Preparation and Utilization of Some lon-Exchange Starches

Five types of cationic starches were prepared via reacting methylolated poly (acrylamide)-starch graft copolymer with different aminating agents. These aminating agents include ammonia, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine and ethylene diamine. The different factors affecting these reactions were investigated. These factors include liquor ratio, amine / methylol molar ratio, type of aminating agent, reaction duration and temperature. The amination extent and amination reaction efficiency % were traced by estimating the nitrogen content of the aminated starches. Characterization of the prepared cationic starches such as solubility, anion-exchange capacity, heavy metal anion removal, and metal ions sorption were studied. Heavy metal anion removal efficiency % depends on the cationic starch used as well as the removed anion. The removal efficiency % of dichromate anion > removal efficiency % of ferricyanide anion irrespective the cationic starch used. The removal efficiency % of both anions follow the order: ammonia derivative > triethylamine derivative > ethyl amine derivative > ethylene diamine derivative > diethyl amine derivative. The metal ion sorption behaviour of the cationic starches follow the order: Pb⁺⁺ > Cd⁺⁺ > Zn⁺⁺ > Cu⁺⁺ > Co⁺⁺ The sorption efficiency % of any metal ion depends on the used cationic starch. The sorption efficiency % of all metal ions on different cationic starches follow the order: ammonia derivative > triethylamine derivative > ethylamine derivative > ethylene diamine derivative > diethylamine derivative. The prepared cationic starch bearing primary amino group acquires the highest metal ion sorption efficiency % irrespective the sorbed metal ion.     

红麻纤维及其造纸基本特征（下）

红麻纤维及其造纸基本特征（下）邝仕均王菊华薛崇昀王锐林茹（中国制浆造纸工业研究所，北京，１０００２０）４红麻纤维的超微结构为进一步研究纤维形态对成纸物理性能的影响，笔者对红麻纤维的超微结构进行了研究。４１红麻木质部纤维超微结构图４红麻木质部纤维横切...     

Influence of various retting methods on properties of kenaf fiber

Gum, as the important noncellulosic tissue present in kenaf fiber, has a close relation with downstream processing and product properties, so the predominant task in pretreatment of kenaf fiber for textile application, retting, is to remove gum including pectin, hemicellulose, lignin, and other impurities without damage to cellulose fiber. The traditional retting method is water retting; that is, the harvested kenaf bast is soaked in natural water (rivers or tanks) in which indigenous bacteria attack the gum in an anaerobic process, yielding much water pollution. Currently, much interest has been focused on various retting methods in order to seek one environmentally-friendly method. Therefore, microbe, chemical, water, and microbe–chemical rettings are performed in this experiment. Retted kenaf fibers at optimal conditions of various retting methods are then characterized and compared by light microscopy and indices consisting of residual gum content, fineness, tenacity, elongation, and softness. In addition, chemical oxygen demand (COD) is also tested. The results indicate that microbe retting induces higher residual gum content and lower elongation but better tenacity and softness and finer fiber; chemical retting gives lower tenacity and thicker fiber; water retting produces weak, poor quality fiber; and microbe–chemical retting produces moderate indices.     

脱胶方法对棉秆皮纤维成分及结构的影响

对原棉秆皮不同部位进行化学成分分析,利用常温水沤、常压脱胶及高压脱胶对棉秆皮进行处理,对脱胶后棉秆皮进行化学成分分析．实验结果表明：高压脱胶后棉秆皮纤维中的半纤维素和木质素含量下降最为明显,纤维素含量提高．对不同方法处理后的棉秆皮纤维的长度、线密度进行测量,用SEM、FT-IR、XRD对处理后的棉秆皮纤维表面形态结构、聚集态结构进行了表征,同时对脱胶后的棉秆皮纤维进行强伸性能等测试并得出断裂曲线．     

Effects of different cleaning treatments on heavy metal removal of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen

The quality and safety of Panax notoginseng products has become a focus of concern in recent years. Contamination with heavy metals is one of the important factors as to P. notoginseng safety. Cleaning treatments can remove dust, soil, impurities or even heavy metals and pesticide residues on agricultural products. But effects of cleaning treatments on the heavy metal content of P. notoginseng roots have still not been studied. In order to elucidate this issue, the effects of five different cleaning treatments (CK, no treatment; T1, warm water (50°C) washing; T2, tap water (10°C) washing; T3, drying followed by polishing; and T4, drying followed by tap water (10°C) washing) on P. notoginseng roots’ heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Cd, As and Hg) contents were studied. The results showed that heavy metal (all five) content in the three parts all followed the order of hair root > rhizome > root tuber under the same treatment. Heavy metal removals were in the order of Hg > As > Pb > Cu > Cd. Removal efficiencies of the four treatments were in the order of T2 > T1 > T3 > T4. Treatments (T1–T4) could decrease the contents of heavy metal in P. notoginseng root significantly. Compared with the requirements of WM/T2-2004, P. notoginseng roots’ heavy metal contents of Cu, Pb, As and Hg were safe under treatments T1 and T2. In conclusion, the cleaning process after production was necessary and could reduce the content of heavy metals significantly. Fresh P. notoginseng root washed with warm water (T2) was the most efficient treatment to remove heavy metal and should be applied in production.     

Binding of heavy metals to pomace fibers

This study demonstrates that the dietary fibers of pomace, a waste product from fruit pressing, have the potential for binding heavy metal ions. The quantity of metal ions bound varies from one fiber component to another. As it can be inferred from the results of the study, pectin was characterised by a particularly high capacity for metal ion binding. The hemicellulose fraction ranked second with respect to metal ion binding capacity. Binding of heavy metals to lignin was found to be generally poor.     

Preparation of Anionic Starch Containing Carboxyl Groups and its Utilization as Chelating Agent

Poly(methyl acrylate)‐starch graft copolymer was treated with sodium hydroxide. The influence of sodium hydroxide concentration, reaction temperature and duration of treatment were studied. The extent of hydrolysis was assessed by estimating acrylic acid, methyl acrylate and total polymer content before and after treatment. It was found that the increase in acrylic acid content is equal to the decrease in the methyl acrylate content on using sodium hydroxide concentration up to 1 N, while using higher concentration leads to a difference in amount of acrylic groups formed and decrease in methyl acrylate content. This difference depended on sodium hydroxide concentration, on treatment temperature and duration. The optimum condition gave a release of 455 mmol acrylic group/100 g sample using 1 N sodium hydroxide at 100 °C for 150 min, showing 94.8% conversion of the poly(methyl acrylate) content of the treated copolymer. The alkali treated samples were evaluated for use as chelating agent. The sorption values for different heavy metals depended on the metal ion and follow the order Hg²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Pb²⁺ . Sorption efficiency of the alkali treated samples increased with increasing the acrylic content. The sorption values of alkali treated copolymer was compared with that of carboxymethylated starch (having the same carboxy group content) to clarify the effect of the chemical structure of both starch derivatives on heavy metal sorption. It was found that the sorption value of Cu ²⁺ on carboxymethylated starch was twice the value on alkali treated copolymer.     

Study on the Application of Kenaf Core as a Composite Reinforcement: Injection Molding of Kenaf Core/Poly(l-lactide) Compounds

Injection molding was performed using poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) as a matrix and by varying the reinforcements, i.e., dry-distilled kenaf core (D-core) or untreated kenaf bast fibers, and the physical properties for these composites were subsequently compared. The dry-distillation was able to reduce the moisture content of D-core by a maximum of 4.2% as compared with untreated control core. As a result, the hydrophobicity was increased, which contributed to favorable Charpy impact strength and tensile properties of the D-core/PLLA composite relative to the kenaf bast fiber/PLLA composite. Moreover, the puffing phenomenon, which arises when heating with a microwave oven due to the vaporization of water dispersed within the interfacial regions and associated softening of the PLLA matrix by the heated vapor, was completely suppressed for the D-core/PLLA composite, whereas a large puffing ratio was observed for the kenaf bast fiber/PLLA composite. Reducing the moisture content also effectively suppressed the occurrence of transesterification reactions, leading to a decrease in the molecular weight of PLLA. However, the apparent nucleation effect of the D-core remains slightly inferior to that for the hydrophilic bast fibers due to its stronger affinity for PLLA molecules.     

脱胶方法对棉秆皮纤维成分及结构的影响

对原棉秆皮不同部位进行化学成分分析,利用常温水沤、常压脱胶及高压脱胶对棉秆皮进行处理,对脱胶后棉秆皮进行化学成分分析.实验结果表明:高压脱胶后棉秆皮纤维中的半纤维素和木质素含量下降最为明显,纤维素含量提高.对不同方法处理后的棉秆皮纤维的长度、线密度进行测量,用SEM、FT-IR、XRD对处理后的棉秆皮纤维表面形态结构、聚集态结构进行了表征,同时对脱胶后的棉秆皮纤维进行强伸性能等测试并得出断裂曲线.     

红麻粗纱酶解效果测定及其分析

对红麻韧皮纤维经生物酶一浴法脱胶改性处理后,运用咔唑比色法测定红麻粗纱果胶和木质素的残留量,定量测定果胶的去除率。分析了酶浓度、温度、pH值和作用时间对酶解后果胶及木质素去除率的影响。实验表明,复合酶对红麻粗纱中果胶和木质素去除效果较好,所得纤维质量明显改善。     

Synergetically Acting new Flocculants on the Basis of Starch‐graft‐Poly(acrylamide)‐co‐Sodium Xanthate

A synergetically acting new flocculant on the basis of starch‐graft‐poly(acrylamide)‐co‐sodium xanthate (CSAX) was synthesized by grafting copolymerization of crosslinked corn starch, acrylamide (AM), and sodium xanthate, using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as cross‐linking agent and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as polymerization initiator in aqueous solution. The effects of some factors, such as crosslinker, initiator, AM, NaOH, on the %Tr (turbidity removal rate), %Trd (turbidity removal rate of a water sample which has both turbidity and heavy metal ions %Hr (heavy metal ion removal rate) and %Hrd (heavy metal ions removal rate of water which has both heavy metal ions and turbidity), are investigated. As proven by FTIR and elemental analysis, the CSAX can be successfully synthesized and can remove both turbidity‐causing substances and heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Under optimum synthesis conditions CSAX exhibits excellent performance, i.e. %Tr = 98%, %Trd = 98.4%, %Hrd = 99% and %Hr = 91.6%, respectively.     

Selective sorption of lead, cadmium and zinc ions by a polymeric cation exchanger containing nano-Zr(HPO3S)2

A novel polymeric hybrid sorbent, namely ZrPS-001, was fabricated for enhanced sorption of heavy metal ions by impregnating Zr(HPO3S)2 (i.e., ZrPS) nanoparticles within a porous polymeric cation exchanger D-001. The immobilized negatively charged groups bound to the polymeric matrix D-001 would result in preconcentration and permeation enhancement of target metal ions prior to sequestration, and ZrPS nanoparticles are expected to sequester heavy metals selectively through an ion-exchange process. Highly effective sequestration of lead, cadmium, and zinc ions from aqueous solution can be achieved by ZrPS-001 even in the presence of competing calcium ion at concentration several orders of magnitude greater than the target species. The exhausted ZrPS-001 beads are amenable to regeneration with 6 M HCI solution for repeated use without any significant capacity loss. Fixed-bed column treatment of simulated waters containing heavy metals at high or trace levels was also performed. The content of heavy metals in treated effluent approached or met the WHO drinking water standard.     

红麻木质部化机浆残余木素的特性

本文对红麻本质部化机浆磺化和Ｈ２Ｏ２漂白后的残余酶解木素的特性进行了研究，研究结果表明：磺化和漂白后木素的提取率下降，残余木素的平均分子量减小，磺化后红麻木质部酸溶木素含量增加，木素中酯键和烷基芳基醚键等连接型式有一定程度的断裂，木素自由基减少，共轭羰基、邻醌结构和酚羟基有所增加，Ｈ２Ｏ２漂白可以破坏部分邻醌结构和共轭羰基，而木素中甲氧基、酚羟基含量有所上升。     

改性介孔材料对贝类副产物中重金属离子的脱除性能

为研究改性介孔材料对贝类副产物中重金属离子的脱除性能,对SBA-15介孔材料分别嫁接2-巯基噻唑啉、2-巯基苯并噻唑、吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵三种不同基团,得到三种材料分别记作MT-SBA-15、MBT-SBA-15、APDC-SBA-15,然后对材料孔结构进行表征,采用三种材料吸附铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)标准溶液,考察脱除pH、脱除时间、金属离子加标浓度对脱除能力的影响,最后用APDC-SBA-15脱除贝类副产物中重金属离子,考察重金属脱除率以及营养损失率。结果表明,三种材料都具有较大的比表面积和孔容。三种材料对重金属最优脱除pH为6.0,吸附平衡时间均为30 min;当金属离子浓度为1200 mg/L时,三种材料对金属离子吸附量最大,其中APDC-SBA-15的吸附量最高,对Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu吸附量分别为223.6、240.0、259.8、259.0 mg/g。APDC-SBA-15对菲律宾蛤仔蒸煮液中Pb的脱除率为100.00%,总糖损失率为7.32%;对菲律宾蛤仔蒸煮液多糖中Pb脱除率为84.50%,总糖损失率为2.57%;对牡蛎多肽中Pb、Cr的脱除率分别为62.20%和100.00%,对可溶性蛋白质的损失率为14.62%。综上,APDC-SBA-15可以高效脱除贝类副产物中的重金属,对蛋白质、总糖等营养成分的损失率较低。     

精梳彩棉/莫代尔赛络纺色织布的染整工艺

介绍了彩棉与莫代尔纤维混纺织物的染整加工,烧毛、酶退浆、丝光、固色、柔软、预缩的工艺条件.针对彩棉纤维部分重金属含量超标,在退浆、丝光工序两次使用螯合分散剂,以降低或去除重金属离子,经检测,处理后基本符合Oeko-Tex标准100的要求.     

Removal of Cd(II) ions by oxidized coconut coir

Biosorption potential of oxidized coconut coir (OCC) for removal of Cd(II) from aqueous medium at batch and column level was studied. Lignin and cellulose groups of coir were modified to acidic groups. Optimum biosorption was observed at pH 6. Isotherm data revealed that Langmuir gives best fit for experimental results with maximum adsorption capacity of 12.35 mg/g compared to unmodified coconut coir (5.29 mg/g). The column experiments were conducted as a function of flow rate, bed height, and influent Cd(II) concentration. Biosorption has best performance at 10 mg/L inlet concentration, 5 ml/min flow rate and 7 cm bed height.     

臭氧对非木材纤维漂白和改性作用研究进展

综述了臭氧对非木材纤维纸浆的漂白和改性作用机理及研究进展。主要介绍了臭氧对稻麦草浆、蔗渣浆、竹浆和棉、麻纤维等非木材纤维作用前后纤维形态及性能的变化及臭氧处理前后废水中污染物含量变化等方面的研究进展,并对臭氧在非木材纤维漂白和改性方面的新进展及应用前景进行了总结与展望。     

Adsorption of several metal ions onto a low-cost biosorbent: kinetic and equilibrium studies

Sugar beet pulp generated by sugar-refining factories has been shown to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The structural components related to the metallic adsorption being determined, batch adsorption studies were performed for several metal ions, namely, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ cations. Two simple kinetic models, that is, pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order, were tested to investigate the adsorption mechanisms. The kinetic parameters of the models were calculated and discussed. For an 8 x 10(-4) M initial metal concentration, the initial sorption rates (v0) ranged from 0.063 mmol x g(-1) x min(-1) for Pb2+ to 0.275 mmol x g(-1) x min(-1) for Ni2+ ions, in the order Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models and showed the following affinity order of the material: Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+. The metal removal was strongly dependent on pH and, to a lesser extent, ionic strength. Ion exchange with Ca2+ ions neutralizing the carboxyl groups of the polysaccharide was found to be the predominant mechanism, added with complexation for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ metals.     

Hexavalent chromium removal by Osage Orange

This study explores the sorption potential of Osage Orange (Maclura Pomifera) for the removal of Cr(VI) ion. The influence of contact time, solution pH, initial metal concentration, amount of biosorbent and ionic strength on the removal of Cr(VI) ion was studied. The biosorption of Cr(VI) with pulp and peel was investigated in a batch arrangement. The initial and equilibrium concentrations of Cr(VI) ions in aqueous phase were determined by spectrophotometry. The sorption process was pH and concentration dependent. The sorption of Cr(VI) ions increased with a decreasing pH until pH 2. The increase in initial Cr(VI) ions concentration in aqueous phase increased the sorption. The sorption data fitted well with the Langmuir sorption model within the concentration range studied. The observed maximum biosorption capacity by Langmuir sorption model at pH of 2 for M. Pomifera pulp was 0.92 mmol of Cr(VI)/g and for M. Pomifera peel was 0.55 mmol of Cr(VI)/g.     

棉秆皮机械-生物酶联合脱胶工艺

 本文利用机械-生物酶联合脱胶工艺对棉秆皮进行脱胶。应用模糊数学方法处理机械-生物酶联合脱胶的正交实验评价指标值,解决了两个评价指标优化条件不一致的问题,得出机械-生物酶联合脱胶优化工艺参数为酶浓度6%,pH值4.4,温度60℃,时间8h,棉秆皮纤维的残胶率为8.09%,木质素残余率为9.64%。采用FTIR、SEM和XRD进行测试,讨论了棉秆皮纤维的化学结构、微观表面形态及纤维素结构的变化,为棉秆皮纤维的染色与产品开发提供理论指导。