Performance analysis of two-degree of freedom fractional order PID controllers for robotic manipulator with payload

The robotic manipulators are multi-input multi-output (MIMO), coupled and highly nonlinear systems. The presence of external disturbances and time-varying parameters adversely affects the performance of these systems. Therefore, the controller designed for these systems should effectively deal with such complexities, and it is an intriguing task for control engineers. This paper presents two-degree of freedom fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (2-DOF FOPID) controller scheme for a two-link planar rigid robotic manipulator with payload for trajectory tracking task. The tuning of all controller parameters is done using cuckoo search algorithm (CSA). The performance of proposed 2-DOF FOPID controllers is compared with those of their integer order designs, i.e., 2-DOF PID controllers, and with the traditional PID controllers. In order to show effectiveness of proposed scheme, the robustness testing is carried out for model uncertainties, payload variations with time, external disturbance and random noise. Numerical simulation results indicate that the 2-DOF FOPID controllers are superior to their integer order counterparts and the traditional PID controllers.     

基于DRNN动态整定PMSM的SVPWM控制

为解决传统的永磁同步电机控制系统中存在的低速转矩脉动大以及由此引起的高频噪声、动态响应慢等问题,提出了一种基于对角神经网络动态自整定的永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的实施方案.给出了基于对角递归神经网络的PID动态自整定控制器的结构,以及PID参数动态自整定的学习控制算法,并将这种综合控制策略引入永磁同步电机空间电压矢量PWM控制中.仿真结果表明,系统低速性能好,转矩脉动小,谐波含量少,当电机参数改变或者受到外部扰动时,系统具有良好的动态特性.     

Diagonal recurrent neural network based adaptive control of nonlinear dynamical systems using lyapunov stability criterion

In this paper adaptive control of nonlinear dynamical systems using diagonal recurrent neural network (DRNN) is proposed. The structure of DRNN is a modification of fully connected recurrent neural network (FCRNN). Presence of self-recurrent neurons in the hidden layer of DRNN gives it an ability to capture the dynamic behaviour of the nonlinear plant under consideration (to be controlled). To ensure stability, update rules are developed using lyapunov stability criterion. These rules are then used for adjusting the various parameters of DRNN. The responses of plants obtained with DRNN are compared with those obtained when multi-layer feed forward neural network (MLFFNN) is used as a controller. Also, in example 4, FCRNN is also investigated and compared with DRNN and MLFFNN. Robustness of the proposed control scheme is also tested against parameter variations and disturbance signals. Four simulation examples including one-link robotic manipulator and inverted pendulum are considered on which the proposed controller is applied. The results so obtained show the superiority of DRNN over MLFFNN as a controller.     

具有外部扰动的参数未知漂浮基柔性空间机械臂的对角递归神经网络控制

讨论载体位置和姿态均不受控情况下,存在外部扰动的参数未知漂浮基柔性空间机械臂系统关节运动的动力学控制问题。由假设模态法,利用拉格朗日方法建立漂浮基柔性空间机械臂的系统动力学方程。以此为基础,针对存在外部扰动和系统参数未知的情况,利用对角递归神经网络逼近柔性空间机械臂系统的逆动力学模型,设计基于对角递归神经网络的控制方案,以控制柔性空间机械臂的关节铰跟踪在关节空间的期望运动轨迹,同时能抑制柔性杆的振动。该方案由于没有专门设计主动控制器抑制柔性振动,因此不需要测量、反馈柔性振动模态,大大简化控制器的结构;无需预知控制对象的精确模型和系统参数,且能克服外部扰动的影响。计算机数值仿真证实所提方案的有效性和可行性。     

基于多传感器的工业机械臂精细化操作远程控制方法

为实现远程控制工业机械臂时的精细化操作,使其关节轨迹具有连续、平稳、光滑的控制效果,提出基于多传感器的工业机械臂精细化操作远程控制方法。优化传感器的布局,以便采集信息;利用新息变化野值检测方法消除工业机械臂精细化操作中存在的野值,提高关节角度与速度信息的完整性和精度;将滑模控制与神经网络结合,消除因非线性、摩擦非线性和未知参数等不确定性因素对机械臂精细化操作的影响,构建工业机械臂操作远程控制器,实现工业机械臂精细化操作的远程控制。实验结果表明,所提方法可精准控制工业机械臂的关节角度与速度,具有较高的灵活性和高效性。     

基于 CNN-GRU 的遥操作机器人操作者识别与自适应速度控制方法

传统空间遥操作系统中从端机械臂的运动速度完全取决于操作者的操作速度。为了提高空间遥操作系统的安全性,提出了一种基于操作者操作速度识别的自适应速度控制方法。结合深度学习的理论,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和门控循环单元(GRU)神经网络的融合模型来对操作者的速度进行识别分类。选取了九位受试者构建操作者速度样本库,将操作者的操作速度分为3类,最终识别准确率达到92.71%;并且在此基础上使用串级PID实现从端机械臂的自适应速度控制。实验表明:该模型对新操作者也可以准确识别,同时该模型准确性优于卷积神经网络和循环神经网络(RNN)的融合模型,实时性优于卷积神经网络和长短期记忆(LSTM)神经网络的融合模型;基于该模型的自适应速度控制可以在保证从端机械臂运动轨迹不变的前提下,降低机械臂的末端线速度,有助于提高空间遥操作系统的安全性。     

Intelligent phase plane switching control of a pneumatic muscle robot arm with Magneto-Rheological Brake

Pneumatic cylinders are one kind of low cost actuation sources which have been applied in industrial and robotics field, since they have a high power/weight ratio, a high-tension force and a long durability. To overcome the shortcomings of conventional pneumatic cylinders, a number of newer pneumatic actuators have been developed such as McKibben Muscle, Rubber Actuator and Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) Manipulators. However, some limitations still exist, such as the air compressibility and the lack of damping ability of the actuator bring the dynamic delay of the pressure response and cause the oscillatory motion. In addition, the nonlinearities in the PAM manipulator still limit the controllability. Therefore, it is not easy to realize motion with high accuracy and high speed and with respect to various external inertia loads. To overcome these problems, a novel controller which harmonizes a phase plane switching control method (PPSC) with conventional PID controller and the adaptabilities of neural network is newly proposed. In order to realize satisfactory control performance a variable damper, Magneto-Rheological Brake (MRB), is equipped to the joint of the robot. The mixture of conventional PID controller and an intelligent phase plane switching control using neural network (IPPSC) brings us a novel controller. The experiments were carried out in a robot arm, which is driven by two PAM actuators, and the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm was demonstrated through experiments, which had proved that the stability of the manipulator can be improved greatly in a high gain control by using MRB with 1PPSC and without regard for the changes of external inertia loads.     

基于递归型小波神经网络的感应电动机伺服驱动系统自适应控制

针对感应电动机伺服驱动系统具有的多变、强耦合、慢时变等非线性特性和不确定性扰动,传统的位置速 度PID控制策略不能保证轨迹跟踪的精度和良好的动态品质的问题;保证系统对系统内部参数波动和外界不确定 性扰动具有较好的鲁棒性,在矢量控制策略的基础上,提出了基于递归型小波神经网络的自适应控制方案。神经 网络参数的在线学习机制采用delta自适应律并结合了BP算法和梯度下降法,算法简单,计算量大大减少。仿真 的结果验证了方案的有效性。     

一种基于BP神经网络的模糊PID控制算法研究

提出了一种基于神经网络自学习和并行处理的能力。利用模糊控制对未知模型不精确控制的功能来设计的PID控制算法,仿真实例表明能较好地实现PID控制器参数在线调整和优化。     

Application of PID Controller Based on BP Neural Network in Export Steam's Temperature Control System

By combining the Back-Propagation(BP)neural network with conventional proportional Integral Derivative(PID)controller,a new temperature control strategy of the export steam in supercritical electric power plant is put forward.This scheme can effectively overcome the large time delay,inertia of the export steam and the influence of object in varying operational parameters.Thus excellent control quality is obtained.The present paper describes the development and application of neural network based controller to control the temperature of the boiler’s export steam.Through simulation in various situations,it validates that the control quality of this control system is apparently superior to the conventional PID control system.     

An improved approach for robust control of dynamic voltage restorer and power quality enhancement using grasshopper optimization algorithm

This paper presents a novel contribution of a low complexity control scheme for voltage control of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The scheme proposed utilizes an error-driven proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller to guarantee better power quality performance in terms of voltage enhancement and stabilization of the buses, energy efficient utilization, and harmonic distortion reduction in a distribution network. This method maintains the load voltage close to or equal to the nominal value in terms of various voltage disturbances such as balanced and unbalanced sag/swell, voltage imbalance, notching, different fault conditions as well as power system harmonic distortion. A grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is used to tune the gain values of the PID controller. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed DVR controller, first, a fractional order PID controller was presented and compared with the proposed one. Further, a comparative performance evaluation of four optimization techniques, namely Cuckoo search (CSA), GOA, Flower pollination (FBA), and Grey wolf optimizer (GWO), is presented to compare between the PID and FOPID performance in terms of fault conditions in order to achieve a global minimum error and fast dynamic response of the proposed controller. Second, a comparative analysis of simulation results obtained using the proposed controller and those obtained using an active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is presented, and it was found that the performance of the optimal PID is better than the performance of the conventional ADRC. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented DVR with the controller proposed has been assessed by time-domain simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink platform.     

基于改进型BP神经网络PID控制器在转台系统中的应用研究

为改善转台系统性能,针对传统的PID控制参数难以获得较理想的控制效果,设计了一种基于改进型BP神经网络的PID控制器。介绍了PID控制器的结构和BP神经网络算法描述,利用最小二乘法和神经网络建立被控对象的预测数学模型,并用该模型所计算的预测输出取代预测输出的实测值,对基于BP网络的PID控制器的权值调整算法进行改进。以某转台模型为对象,建立了转台控制系统的数学模型并对其进行仿真。仿真结果表明,改进型BP神经网络PID控制器具有良好的控制效果,跟踪精度高、性能稳定及鲁棒性强,能更为有效地应用到转台系统中。     

GA-BASED PID NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL FOR MAGNETIC BEARING SYSTEMS

In order to overcome the system non-linearity and uncertainty inherent in magnetic bear-ing systems,a GA(genetic algorithm)-based PID neural network controller is designed and trained to emulate the operation of a complete system (magnetic bearing,controller,and power amplifiers). The feasibility of using a neural network to control nonlinear magnetic bearing systems with un-known dynamics is demonstrated. The key concept of the control scheme is to use GA to evaluate the candidate solutions (chromosomes),increase the generalization ability of PID neural network and avoid suffering from the local minima problem in network learning due to the use of gradient descent learning method. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture provides well robust performance and better reinforcement learning capability in controlling magnetic bearing systems.     

关于最近邻聚类的RBF网络自整定PID控制算法的研究

针对采用传统PID控制一类非线性滞后系统难以获得满意的控制效果,提出基于RBF神经网络的PID控制参数自整定的方法.利用具有在线能力的最近邻聚类学习算法,训练RBF神经网络.并引入优化策略对聚类半径进行自动调整,以保证聚类的合理性,从而自适应调整系统的控制参数.仿真结果证明了该控制策略不仅能使非线性滞后系统具有良好的动态跟踪性能,而且具有很好的抗干扰能力和鲁棒性.     

Design of interval type-2 fuzzy precompensated PID controller applied to two-DOF robotic manipulator with variable payload

The interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2-FLC), with footprint of uncertainty (FOU) in membership functions (MF), has increasingly recognized for controlling uncertainties and nonlinearities. Within the ambit of this, the efficient interval type-2 fuzzy precompensated PID (IT2FP-PID) controller is designed for trajectory tracking of 2-DOF robotic manipulator with variable payload. A systematic strategy for optimizing the controller parameters along with scaling factors and the antecedent MF parameters for minimization of performance metric integral time absolute error (ITAE) is presented. Prominently, recently proposed optimization technique hybridizing grey wolf optimizer and artificial bee colony algorithm (GWO–ABC) is utilized for solving this high-dimensional constrained optimization problem. In order to witness effectiveness, the performance is compared with type-1 fuzzy precompensated PID (T1FP-PID), fuzzy PID (FPID), and conventional PID controllers. More significantly, the robustness of IT2FP-PID is examined for payload variation, model uncertainties, external disturbance, and noise cancellation. After experimental outcome, it is inferred that IT2FP-PID controller outperforms others and can be referred as a viable alternative for controlling nonlinear complex systems with higher uncertainties.     

基于模糊神经网络的精密角度定位PID控制

针对精密角度定位系统存在非线性、时变性,传统PID控制难以获得理想控制效果的问题,提出一种基于模糊神经网络的PID控制方法,将模糊控制、神经网络与PID控制相结合,采用3层前向网络、动态BP算法,利用神经网络的自学习和自适应能力,实时调整网络的权值,改变PID控制器的控制参数,整定出一组适用于控制对象的kp、ki、kd参数,实现精密角度定位PID控制的自适应和智能化。实验结果表明,采用BP神经网络整定的PID控制较传统的PID控制,控制性能有较大的提高,能有效提高定位精度,缩短定位时间。     

Neural network controller for robotic motion control

Since a robotic manipulator has a complicated mathematical model, it is difficult to design a control system based on the complicated multi-variable nonlinear coupling dynamic model. Intelligent controllers using fuzzy and neural network approaches do not need a real mathematical model to design the control structure and have attracted the attention of robotic control researchers recently. A traditional fuzzy logic controller does not have learning capability and it needs a lot of effort to search for the optimal control rules and the shapes of membership functions. Owing to the time-varying behaviour of the system, the required fine tracking accuracy is difficult to achieve by adjusting the fuzzy rules only. The implementation problems of neural network control are the initial training and initial transient stability. In order to improve the position control accuracy and system robustness for industrial applications, a neural controller is first trained off-line by using the input and output (I/O) data of a traditional fuzzy controller. Then the neural controller is implemented on a five-degrees-of-freedom robot with a back propagation algorithm for online adjustment. The experimental results show that this neural network controller achieved the required trajectory tracking accuracy after 15 on-line operations.     

基于神经网络的通用模型自适应控制

应用复合正交神经网络来实现过程的自适应逆控制方法,和通用模型控制器策略相结合,提出了一种基于神经网络的通用模型自适应控制方法,将非线性过程模型应用逆系统的方法可以在控制算法中直接嵌入过程模型,从而保证通用模型控制策略的可实现性.另一方面,在自适应逆控制中采用复合正交神经网络具有算法简单、学习收敛速度快等优点,可以克服常用的BP和RBF神经网络一些缺点.基于神经网络的通用模型自适应控制方法中的参考轨迹是一条典型的二阶曲线,该控制器参数具有明显的物理意义,参数整定方便.仿真验证了该控制策略的有效性.     

基于RBF神经网络在带钢厚度控制中的应用

轧钢厚度控制系统的数学模型难以精确建立,传统的PID控制器的自适应能力较差,很难达到满意的控制效果。本文根据以上问题。提出了一种新的控制方法,即基于RBF神经网络自整定PID控制方法。这种控制方法结合了RBF神经网络和PID控制器的控制优势,不仅具有很强的自适应能力、鲁棒性。而且充分发挥了PID控制优势,并且将这种控制方法应用在带钢厚度的控制系统中,取得了很好的控制效果,证明了控制方案的正确性和有效性。     

基于 CSA-NARX 模型的电梯钢丝绳动态张力预测方法

为了预测曳引式电梯钢丝绳的动态张力,对带有外部输入的非线性自回归神经网络( NARX )进行研究,利用变色龙优化算法( CSA )对其关键参数进行优化,提出了 CSA-NARX 神经网络模型。该模型在计算速度以及预测精度方面皆优于 NARX 基础模型。最后,利用提出的神经网络模型对电梯上行过程中钢丝绳的动态张力进行预测,其预测精度达到了 97% 。以传统的非平稳时间序列分析模型 ARMA 和 LSTM 为对比,所提出模型的精度更高,验证了所提出模型的有效性。