基于D-InSAR技术的矿区地表形变监测研究

本文利用时序Envisat单视复数据(SLC),分别采用"2轨法"和"3轨法"雷达差分干涉测量,对河北邯郸峰峰煤矿地区地表沉降检测试验,检测矿区内地表沉降发生的位置及范围,结合实验分析了差分干涉测量技术在地表形变监测中存在的问题及其应用前景.     

改进小基线集时序雷达方法监测显著地表沉降

针对现有时序雷达干涉测量在监测时间跨度过大的条件下存在的问题,该文依据结合时序先验约束值辅助构建线性时序模型的总体思路推导并实现了改进的小基线集时序差分干涉分析模型。为验证模型与算法的可行性,实验选取23幅L波段ALOS/PALSAR影像数据,针对河北胜芳镇2007年到2010年的不均匀地表沉降开展量化分析,获得了整体区域雷达视线方向地表累积沉降量,标定了沉降漏斗位置并对累积沉降量进行了评估。     

基于Sentinel-1A数据反演九寨沟地震地表形变场

针对四川省九寨沟2017年8月8日发生的7.0级地震引起的地表形变,使用欧空局2014年发射的Sentinel-1A卫星C波段雷达影像数据,采用两轨雷达差分干涉技术(D-InSAR)处理得到了研究区范围内同震形变场。干涉结果显示,此次地震造成了明显的地表形变,景区内最大抬升达到了12.6cm,最大沉降达9.8cm。研究结果表明:Sentinel-1A卫星的C波段雷达数据非常适用于对植被覆盖葱郁、地形复杂的区域进行D-InSAR形变监测。D-InSAR技术获取的地表形变信息可用于分析讨论地震受灾范围和地震机理。进一步明确了D-InSAR技术在大范围地表形变探测和地学研究范畴的重要地位。     

COSMO-SkyMed数据在常州市地表形变监测中的应用

小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)已成功应用于城市地表形变监测,并表现出极大的潜力和优势。X波段高分辨率雷达卫星在地表微小形变探测方面较C波段和L波段更为敏感。选取覆盖常州地区COSMO-SkyMed高分辨率SAR影像,采用SBAS-InSAR方法获得了地表形变时间序列,对比水准观测数据,分析了干涉测量结果的精度,根据历史地下水位监测数据,分析了地下水水位变化对地表形变的影响。结果表明:干涉测量结果与水准观测数据具有很好的一致性,沉降区域主要发生在武进区,最大沉降量超过-40mm,主城区出现了轻微的回弹现象,回弹达到+5mm;地下水水位持续上升与地面沉降减缓、地面回弹趋势一致,地下水水位变化仍然是常州市地表形变的主要影响因素。     

MLAMBDA算法在干涉雷达时间序列分析中的应用

干涉雷达时间序列分析方法是差分干涉测量技术中的一种新方法,利用高斯马尔可夫模型构建其相位模型,对参数进行估计,需要解决整周相位模糊度问题.因此,将改进的最小均方模糊度去相关调整算法(MLAMBDA算法)引入干涉雷达时间序列分析中求解整周相位模糊度,通过多次实验对比分析,解决了算法应用和软件编写中的关键问题.最后应用在天津地区沉降监测项目中,获得了可靠的沉降监测结果,同时表明MLAMBDA算法在干涉雷达时间序列分析方法中的应用正确有效.     

基于DInSAR技术获取形变位移三分量的新方法

提出从三个不同视线向的SAR差分干涉图中提取地表形变位移三分量的新方法.为了检验该方法的可行性,选取三组不同卫星轨道数据模拟了两种理想地表形变模型的差分干涉图,并采用最小二乘法解缠差分相位场,从解缠干涉图中获得视线向形变位移量,然后利用矢量分解方法将视线向形变位移量解算成形变位移三分量,最后对形变位移三分量的反演结果进行了误差分析.误差均不超过15%,证实了该方法的可行性.     

ALOS/PALSAR InSAR数学模型研究

日本ALOS卫星携带的相控阵型L波段合成孔径雷达(PALSAR),因其较长的波长使得相同时间间隔内地面具有较高的相干性,因而极具InSAR应用潜力。本文首先介绍ALOS PALSAR,进而详细分析该数据在InSAR数学模型(包括距离向频谱、干涉临界基线距、模糊高度、差分相位对形变的敏感度)中的特点,并与常见的ERS SAR数据进行比较。     

干涉测量技术在矿山塌陷和地面沉降监测中的应用

差分干涉测量（D-InSAR）技术，是合成孔径雷达（SAR）卫星应用的一个拓展。雷达图像的差分干涉图可用于监测cm级或更微小的地面形变，具有全天候、大面积监测地面沉降和矿山塌陷的优势。本文以武安矿山塌陷和沧州市地面沉降监测为例，介绍了这一新技术在灾害监测领域中的实际应用。     

InSAR处理中滤波方法研究 

合成孔径雷达干涉图质量直接影响相位解缠精度,对干涉图进行滤波处理,去除相位图噪声,改善干涉图质量,是InSAR处理中十分重要的步骤,通过探讨方位向与距离向滤波,以及多视滤波、圆周期均值/中值滤波、基于梯度自适应滤波、Goldstein自适应滤波等噪声抑制方法,并利用Envisat ASAR数据对以上滤波方法进行对比验证。     

地基差分干涉微形变监测实验系统

利用Agilent矢量网络分析仪(VNA)测量S参数的端口与X波段天线相连,并置于滑轨上合成方位向孔径,构成基于低成本实验室通用设备的地基合成孔径雷达(Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar,GBSAR)系统,且具备和实际雷达系统同样有效的二维成像功能。利用该系统对目标进行干涉成像,然后得出两幅图像的相位差,结合相位与形变量之间的几何模型,实现了目标的形变监测。实验证明,该地基差分干涉微形变监测系统对于毫米级的微形变具有显著的分辨能力。     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的煤矿开采沉陷监测与分析

地下煤炭资源大量开采导致的地表形变,引发严重的安全和环境隐患,雷达干涉测量技术是高精度、大范围地表形变监测的重要手段之一。以辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区蒲河煤矿为例,采用SBAS-InSAR技术探测2018—2019年矿区地表形变结果,获取了采煤引起地表形变的时空分布特征,结合采场所在区域的地质条件和变形诱发因素,利用数值模拟技术对观测形变结果进行模拟分析,进而讨论了蒲河煤矿地面沉降在时间和空间上的变形规律和机制。InSAR形变监测结果显示,开采区域内存在两处沉降漏斗,且数值模拟结果与InSAR形变观测值分布规律一致,反演结果接近实际情况,可为相关部门制定地面沉降防治措施提供科学依据。     

Monitoring of large-scale deformation in mining areas using sub-band InSAR and the probability integral fusion method

The large-scale and rapid land subsidence that occurs in mining areas often leads to problems, such as densely spaced interference fringes and the temporal decorrelation of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) interferograms. To solve these problems, sub-band InSAR is applied to monitor the large-scale deformation that occurs in mining areas. First of all, four different bandwidth images with three sub-band bandwidth parameters are used to extract simulated mining-induced subsidence with seven different deformation magnitudes. The results of the simulation experiment suggest the following conclusions. In monitoring subsidence with different deformation magnitudes using images with different bandwidths, an optimal monitoring value exists; wider image bandwidths lead to smaller optimal monitoring values and higher monitoring accuracies. Therefore, an appropriate sub-band bandwidth should be selected that depends upon the image bandwidth and the subsidence level to achieve optimal monitoring. The optimal sub-band bandwidth for monitoring subsidence of different magnitudes in mining areas is determined through simulation experiments, and these conclusions can provide a technical basis for selecting the appropriate sub-band bandwidth for the monitoring of subsidence in mining areas. Although sub-band InSAR can reduce the number of interference fringes and the difficulty of unwrapping, the simultaneous introduction of large amounts of noise leads to reduced monitoring precision, and the application of the probability integral method in the prediction of mine subsidence is more mature. Therefore, the combined use of sub-band InSAR and the probability integral fusion method to monitor mining-induced deformation is proposed in this paper. The probability integral method is used to perform noise peeling on the interferometric phases of the sub-bands to improve the monitoring accuracy of sub-band interferometry. Then, according to the results of the simulation experiment, the fusion method with the appropriate sub-band bandwidth parameters is applied to monitor the surface deformation associated with working face 52,304 from 2 December 2012 to 13 December 2012. Finally, the monitoring results are compared with the results of monitoring using conventional differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) and global positioning system (GPS) field survey data. The results show that the reliability and accuracy of the fusion method are much better than those of conventional D-InSAR in monitoring the large-scale deformation that occurs at the edges of subsidence basins.     

SAR interferometry in post-seismic ground deformation detection related to the 2001 Bhuj earthquake,India

The 2001 Bhuj earthquake, which occurred due to rupturing of a hidden reverse fault, caused large-scale ground deformation. The ground deformations in the Bhuj earthquake-affected region have been analysed using two interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data sets. The data sets belong to the years 2003–2004 and 2004–2005, covering an area east of Bhuj falling on near-flat terrain north of Kutch Mainland Fault (KMF). Two interferograms have been generated successfully displaying the interference fringes in the study area, enabling us to draw interesting observational inferences. The 2003–2004 interferogram image exhibits upliftment of about 8 cm (surface motion towards the satellite) around Kunjisar village and also upliftment of 25 and 5 cm in the other two areas north of Kunjisar, whereas the interferogram image belonging to the year 2004–2005 reveals subsidence of about 17 cm (surface motion away from the satellite) in Kunjisar area along with subsidence of about 28 and 5 cm in the two areas north and northwest of Kunjisar, respectively. Hence, between the years 2003 and 2005, two different episodes of upliftment and subsidence have been observed in the study area. The ground upliftment during 2003–2004 probably indicates that the last phase of ground deformation in the earthquake-affected region has been followed by the onset of subsidence during 2004–2005 as the rock volume involved in stress–strain processes began to experience a relaxation phase.     

Combining differential SAR interferometry and the probability integral method for three-dimensional deformation monitoring of mining areas

With the exploitation of coal resources, ground surface subsidence continues to occur in mining areas, destroying the ecological environment and significantly affecting the daily productivity and life of humans. The differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (D-InSAR) technique is widely used to monitor ground surface deformation because of its unique advantages such as high accuracy and wide coverage. However, conventional D-InSAR technology provides only one-dimensional (1D) displacement monitoring along the radar line of sight (LOS). This article proposes a method based on an analysis of the mining subsidence law for true three-dimensional (3D) displacement monitoring by combining D-InSAR and a subsidence prediction model based on the probability integral method. In this approach, 1D displacement, obtained using D-InSAR, is then combined with the prediction model to obtain the 3D displacement of ground surface target points. Here, 3D displacement curves were obtained for the Fengfeng mining area (China) using RadarSat-2 images obtained on 9 January and 2 February 2011. True ground surface displacement was measured simultaneously by levelling when the 152under31 s working face was being exploited in Jiulong mine. Vertical displacement and inclined deformation calculated using the proposed method were compared with levelling survey data and the results showed average differences of 3.2 mm and 0.1 mm m^?1, respectively; the calculated maximum displacement in the east–west and south–north directions were 106 and 73 mm, respectively. The spatial distribution of the displacements was in accordance with the mining subsidence law. Thus, the new method can retrieve highly accurate 3D displacements caused by mining subsidence.     

The present status of subsiding land vulnerable to roof collapse in the Jharia Coalfield,India, as obtained from shorter temporal baseline C-band DInSAR by smaller spatial subset unwrapped phase profiling

In this paper, we identified recently subsiding areas in Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand, India from the shorter temporal baseline Radarsat-2 C-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data pairs of 2012. Although shorter wavelength C-band differential InSAR (DInSAR) is more sensitive to slow deformation and better suited for higher precision land subsidence measurement, the dynamic and adverse land cover in mining areas and resulting temporal decorrelation problem poses a serious problem for DInSAR observation in mining areas. We used smaller temporal baseline data pairs and adopted InSAR coherence-guided incremental filtering with smaller moving windows to highlight the deformation fringes over temporal decorrelation noise. We identified the deformation fringes and validated them based on ground information to prepare the land subsidence map of the coalfield in 2012. Several new, previously unreported subsidence areas were detected in the present study with a total subsiding area of 6.9 km². The recent incidence of roof collapse on 15 November 2014 at Angar Patra village in Katras region of the coalfield where 45 houses collapsed and 10 people were injured is situated in a highly subsiding vulnerable area as obtained from the present study. Due to spatial discontinuities of InSAR coherence, DInSAR phase unwrapping for the entire study area in one go did not appear feasible. To avoid this problem, we performed DInSAR processing in smaller spatial subsets and unwrapping of the subset interferograms by a ‘minimum cost flow’ algorithm. Subsequently, we plotted unwrapped phase profiles across the deformation fringes and retrieved the maximum deformation phase with respect to background phase and translated them into radar line of sight (LOS) displacement rates. For obtaining the average subsidence rates, we adopted InSAR coherence-weighted LOS displacement rates taking into account the contribution of each data pair as a function of DInSAR phase quality of the fringe areas. Ground-based subsidence measurements by precision levelling were conducted in four test sites that had been undergoing active underground mining during the observation period. We compared space-borne DInSAR-based subsidence rates obtained by the adopted technique with precision levelling measurements. Overall, the results are found to agree well. In the four test sites with gentle to flat topography, land subsidence occurs at slow to moderate rates due to compression of in-filled material (resulting from sand stowing in underground mining), without any evidence of roof collapse. In such cases, the horizontal displacement component is less significant, and overall surface displacement occurs essentially in the vertical direction. However, we assessed the nature of subtle horizontal strain to infer relative shrinkage or dilation of the land surface which could be additive or subtractive to vertical displacement in DInSAR-based LOS displacement.     

Dedicated SAR interferometric analysis to detect subtle deformation in evaporite areas around Zaragoza,NE Spain

A high density of local natural and human-induced ground deformation structures resulting from the presence of evaporites occur extensively around Zaragoza (NE Spain), posing risks to infrastructure, buildings and agriculture. We studied the potential of a series of interferograms constructed from 29 European Radar Satellite (ERS)-1/2 images to detect different types of ground deformation related to evaporite dissolution, landslides and mining subsidence. We examined the factors involved in the usefulness and quality of interferograms, especially in relation to coherence and atmospheric circumstances. Favourable conditions were found in desert or developed areas, while agricultural practises caused decorrelation in most sinkhole-prone areas. Results are consistent with previous geomorphological data and indicate that different natural and human-induced deformation phenomena can be detected in a time lag less than 5 years in evaporite areas. Advanced interferometric techniques based on time series of SAR images are needed for precise measurement and monitoring purposes.     

2种灰色模型在矿区地表沉陷预计中的适用性

目前矿区地表单点沉陷动态预计方法主要基于传统的水准测量数据,监测方法单一,成本高,观测点易破坏,不能保证地表形变信息的实时性,且采用灰色模型进行地表沉陷预计时只针对单一模型的应用,没有结合模型自身特点分析其适用性。以袁店二矿7221工作面为试验区域,采用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术监测矿区地表沉陷量,分别建立了描述沉陷量与时间关系的GM(1,1)与灰色Verhulst模型进行地表沉陷量预计,实现了矿区地表沉陷监测与动态预计一体化。通过比较、分析GM(1,1)与灰色Verhulst模型对地表沉陷量的拟合及预计结果,得出了2种灰色模型在矿区地表沉陷预计中的适用性:在矿区开采沉陷开始至活跃前期,若地表单点沉陷量曲线呈近似单峰型,则宜采用GM(1,1)进行短期预计;当矿区地表沉陷进入衰退阶段,单点沉陷量曲线呈平底饱和状态,则宜采用灰色Verhulst模型进行中长期预计。     

Urban subsidence in the city of Prato (Italy) monitored by satellite radar interferometry

Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry has been widely used to monitor centimetric surface deformations in geophysical applications. In this letter, this technique is applied to study the displacement field in an urban area. A set of six European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS)-1/2 SAR images has been used to detect, map and quantify the subsidence occurring in the city of Prato near Florence (Italy). Four areas which have been affected by strong subsidence during the period 1993-2000 have been spotted within the city. The analysis of three interferograms processed from images taken two years apart shows that the deformation rate appears to be relatively constant, with a maximum value of about 8.3 cm y m 1 .     

Monitoring and analysis of mining 3D time-series deformation based on multi-track SAR data

Accurate monitoring of the developing process of a surface subsidence basin is the basis of building damage assessment and surface deformation prediction. In this paper, the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of three different imaging geometries, TerraSAR, Radarsat-2, and Sentinel-1A, were exploited. Firstly, two-dimensional (2D) time-series deformation of the surface subsidence basin caused by 15,235 working face mining was obtained based on Multidimensional Small Baseline Subset (MSBAS) technology from 19 December 2015 to 5 March 2016. By comparing vertical deformation with levelling data, it is shown that the root-mean-square error of vertical deformation is 3.2 mm and the standard deviation is 1.9 mm when the ascending-descending track SAR data is available. Otherwise, the root-mean-square error of vertical deformation is 18.1 mm and the standard deviation is 11.6 mm. Because of the low precision of the north–south horizontal movement monitored by the SAR sensor, the vertical deformation acquired by MSBAS technology and the rules of the mining subsidence (horizontal movement is proportional to tilt) were combined to obtain the north–south horizontal movement which was proven to be reliable by comparing the 2D time-series deformation obtained by MSBAS technology. Then, the deformation of the railway in the surface subsidence basin was analysed based on the three-dimensional (3D) time-series deformation. The results show that the subsidence, tilt, and horizontal movement strongly influence the railway in the monitoring period, but will not affect the normal traffic. This experiment lays a technical foundation for preventing the occurrence of mining disasters and verifies the ability to monitor the deformation of buildings and structures by interferometry synthetic aperture radar technology.