Theoretical and experimental study of a gas-coupled two-stage pulse tube cooler with stepped warm displacer as the phase shifter

A compact and high efficiency cooler working at liquid hydrogen temperature has many important applications such as cooling superconductors and mid-infrared sensors. This paper presents a two-stage gas-coupled pulse tube cooler system with a completely co-axial configuration. A stepped warm displacer, working as the phase shifter for both stages, has been studied theoretically and experimentally in this paper. Comparisons with the traditional phase shifter (double inlet) are also made. Compared with the double inlet type, the stepped warm displacer has the advantages of recovering the expansion work from the pulse tube hot end (especially from the first stage) and easily realizing an appropriate phase relationship between the pressure wave and volume flow rate at the pulse tube hot end. Experiments are then carried out to investigate the performance. The pressure ratio at the compression space is maintained at 1.37, for the double inlet type, the system obtains 1.1 W cooling power at 20 K with 390 W acoustic power input and the relative Carnot efficiency is only 3.85%; while for the stepped warm displacer type, the system obtains 1.06 W cooling power at 20 K with only 224 W acoustic power input and the relative Carnot efficiency can reach 6.5%.     

Comparison of two different ways of using inertance tube in a pulse tube cooler

It is well known that the pressure wave should lead the volume flow rate at the ambient end of the pulse tube for a high-efficiency operation of a pulse tube cooler. Inertance tube can provide such a phase relationship without DC flow problem. However, inertance tube is always connected with a reservoir in previous literatures. Through theoretical calculation here, inertance tube without a reservoir can also provide a rather large phase-leading effect. Thus phasor diagram is used to analyze the relationship between phase-leading requirement and the pulse tube geometry. Roughly speaking, a larger void volume of pulse tube would require a larger phase-leading effect. Comparison experiments are also done on a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler. With i.d.2 mm tube as inertance tube, the tube without reservoir yields close results in terms of lowest temperature to that of the tube with reservoir and both give much better performance than that of an orifice with reservoir. Finally, the advantages of using inertance tube without reservoir are given.     

同轴套管换热器的优势初探

对螺旋槽纹管进行大量的仿真计算和试验研究,分析内部的多维旋转扰动流动方式及其对强化传热的影响;初步探讨槽深和螺距与换（传）热系数及管内水阻力的关系,为换热器内部结构的优化提供参考依据。     

过冷段翅片管换热器的试验研究

对过冷段翅片管换热器对空气源热泵冷热水机组系统性能的影响进行试验研究。过冷段翅片管换热器通过横向导热和强制对流换热可增大制冷剂液体过冷度，制热工况下，可使系统性能系数COP提高约19％，并有效降低翅片表面结霜。     

内调相型脉管制冷机的理论分析

对内调相型脉管制冷机进行热力学理论分析.内调相型脉管制冷机的特点是两个冷头在脉管热端通过针阀串联,两边脉管内的压力和流量耦合,通过调节各自的输入压力相位来主动调节脉管冷端流量与压力的相位差,输入压力相位由一个具有双出口的旋转阀来实现.分析表明,该调相方法可使脉管冷端流量与压力同相,从而使制冷量最大,而且相比于传统的小孔加气库型和双向进气型脉管制冷机,其制冷效率大大提高.该结构省却了体积较大的气库,结构更加紧凑.     

Regenerator performance improvement of a single-stage pulse tube cooler reached 11.1 K

In order to improve the cooling performance of pulse tube cooler (PTC) at 20-40 K, hybrid regenerators are often employed. In this paper a three-layer regenerator, which consists of woven wire screen, lead sphere and Er₃Ni is optimized to enhance the cooling performance and explore the lowest attainable refrigeration temperature for a single-stage PTC. The efforts focus on the temperature range of 80-300 K, where woven wire screens are used. Theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to study the metal material and the mesh size effect of woven wire screens on the performance of the single-stage G-M type PTC. A lowest no-load refrigeration temperature of 11.1 K was obtained with an input power of 6 kW. The PTC can supply 17.8 W at 20 K and 39.4 W at 30 K, respectively.     

Characterization of a 300 Hz thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler

This article introduces our recent experimental advances on a 300 Hz pulse tube cooler driven by a thermoacoustic standing-wave engine. After some modifications on the engine, the integral system performance is improved, which leads to a better cooling performance of the high frequency pulse tube cooler compared with that in former reports. Cooling powers of the pulse tube cooler with different operating conditions have been measured in detail for the first time. So far, a lowest no-load temperature of 68 K and a maximum cooling power of 1.16 W at 80 K have been obtained with the mean pressure and the heating power being 4.1 MPa and 1 kW, respectively.     

双向进气型脉管制冷机的线性理论分析

采用线性模型对双向进气型脉管制冷机的性能进行了分析.得到了通过回热器的焓流、质量流量及脉管冷端压力和流量相位差的代数计算公式.详细分析了工作频率对脉管制冷机制冷量与COP的影响,并对额定输入压力振幅和额定输入功率两种工况分别进行了优化分析.所得结果与其它文献完全一致.     

部分负荷下的壳管式换热器性能

通过详细的计算数据对几种不同类型的壳管式换热器在不同条件下部分负荷时的性能做出分析和比较从中得出结论，并从冷水机组的长期运行费用方面对空调系统的设计提出建议。     

扁平铜管翅片管冷凝器性能试验

对一种扁平铜管百叶窗翅片管换热器（FTHX）进行单体冷凝性能和整机制冷性能试验,并与现行铜圆管翅片管换热器（CTHX）在相同工况下进行对比。试验结果表明：FTHX具有风阻低、制冷剂流阻高和系统制冷剂充注量少的特性;FTHX综合冷凝性能高于φ7mm铜管换热器但略低于φ9.52mm铜管换热器;FTHX整机制冷能力和能效比均略低于单排φ9.52mm铜管换热器。     

管壁厚度对平行流换热器性能的影响

根据已有的实验数据,建立扁管的（当量直径为0.199~1.923mm）三维数值模型,分析平行流换热器中管壁的轴向导热及扁管的内外壁温差对换热的影响程度。结果表明：Re数较低时（Re=185）,忽略管壁的轴向导热对Nu数的影响很大,使Nu数值偏小,偏差最高达50%以上;Re数较高时（Re=8 166）,用扁管的外壁温度代替内壁温度,同样也会使Nu数值偏小,偏差高达55%以上。故平行流换热器中管壁厚度对换热的影响不能忽略。     

流程布置对翅片管换热器换热性能影响的研究现状与展望

综述国内外在流程布置对翅片管换热器换热性能影响方面的研究进展,并针对存在的问题指出今后的研究方向.     

Valve timing effect on the cooling performance of a 4 K pulse tube cooler

Generally, a compressor together with a rotary valve system generates the pressure oscillation in GM-type cryocoolers. The timing of the rotary valve, which is one of the key operating parameters for cryocoolers, determines the relationship between intake and exhaust processes. A systematic investigation of valve timing effects on cooling performance of a two-stage 4 K pulse tube cooler (PTC) is reported. The experiments show that the optimization of valve timing can considerably improve the cooling performance for both stages. For the same PTC, a performance comparison for operation on different compressors with various input powers ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 kW is also presented.     

U形热管换热器对空调箱机组除湿性能影响的试验研究

为分析U形热管换热器的工作性能,通过改变迎面风速和回风温度,测出U形热管换热器前后的参数,计算换热温差和换热效率,然后测试相同条件下无U形热管换热器的状况,分析得出增加热管换热器后空调箱机组除湿量可提高15%左右。     

Investigation on a thermoacoustically driven pulse tube cooler working at 80 K

The pulse tube cooler (PTC) driven by a thermoacoustic engine can completely eliminate mechanical moving parts, and then achieves a simpler and more reliable device. A Stirling thermoacoustic heat engine has been constructed and tested. The heat engine can generate a maximal pressure ratio of 1.19, which makes it possible to drive a PTC and get good performance. Frequency is one of the key operating parameters, not only for the heat engine but also for the PTC. In order to adapt to the relatively low design frequency of the PTC, the operating frequency of the thermoacoustic heat engine was regulated by varying the length of the resonance tube. Driven by the thermoacoustic engine, a single stage double-inlet PTC obtained the lowest refrigeration temperature of 80.9 K with an operating frequency of 45 Hz, which is regarded as a new record for the reported thermoacoustically driven refrigerators.     

300 Hz脉冲管制冷机特性研究

从实验和数值计算两个方面研究了1台工作频率为300 Hz的单级脉冲管制冷机的制冷特性.实验方面,验证了平均压力、入口压比、惯性管长度以及均流化元件对其制冷性能的影响,该制冷机在平均压力为3.96 MPa、入口压比为1.21时获得了79.6 K的最低制冷温度;数值计算方面,基于线性热声理论的模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较,以验证程序的有效性.     

行波热声发动机驱动的脉管制冷机研究

通过改变热声发动机谐振直路长度,研究系统在不同工作频率下的性能.研究发现,在一定条件下降低频率可以显著改善脉管制冷机的性能.在工作压力为2.7 MPa,加热功率为2 350W,工作频率为45 Hz时,双向进气型单级脉管制冷机获得了80.9 K的最低制冷温度,这是目前用热声制冷方法获得的最低制冷温度.     

氦氢混合工质G-M单级脉管制冷机性能研究

对G-M型单级脉管制冷机采用氦氢混合工质在30 K温区进行实验研究,从制冷量、COP、压降特性、压缩机耗功、制冷温度的稳定性等方面进行了讨论和分析,同时给出了在最优状态下加载热负荷的温度变化情况.实验结果表明,采用适当配比的氦氢混合工质有助于提高脉管制冷性能.     

A high capacity completely closed-cycle 250 mK He refrigeration system based on a pulse tube cooler

We present the design of a completely closed-cycle refrigeration system. The system consists of four stages; the first two, 40.5 and 2.7 K, are provided by a pulse tube cooler, the third and fourth stages by helium adsorption refrigerators. The adsorption refrigerators use ⁴He and ³He with base temperatures of 700 and 250 mK, respectively. Performance tests including some with the cooler rotated from the vertical showed that with a load of 15 μK, a temperature below 286 mK can be maintained for 72 h.     

电阻阵列冷却用脉管制冷机研制

为解决以电阻阵列器件为基础的动态红外景像产生器中的冷却问题,设计并研制了一台采用线性压缩机驱动的在223 K工作的脉管制冷机。实验结果表明:在500 W的电输入功下,制冷机的最低无负荷制冷温度为99.7 K,在232.8 K获得了181.3 W的制冷量,与理论预测制冷量189.4 W吻合良好,相对卡诺效率达到10.4%,工作对脉管制冷机在普冷温区的应用是一次有益的探索。