources can take place. No high resolution, high accuracy topographical data exist for Santa Cruz Island, and its growing population has created an urgent need for water resource management and protection of unique and pristine ecosystems.Inaccessible National Park land covers more than 97% of Galapagos territory, which makes the use of remote sensing methods indispensable. SRTM data was insufficient in terms of grid size (90 m) to carry out the needed data analysis. We used ASAR data (ENVISAT) in VV polarization image mode for Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation, in order to extract drainage network, watersheds, and flow characteristics from a morpho-structural analysis.Results show the high potential of these data for both interferometric and radargrammetric generation methods. Although interferometry suffered from low coherence over highly vegetated areas, it showed high precision over the rest of the island. Radargrammetry gave consistent results over the entire island, and details were enhanced by integrating the 90 m SRTM data as an external DEM. Accuracy of the SRTM and the combined radargrammetric/SRTM DEM was similar, with the radargrammetric having a finer pixel-based resolution (20 m).Validation of the extracted drainage networks and watersheds was carried out using ground-based field observations and comparison to mapped river networks visually extracted from aerial photographs and high resolution (1 m) satellite imagery available on GoogleEarth^©. For the first time, watershed characteristics and flow paths were made available for an island of the Galapagos archipelago. Furthermore, the drainage network is shown to be strongly influenced by observed and extracted structural discontinuities. Having characterized freshwater flow, water balance calculations were carried out for Pelican Bay watershed, where urban areas, agricultural land and Galapagos National Park land are concomitant.     

多源外部DEM对两轨DINSAR测量结果影响分析

在总结两轨差分中参考DEM影响的最新研究成果基础上,以青藏高原上典型平地和山地作为研究区,利用理论上没有形变的ERS Tandem像对以及3种常用外部参考DEM（SRTM,ASTER GDEM,1∶5万DEM）,使用ROI_PAC软件进行两轨差分干涉试验。实例证明：SRTM更适合作为两轨差分中的外部参考DEM,并对此试验结果予以解释分析,即多源DEM数据质量的差异导致干涉图与DEM配准精度的不同,并最终反映在差分干涉相位误差中。本文研究结论对提高DInSAR处理精度有参考价值。     

SPOT5-HRS digital elevation models and the monitoring of glacier elevation changes in North-West Canada and South-East Alaska

Monitoring the response of land ice to climate change requires accurate and repeatable topographic surveys. The SPOT5-HRS (High Resolution Stereoscopic) instrument covers up to 120 km by 600 km in a single pass and has the potential to accurately map the poorly known topography of most glaciers and ice caps. The acquisition of a large HRS archive over ice-covered regions is planned by the French Space Agency (CNES) and Spotimage, France during the 2007–2008 International Polar Year (IPY). Here, we report on the accuracy and value of HRS digital elevation model (DEM) over ice and snow surfaces.

A DEM is generated by combining tools available from CNES with the PCI Orthoengine^SE software, using HRS images acquired in May 2004 over South-East Alaska (USA) and northern British Columbia (Canada). The DEM is evaluated through comparison with shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM) DEM and ICESAT data, on and around the glaciers. A horizontal shift of 50 m is found between the HRS and SRTM DEMs and is attributed to errors in the SRTM DEM. Over ice-free areas, HRS elevations are 7 m higher than those of SRTM, with a standard deviation of ± 25 m for the difference between the two DEMs. The 7-m difference is partly attributed to the differential penetration of the electromagnetic waves (visible for HRS; microwave for SRTM) in snow and vegetation.

We also report on the application of sequential DEMs (SRTM DEM in February 2000 and HRS DEM in May 2004) for the monitoring of glacier elevation changes. We map the topographic changes induced by a surge of one tributary of Ferris Glacier. Maximum surface lowering of 42 (± 10) m and rising of 77 (± 10) m are observed in the 4 years time interval. Thinning rates up to 10 (± 2.5) m/yr are observed at low altitudes and confirm the ongoing wastage of glaciers in South-East Alaska.     

低山丘陵区多源数字高程模型误差分析北大核心CSCD

作为多学科交叉与渗透产物的数字高程模型(DEM)已在诸多学科和领域及实际应用中发挥了重要作用,但目前能够免费获取的高分辨全球DEM在不同区域仍存在很大的不确定性,应用之前进行质量评估至关重要。以烟台市为实验区,以大比例尺地形图(1∶10 000)生成的DEM为参照,结合坡度、坡向和土地覆被类型等地学因子,定量分析了目前广泛应用的两个版本ASTER GDEM(先进星载热辐射和反射辐射计全球数字高程模型)ASTETR 1和ASTER 2及不同空间分辨率SRTM DEM(航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务)(SRTM 1:～30m和SRTM 3:～90m)在低山丘陵区高程、坡度及坡向误差。结果表明:在研究区域内,ASTER 1、ASTER 2、SRTM 3、SRTM 1总体高程均方根误差分别为8.7m、6.3m、3.7m和2.9m。ASTER与SRTM的高程精度不同程度地受坡度、坡向以及土地覆被类型等地学因子的影响,DEM误差随坡度增加而增大,其中SRTM 3精度对该因子最敏感。尽管坡向对DEM精度影响不明显(4种DEM在不同坡向上的均方根误差波动范围均不超过2m),但是不同土地覆被类型下这4种DEM精度差异显著。此外,分析4种DEM提取的坡度可知,SRTM 1的均方根坡度误差最低(2.5°)、ASTER 1与ASTER 2的坡度的均方根误差大致相同(3.6°、3.9°)、SRTM 3的坡度均方根误差最高(4.3°)。坡向的精度SRTM 1最高,ASTER 1与ASTER 2次之,SRTM 3最低。研究结果对我国低山丘陵区ASTER GDEM与SRTM DEM的应用与精度评估具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Using satellite remote sensing for DEM extraction in complex mountainous terrain: Landscape analysis of the Makalu Barun National Park of eastern Nepal

The design and management of national parks and other protected areas requires a broad base of physiographic and geo-ecological information about the landscape. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of satellite remote sensing for photogrammetric stereo-mapping and digital elevation model (DEM) extraction within remote mountainous terrain. As a case study, a landscape analysis of the Makalu Barun National Park and Conservation Area of east Nepal (27.5° N, 87.0° E) was examined. The study area is a highly complex and rugged mountain landscape, with extreme topographic relief and an elevation gradient spanning more than 8300 m. A DEM extracted from stereo SPOT imagery resulted in a median disagreement of 58 m when compared to a DEM generated from a conventionally digitized GIS dataset of topographic contours (scale=1:250 000). Visual comparison of the two DEMs showed substantial agreement at the landscape scale, while larger scale comparison of 100 m contours revealed some localized differences. The SPOT extracted DEM provided equal or better basis for orthorectification of satellite imagery when compared to the conventional DEM. Derivative landscape analysis outputs, such as hydrological modelling, drainage networks and watershed boundaries, compared well with results based upon the conventional dataset. Intermediate map products useful for field research and mapping included production of an orthorectified satellite base-map image. Additionally, a fused multisensor high resolution image of the study area, combining Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and SPOT imagery at 10 m resolution, was orthorectified to produce a false-colour satellite image map highlighting the spectral discrimination between land cover classes.     

InSAR技术获取高山峡谷区DEM精度研究

通过对金沙江河段高山峡谷区L波段的Alos-Palasar和C波段的Radarsat-2雷达单视复数数据的干涉处理,获取此区域的数字高程模型(DEM)。利用SRTM 90m分辨率的DEM为参考数据,通过对比分析发现InSAR技术生成的DEM精度与相干系数、地形和波长有密切的关系。同时也验证了在相干性好,地形起伏不太剧烈的地区,用InSAR技术生成DEM是可行的。     

基于WorldView-2制备大野口流域高分辨率DEM及精度分析

在全野外GPS地面控制点基础上,对WorldView-2影像自带RPC文件进行校正,利用数字摄影测量软件系统在立体模型上通过影像自动匹配技术快速提取黑河流域上游大野口子流域1∶5 000比例尺数字高程模型(DEM)。由于区域地形复杂、交通不便,研究区南部无地面控制点覆盖。基于立体模型交互式操作,匹配60个均匀分布高精度影像连接点,提高了DEM自动提取精度。并在对阴坡森林覆盖区、大野口水库等重点区域进行DEM编辑基础上,辅助地形特征点和线数据提高了成果精度。由15个外业控制点、12个模型保密点组成的检查点进行定量DEM验证,结果表明:两组高程中误差最大为1.9 m,达到该比例尺山地一级精度2.5 m的要求。
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Accuracy assessment of the ASTER GDEM and SRTM3 DEM: an example in the Loess Plateau and North China Plain of China

The digital elevation model (DEM) produced by the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) has provided important fundamental data for topographic analysis in many fields. The recently released global digital elevation model (GDEM) produced by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) has higher spatial resolution and wider coverage than the SRTM3 DEM, and thus may be of more value to researchers. Taking two typical study areas—the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain of China—as an example, this article assesses the accuracy of the SRTM3 DEM and ASTER GDEM by collecting ground control points from topographical maps. It is found that both the SRTM3 DEM and the ASTER GDEM are far more accurate for the North China Plain than for the Loess Plateau. For the Loess Plateau, the accuracy of the ASTER GDEM is similar to that of the SRTM3 DEM; whereas for the North China Plain, it is much worse than that of the SRTM3 DEM. Considering the negative bias of the ASTER GDEM for flat or gentle regions, we improve its accuracy by adding the difference of the mean value between the SRTM3 DEM and ASTER GDEM for the North China Plain; then, the root mean square error (RMSE) of ±7.95 m from the original ASTER GDEM is improved to ±5.26 m, which demonstrates that it is a simple but useful way to improve the accuracy of the ASTER GDEM in flat or gentle regions.     

Modeling the effects of elevation data resolution on the performance of topography-based watershed runoff simulation

The spatial uncertainty of a topography based rainfall runoff model (TOPMODEL) is addressed in this study to assess its variability in simulating watershed hydrologic response with regards to the change of digital elevation model (DEM) resolution. Twelve DEM realizations of different grid sizes ranging from 30 m to 3000 m for each of two case watersheds are used for comparative examinations. The study shows that DEM grid size has significant influence on the topographic index distribution which represents the effect of topography on watershed hydrology in TOPMODEL. The smoothing effect of grid size increase may result in deteriorated topographic index distributions at coarse resolutions as the ratio of grid cell area to watershed area gets larger. The simulated discharges and model efficiencies using a same set of TOPMODEL parameters are sensitive to DEM grid size especially at coarse resolutions. This sensitivity, however, can be moderated by parameter calibrations as the optimization runs show that fairly equal efficiencies can be preserved by the compensation effect of transmissivity parameter T₀ within a large extent of DEM resolution for each watershed. The interaction between T₀ and the topographic index distribution with respect to TOPMDOEL model performance is also examined. It is found that both study watersheds demonstrate a similar pattern of change in model performance along with the increase of the grid-to-watershed ratio. The analysis reveals that the ratio poses an important factor in controlling the effect of DEM grid size on TOPMODEL performance. A ratio of less than 5% is suggested in DEM resolution selection for TOPMODEL applications based on the results of this study.     

基于信息论的不同比例尺DEM地形信息比较分析

运用信息论与数理统计及对比分析的方法，以1：1万DEM为基准，探讨在黄土丘陵沟壑区1：5万DEM所建立的数字高程模型信息特征和对地形描述的精度特征。样区为陕北绥德县韭园沟流域，基本技术平台为ARC／VIEW地理信息系统软件。研究结果表明，在该地区内，利用1：5万DEM手提取的地面坡度、剖面曲率2种地形因子及其熵值都不同程度地存在着差异，熵值变化率分别为6．275％和0．182％，并且提出了信息损失量的计算公式和因子特征的纠正公式，同时从信息论的角度分析了这种差异的本质特征是微观每个栅格地形因子取值的不确定性变化。