航空发动机用大规格TC17钛合金棒材显微组织均匀性研究

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对?500 mm TC17钛合金棒材显微组织的均匀性进行了研究,分析了不同部位α、β相的晶体取向。结果表明,棒材边部和心部的初生α相等轴化良好,取向分布均匀;锻后冷却速度会影响棒材边部和心部组织中等轴α相的晶粒尺寸,心部显著大于边部。在光学显微镜下原始β晶界不明显,但心部组织中出现β相基本保持取向一致的"宏区",说明原始β晶粒破碎程度不足。对于大规格TC17钛合金棒材,仅凭借显微组织判定其均匀性存在漏洞,需增加β晶粒度检查以规避后续出现粗大原始β晶粒的风险。     

锻态TC25G钛合金棒材的显微组织和织构

利用光学显微镜(OM)和电子背散射技术(EBSD)研究α+β型TC25G钛合金大规格棒材不同位置的显微组织和晶体取向。结果表明:锻态TC25G棒材不同位置组织和织构不同;表面位置和1/2R位置为双态组织,棒材中心为等轴状初生α相、棒状α板条和β转变组织;棒材表面为α相0001//AD和1120/1010//AD的弱织构,1/2R位置处为1120//AD的弱织构,中心位置形成2022织构;适当增加β单相区的锻造变形量,细化原始β晶粒并通过控制α+β两相区的终锻温度,降低坯料的温度梯度,提高坯料应变场的均匀性,可提高棒材组织和晶体取向分布的均匀性。     

二次挤压对Mg-5.0Gd-4.0Ni-0.5Cu-0.8Y-0.5Zn合金显微组织及力学性能均匀性的影响

采用金相显微镜、电子扫描显微镜、万能拉伸试验机等研究了一次挤压(E1)、二次挤压(E2)对Mg-5.0Gd-4.0Ni-0.5Cu-0.8Y-0.5Zn合金棒材显微组织及力学性能均匀性的影响。结果表明:一次挤压后,合金心部呈现双峰组织,边部是均匀的细晶组织,棒材织构整体呈现基面织构且心部织构显著强于边部,边部强度和伸长率明显高于心部;二次挤压后,边部和心部都是均匀的细晶组织,心部织构显著降低,但仍略高于边部,力学性能进一步提高,在不同部位基本一致。二次挤压显著提高了可溶解镁合金组织及力学性能的均匀性。     

大规格TC11钛合金棒材热处理后组织与性能分布规律性研究

对规格为?200 mm×1300 mm的TC11钛合金棒材进行970℃/120 min/AC+530℃/360 min/AC热处理,分析了棒材沿长度和直径方向不同位置显微组织、拉伸性能和冲击韧性的变化规律。结果表明:大规格TC11钛合金棒材热处理后,不同位置的显微组织差异较大,沿长度和直径方向由边部至心部,显微组织中α相含量逐渐增加,晶粒长大,同时β相含量降低。大规格TC11钛合金棒材组织差异对材料的综合性能影响显著,沿不同方向由边部至心部,室温、高温拉伸强度及冲击韧性均降低。     

TC4钛合金宽幅厚板材组织结构、织构及疲劳性能研究

针对工业化生产工艺条件下的TC4钛合金宽幅、厚板材(δ150 mm),研究了板材边部、1/4板厚和心部位置微观组织结构、织构分布特点、疲劳性能及其疲劳断口特征。结果表明:TC4厚板材不同部位显微组织呈现初生α相+β转的双态组织形貌,由边部到心部,初生α相由等轴趋于等轴+条状形态,相比较边部,越靠近中心,初生α相形态趋于平行于轧面且初生α相尺寸相对较大;同一板厚不同位置α相微区织构明显不同,边部主要含有{3213}、{2130}弱织构组分,1/4板厚位置主要含有{0221}、{1011}和{1215}织构组分,心部主要含有{1100}、{1010}和{1430}强织构组分;板材边部疲劳极限为605 MPa、1/4板厚位置疲劳极限为440 MPa、心部疲劳极限为440 MPa。板材边部位置疲劳性能明显优于1/4板厚位置和心部位置,疲劳极限相差约165 MPa。疲劳试样断口由裂纹源区Ⅰ、裂纹扩展区Ⅱ和瞬断区Ⅲ3个不同区域组成。随着应力强度的降低,裂纹扩展区面积呈逐渐增加的规律。     

锻造温度对TC21钛合金锻板组织和力学性能的影响

研究锻造温度对TC21钛合金锻板组织和力学性能的影响。试验选用3件规格为Φ300 mm×400 mm的TC21棒料,经制坯完成后进行锻造。采用相同锻造变形量,锻造温度分别为Tβ+15℃、Tβ+30℃、Tβ+45℃,进行显微组织观察和室温拉伸试验分析。试验结果表明,TC21锻板在相变点以上变形时,随着锻造温度升高,试样短横向、长横向和纵向室温抗拉强度Rm和室温屈服强度Rp0.2升高。由于锻造温度在相变点以上,所以3块锻板的低倍呈清晰晶,且随着锻造温度的升高,清晰度增加,晶粒增大。同时,3块锻板的显微组织为网篮组织,由多个平直的束状α相互相交错排列形成,随着锻造温度升高,α相排列方向一致性增强,长条α相含量增加,α相厚度和长度增加。     

大规格TC18钛合金棒材多火次锻造中β相织构演变规律

对大规格TC18钛合金棒材进行了10火次锻造。选取构成"高-低-高-低"一个锻造循环的4个代表性火次,利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对棒材中心到边部β相的取向特征进行了研究。结果表明,通过对多火次锻造过程中温度参数和形变参数的配合设置,使得锻造循环完成后中心到边部<100>织构极大弱化,并获得了受力时表现为高强度的有利织构<110>与<111>。950℃对应TC18钛合金棒材锻造时β相的再结晶温度,β相的再结晶织构接近随机织构。在低于950℃锻造时,不同火次下中心区均出现<110>和<111>织构,这是拔长织构和拔长后保留下来的墩粗织构。边部的形变织构为<100>和<111>,这是边部因拔长时形变相对较小而保留墩粗时的压缩织构,并且随着锻造火次的增加,<111>织构比例增多,保证了边部的高强度。     

微织构对Ti150合金锻件拉伸性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等研究了Ti150合金锻件3个典型位置处的显微组织、微织构和拉伸性能。结果表明，锻件心部存在强微织构，表现为由晶体取向相近晶粒组成的条带状“宏区”,边缘和弧面等靠近外轮廓区域的微织构较弱；微织构较强区域的β转变组织内次生α相呈平行排列的集束状，而微织构较弱区域的次生α相呈编织排列；条带状“宏区”和β转变组织中的集束状次生α相均相当于粗大晶粒，增大了位错滑移距离，界面强化效应减弱，导致锻件心部的强度明显低于靠近外轮廓的区域。     

锻造工艺对Ti-6Al-4V合金大规格方坯组织与性能的影响

制定了3种Ti-6Al-4V合金大规格方坯锻造工艺，通过Simufact仿真软件对工艺参数进行优化，在万吨液压机上进行全流程控制锻造，制备出规格为245 mm×480 mm×3 700 mm的大规格方坯。对方坯的力学性能和显微组织进行表征，分析锻造工艺对大规格方坯组织与性能的影响。结果表明，3种工艺锻制的Ti-6Al-4V合金大规格方坯显微组织均为等轴组织，初生α相含量约占80%。工艺A和工艺B制得的方坯组织细小，均匀性好，超声波杂波水平低。工艺C锻制的方坯晶粒粗大，组织不均匀，心部存在长条及大块状α相。工艺A、B锻制的方坯有较好的强度和塑性匹配，工艺C锻制的方坯强度虽较高，但塑性相对较低。从组织均匀性、力学性能及杂波水平综合考虑，工艺A为最优锻造方案。     

β锻造Ti17钛合金的组织和织构及其对室温拉伸性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、XRD和EBSD对β单相区锻造Ti17合金的显微组织和晶体取向进行了表征,分析了二者对Ti17合金室温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:β锻Ti17合金中的原始β晶粒沿金属流动方向拉长,晶内为网篮状组织;β相呈现100β与压缩方向(锻坯轴向)平行的强丝织构;α相的强织构呈现在晶体c轴与轴向呈45°和90°的区域内;合金轴向拉伸试样的强度和断裂伸长率均低于径向拉伸试样的强度和断裂伸长率;轴向拉伸强度和塑性的降低分别与合金的转变α相织构和原始β晶粒形貌有关;通过细化原始β晶粒尺寸和弱化原始β晶粒的变形织构,可减小合金各向异性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.