Development of Resource-Saving Technology of Linseed Harvesting

ABSTRACT

The traditional technology of linseed harvesting involves the cutting of the stems with subsequent threshing. During cutting part of the stem remains on the field, which causes significant losses of fibrous raw materials. Threshing of stems by traditional technology also causes significant damage to the linseed straw. Developed resource-saving technology of linseed harvesting provides first linseed thrashing on the plants with subsequent pulling of stems. With this sequence of technological operations, all linseed stems and seeds are preserved without damage. For the implementation of resource-saving technology proposed design of flax thresher and flax puller. The results of experimental studies of the properties of linseed fibre obtained from the linseed showed that such fibre is suitable for the production of non-woven materials, technical textiles and paper. The introduction of resource-saving technology of linseed harvesting will save the harvest of seeds and straw with minimal losses and damage. Resource-saving technology will increase the profitability of linseed cultivation.     

韧皮纤维生物脱胶的研究进展

介绍了韧皮纤维酶法和发酵浸渍法脱胶制浆的研究进展，从生物学角度对影响发酵浸渍法脱胶制浆的主要因素进行了综述。     

Composites from Bast Fibres-Prospects and Potential in the Changing Market Environment

Abstract

Composite materials reinforced with natural fibres, such as flax, hemp, kenaf and jute, are gaining increasing importance in automotive, aerospace, packaging and other industrial applications due to their lighter weight, competitive specific strength and stiffness, improved energy recovery, carbon dioxide sequestration, ease and flexibility of manufacturing and environmental friendliness besides the benefit of the renewable resources of bast fibres. The market scenario for composite applications is changing due to the introduction of newer biodegradable polymers, such as PLA synthesized from corn, development of composite making techniques and new stringent environmental laws requiring improved recyclability or biodegradability for industrial applications where stress bearing capacities and micro-mechanical failures dictate serviceability. Bast fibre reinforced composites, made from biodegradable polymers, will have to compete with conventional composites in terms of their mechanical behaviour. Biocomposites, in which natural fibres, such as kenaf, jute, flax, hemp, sisal, corn stalk, bagasse or even grass are embedded in a biodegradable matrix, made as bioplastics from soybean, corn and sugar, have openedup new possibilities for applications in automotive and building products. Obviously, new approaches to research and development will be required to improve their mechanical properties, such as tensile, bending and impact resistance to match their performance and commercial competitiveness against petroleum based products. The research community has to look at the various possibilities of combining natural fibres, such as sisal, flax, hemp and jute with polymer matrices from non-renewable and renewable resources to develop cost effective biocomposites. This paper will review the newer products and techniques that can improve the properties of bast fibre based composites as well as potential structural and non-structural applications which can increase their market share.     

Effect of Moisture in Flax Fibres on the Quality of their Composites

Moisture present in plant fibres is considered to be detrimental to the performance of composites. In general, a drying stage is performed on the plant fibre fabrics before manufacturing the composites since it is seemed to allow better output. This work provides an analysis of the effect of moisture in flax fibres on the overall quality of epoxy/flax biocomposites. Flax fibre fabrics were conditioned at different relative humidity (RH) environments and composites were manufactured by vacuum infusion technique. Composites were characterized by mechanical and microstructural analysis. Results showed that manufacturing composites with highly humid fabrics (95% RH) generates post processing deformation of finished parts and also leads to poor microstructural quality. The moisture in the fibres with different RH reduced the stiffness (from 23.74 to 17.67 GPa for Young’s modulus and from 16.28 to 11.82 GPa for flexural modulus) but increased their fracture strain (from 1.87 to 2.64). Tensile strength displayed an optimum value (287.96 MPa) for fabrics conditioned at 50% RH, but flexural strength decreases continuously from 225.12 to 152.34 MPa as the moisture in the fabric increases.     

非木材纤维中浓打浆效果及机理分析

对几种非木材纤维原料包括麦草浆、竹浆、蔗渣浆进行中浓打浆试验,研究了中浓打浆过程中的纤维特性、纸张物理性能和打浆能耗,并与低浓打浆进行比较。结果表明,与低浓打浆相比,中浓打浆有效保留了纤维长度,减少了对纤维的切断,增强了细纤维化作用,有利于改善纸张物理性能和降低打浆能耗。对中浓打浆的机理进行探讨认为,中浓打浆对通过磨区纤维的打浆强度较低而纤维之间的摩擦作用较强,有利于非木材纤维的打浆,这可能是中浓打浆具有较佳打浆效果的原因。     

Mechanical behaviour of carbon and glass filament yarns under high temperatures for composite applications

Fibre composites made with high-performance fibres composed of carbon and glass are used in numerous technical applications due to their physical and chemical properties, which are valued for their high strength capabilities. Also in the construction field, textile fibres are gaining importance as reinforcements for concrete and are being coated to improve their bonding performance. Under thermal loads, these yarns show structural alterations in their mechanical properties. The following paper is concerned with experimental investigations of the strength and elasticity of commonly used textile fibres under high temperatures with the goal of specifying the materials’ parameters relative to thermal conditions.     

生物技术——未来纤维改性的关键技术

以森林为基础的产业是一个巨大的产业并且越来越具有挑战性.需要做的是提高现有产品和服务的附加值以及开发新型的以林业为基础的产品.要达到此目的,就需要像生物技术这样的先进制造技术,并且还需要利用已有的科学发展成果.先进的以林业为基础的产品,以及高附加值产品,取决于新的、改进的制造体系和工艺.如今已经用生物技术工具,尤其是酶,来改善传统的制浆造纸工艺,提高产品质量.将来,特殊和专用的酶将为创造新附加值产品开辟新的途径.     

细特纤维针布齿条的设计与应用

根据细特纤维的性能设计了刺辊、锡林、道夫的专用针布齿条,并进行了纺纱工艺试验;结果表明,（WFM）AC2817锡林针币和（WFM）AD4527首夫针布较适合0．55dtex纤维的梳理,（EFM）AC2520锡林针布和（WFM）AD4530 夫针布较适合0．88dtex纤维的梳理。     

从构皮的理化性能谈构皮的制浆

论述了构皮的理化性能，并由此重点介绍了构皮的制浆技术。     

激光制网技术研究进展

激光技术在印染网雕刻系统中应用能较好地解决传统的感光制网和电子雕刻制网存在的很多不足之处。文章概述了国内外计算机分色激光制网技术的发展历史和应用现状，并讨论了目前激光制网系统存在的问题及其应用前景。     

A Review on Natural Fibre-Based Composites-Part I

Abstract

Natural fibre-based composites have been intensely studied in the last years due to their specific properties and their clearly positive environmental impact. Other advantages of using vegetable fibres are related to their economical production and processing, their safe handling and working conditions. Therefore, lignocellulosic natural fibres constitute an interesting alternative to traditional synthetic fibres in composite materials. This work is intended to present an overview of the main results presented in literature on this topic, focusing the attention on the fibres properties in terms of physical and chemical structure, thermal and mechanical properties. Some aspects related to the production of vegetable fibres for composites are also presented.     

进口麻浆配抄卷烟纸的试验

介绍了几种进口麻浆的纤维形态特征、打浆和造纸性能,并对进口麻浆配抄卷烟纸的筛 试验。结果表明,剑麻浆和亚麻浆同样可用于“双高”（高强度 、高透气度）卷烟纸的生产,对提高产品质量有积极的作用。     

基于物理机械力的苎麻脱胶新技术

介绍了一种基于物理机械力的苎麻脱胶新工艺及试验设备,详述了工艺流程和步骤,专用设备的功能作用,以及苎麻脱胶制纤的实际效果。     

Fibre materials for advanced technical textiles

In this article, most kinds of fibre materials used for advanced technical textiles are systematically introduced. The definition of advanced technical textiles and the scope of fibre materials used for advanced technical textiles are given in the introductory chapter, PET, nylon and PP fibres are explained as three major conventional fibres for advanced technical textiles. High mechanical performance fibres such as carbon fibre and aramid fibre, and high heat resistance fibres such as SiC fibre are introduced in chapters 3 and 4, respectively. Several kinds of function fibres such as separation function, optical, electric conductive, adhesive are introduced in chapters 5 to 10. Specialty material fibres such as PVA and PLA, modified fibres for specific function and modified fibres for specific end-use are also introduced in chapters 11 to 13. The final chapter is assigned to introduce nano-fibres which include three kinds of organic nano-fibres manufactured by bottom-up way, by electro-spinning and by top-down way, and also carbon nano-tube and nano-fibre.     

用灰色理论预测亚麻成纱质量

运用灰色控制理论，建立了亚麻纤维的物理性能与成纱纤度、细纱断裂伸长之间关系的灰色模型，并进行了精度检验．用该模型可以预测亚麻成纱质量．     

Extraction and Characterization of Calotropis gigantea Bast Fibers as Novel Reinforcement for Composites Materials

The aim of this study is to scrutinize the use of Calotropis gigantea bast fibers as potential reinforcement in polymer composites. The bast fibers were extracted from the Calotropis gigantea plant bark and some of them were treated with alkali (5 wt.%) solution. The chemical composition, physico-chemical structural properties of the untreated and the alkali treated Calotropis bast fibers were studied. The results of chemical composition analysis indicated that alkali treatment removed most of the non-cellulose materials as confirmed by the FTIR analysis. The X-ray diffraction results exhibited that the crystallinity index of the alkali treated fibers increased in comparison with the untreated fibers, which agrees with the results obtained in the mechanical tests. The tensile strength and modulus of the alkali treated fibers were found to be higher whereas the elongation at break was lower than the untreated fibers. Thermal stability of alkali treated fibers was lower than that of the untreated fiber. Scanning electron micrographs showed roughening of the surface of the fiber due to the removal of the surface impurities and non-cellulosic components on alkali treatment.It can be concluded that alkali treatment is an effective method to improve the surface and mechanical properties of Calotropis bast fibers to be used in composite materials.     

Evaluation of physico-mechanical characteristics of cashew nut shell liquid-epoxy composites with Borassus and Tamarind fruit fibres as reinforcements

In this study, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)-epoxy matrix-based composites reinforced with borassus and tamarind fibres were fabricated using compression moulding technique. Three different types of composites were fabricated, namely Borassus fruit fine fibre/CNSL-epoxy composites (BF composites), Tamarind fibre/CNSL-epoxy composites (TF composites) and Tamarind/Borassus fruit fine fibre CNSL-epoxy hybrid composites (HB composites). In addition, CNSL-epoxy neat polymer was also fabricated for comparison. Physical properties such as micro-hardness, void percentage, and mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS), and impact strength were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the failure mechanism of the composites. Experimental results indicate that tensile and flexural properties of BF composites were higher when compared to TF and HB composites. Micro-hardness and impact strength of HB composites were better than the others. SEM images indicated better fibre-matrix bonding in BF composites indicating improved resistance to delamination. Thus, borassus and tamarind fibre reinforced CNSL-epoxy composites can be used as an alternative material for light to moderately loaded structural engineering applications.     

羊皮纸现代复制工艺

在传统羊皮纸制作工艺基础上,增加软化和浸酸工序,制得现代羊皮纸。通过组织学观察,研究了浸灰时间对纤维的分散和非纤维成分的去除。测定了所制羊皮纸的拉伸强度(MPa)和撕裂强度(N/mm),其值分别为:10.24,18.72;色度色差仪测定了皮的表面颜色,其亮度值分布在85～90,说明其表面颜色较白;视频接触角测量仪测试了羊皮纸的接触角,其值大于90o,说明所制羊皮纸具有较好的疏水性。研究结果表明羊皮纸复制工艺基本可行。     

Factorial optimisation of the effects of extrusion temperature profile and polymer grade on as-spun aliphatic–aromatic co-polyester fibres III: mechanical properties

The effect of extrusion temperature profile in the melt‐spinning process of as‐spun linear aliphatic–aromatic co‐polyester (AAC) fibres upon their mechanical properties and process productivity was modelled by using factorial experimental designs. After the viscoelastic and morphology characteristics of the polymer were considered using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Melt Flow Index (MFI), the rheological data were used to determine the enhanced melt‐spinning temperature of the six heating zones in the process. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and fibre productivity (g/min) of the melt‐spinning process have been quantitatively assessed as responses to polymer grades and extrusion zone temperature. The optimisation of mechanical properties and productivity helps in understanding and controlling the most desired properties in the produced fibre. It has been noted that the die head temperature (spinning temperature), the polymer grade and their interaction are the most significant factors affecting the mechanical properties. Analysis of the fibre productivity shows that the polymer grade and its interaction with the die head temperature is significant in terms of influencing the output of the melt‐spinning process, which could be related to the polymer molecular weight and polymer structure. There is an interaction between polymer grade and feeding zone temperature which is related to the material supply action in the feeding zone. The friction between the screw and the material is affected by heating action, which affects the moisture content and the molten material rheology. By adjusting the extrusion temperature profile and selecting the more applicable spin‐able polymer grade through a statistical forecasting model, the combination of the cost related to material grade and processing cost controls the fibre production cost. The fibre made of low MFI grade has better structure and mechanical properties than that made of the higher MFI grade, and the former will be preferred for future work. With previous work related to the effects of extrusion temperature profile on the fibre structure, the present paper will help in developing the production process of biodegradable linear AAC fibres.     

喷水工艺对木质素胶黏剂刨花板性能影响的研究

就板坯制备工艺对采用木质素胶黏剂制备刨花板进行试验研究,通过设计正交试验,获取和分析所制备刨花板的物理力学性能,探讨制板工艺过程对木质素胶黏剂刨花板性能的影响.试验结果表明,制板过程中,采用喷水工艺对木质素胶黏剂刨花板的静曲强度和弹性模量影响最大,对24 h吸水厚度膨胀率影响次之,对内结合强度影响较小;随着喷水量的增大...