常温下10种谷物挥发物气相-质谱测定及对印度谷螟幼虫引诱率比较（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为了探讨利用谷物挥发成分引诱害虫以增进诱捕防治效果,测定常温28 ℃时10种谷物中挥发性物质的种类、相对含量及挥发物对印度谷螟幼虫的引诱效果。10种谷物的顶空取样—固相微萃取/气-质谱分析得到的挥发物质包括烷、烯、芳香族、醛、醇、酸、酮、酯和呋喃共9类物质。谷物间的挥发物种类和各物质的相对含量差异显著。28 ℃常温下薏仁、荞麦、小麦、高粱、燕麦、小米、糜子、大麦、稻谷和玉米的挥发性特种类数量分别为30、26、23、22、20、20、19、16、15和15种。除玉米除外,有9种谷物均含其自身特有挥发性物质成分2~8种。燕麦、薏仁和高粱的引诱率最高分别为30%、25%和23%,小麦、稻谷、荞麦和玉米的引诱率在近14%,小米、大麦、糜子的引诱率小于9%。对幼虫引诱率较高的燕麦、薏仁醛类物质相对含量最高,高粱中酸类物质相对含量最高。对这三种谷物相对含量较高的醛类、酸类物质,以及其特有物质2-甲基-十六烷、3,5-辛二烯-2-醇、2,2-二甲基-1-辛醇、β-榄香烯、芳樟醇、柏木烯醇、雪松醇、正已酸乙酯、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基-庚烷、已酸、十三烷酸、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯等挥发性成分较值得进一步研究。     

常温下10种谷物挥发物气相-质谱测定及对印度谷螟幼虫引诱率比较

为了探讨利用谷物挥发成分引诱害虫以增进诱捕防治效果,测定常温28℃时10种谷物中挥发性物质的种类、相对含量及挥发物对印度谷螟幼虫的引诱效果。10种谷物的顶空取样—固相微萃取/气-质谱分析得到的挥发物质包括烷、烯、芳香族、醛、醇、酸、酮、酯和呋喃共9类物质。谷物间的挥发物种类和各物质的相对含量差异显著。28℃常温下薏仁、荞麦、小麦、高粱、燕麦、小米、糜子、大麦、稻谷和玉米的挥发性特种类数量分别为30、26、23、22、20、20、19、16、15和15种。除玉米除外,有9种谷物均含其自身特有挥发性物质成分2～8种。燕麦、薏仁和高粱的引诱率最高分别为30%、25%和23%,小麦、稻谷、荞麦和玉米的引诱率在近14%,小米、大麦、糜子的引诱率小于9%。对幼虫引诱率较高的燕麦、薏仁醛类物质相对含量最高,高粱中酸类物质相对含量最高。对这三种谷物相对含量较高的醛类、酸类物质,以及其特有物质2-甲基-十六烷、3,5-辛二烯-2-醇、2,2-二甲基-1-辛醇、β-榄香烯、芳樟醇、柏木烯醇、雪松醇、正已酸乙酯、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基-庚烷、已酸、十三烷酸、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯等挥发性成分较值得进一步研究。     

6种储粮害虫对不同颜色的趋性研究

在实验室内利用校正趋色法,研究我国6种储粮害虫对红色等6种颜色的趋性行为反应。结果表明,6种储粮害虫对不同颜色的趋性情况大多随时间的变化而变化,在特定的时间段内,赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗、米象、玉米象对不同颜色的行为反应存在显著性差异(P≤0.05),其中,红色、橙色、黑色对赤拟谷盗均有明显的引诱作用,诱集率最高分别为76.23%、39.55%、49.57%;红色、黑色对玉米象有明显的引诱作用,诱集率最高分别为38.48%、38.67%。嗜卷书虱和无色书虱对所测试6种颜色则大多表现出驱避性,其中,红色和紫色分别对嗜卷书虱、无色书虱有明显的驱避作用,驱避率最高分别为70.29%、54.46%。研究结果可为研发相应颜色诱捕器对储粮害虫进行诱捕监测提供参考。     

多孔淀粉诱芯在书虱诱捕中的应用

本文在仓库内评价了多孔淀粉包埋的昆虫引诱剂对书虱的诱捕效果。结果显示：在试验的72d内,多孔淀粉诱芯引诱书虱的平均数量始终保持在1463头以上,而同剂量的硅胶垫诱芯引诱书虱的平均数量从第7d开始就逐渐下降。从试验的第28d开始至试验结束,多孔淀粉诱芯引诱书虱的平均数量显著高于硅胶垫诱芯。改变引诱剂和多孔淀粉的配比会影响诱芯引诱书虱的效果,总体来看,2g多孔淀粉＋1mL引诱剂制得的诱芯的引诱效果最好。由于多孔淀粉诱芯具有缓释效果好、无污染、无残留,对粮食安全等优点,因此在储粮害虫的引诱技术中有很好的应用前景。     

广州小麦粉成品车间书虱年度发生跟踪监测研究

采用瓦楞纸板诱捕器,对小麦粉成品车间2017年3月至2018年2月期间书虱的发生情况进行跟踪监测,并利用地质统计学等高线绘图技术统计分析小麦粉成品车间书虱发生部位以及与温湿度的关系。年度跟踪监测表明,在小麦粉成品车间累计诱捕到书虱25 131头,呈非均匀分布。书虱诱捕数量与车间内温湿度有密不可分的关系,其发生部位主要为麸皮打包间、麸皮打包间和成品仓交接区域、自动打包机和皮带输送机区域、卸粮口区域,且具有长期持续存在向周围扩散虫害的危险。在实际生产中可根据书虱发生部位开展有针对性的防治措施。     

竖向通风系统食品级惰性粉气溶胶防虫技术实仓应用

采用食品级惰性粉气溶胶防虫技术,开展物理机械防治储粮害虫实仓应用试验。结果表明:试验仓在应用惰性粉防虫技术后的第1个月内与对照仓相比防治效果不明显,而在1个月后能够有效抑制粮堆中嗜虫书虱、锈赤扁谷盗、玉米象等害虫密度的增长,粮堆长期处于无虫粮虫害等级,能够起到长期防治效果。对照仓在应用防虫技术1个月后每个检测点平均筛检和诱捕嗜虫书虱超过300头,检测到锈赤扁谷盗8.2头、玉米象约1头,为严重虫粮虫害等级。     

普通肉食螨对9种储粮害虫的捕食能力研究

研究了普通肉食螨(Cheyletus eruditus Schrank)幼螨、原若螨、后若螨、雌成螨4种螨态对嗜卷书虱(Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel)、锈赤扁谷盗(Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens)等9种常见储粮害虫的卵和1龄幼虫(若虫)的捕食虫谱。研究发现,4种螨态对9种储粮害虫均有不同程度的捕食能力,普通肉食螨对嗜卷书虱的捕食能力较强,分别达3.3粒/d(卵)和2.4头/d(1龄若虫)。进一步探索普通肉食螨对嗜卷书虱的捕食功能反应,研究表明:在猎物密度为1~10头(粒)范围内,原若螨、后若螨和雌成螨对嗜卷书虱卵的捕食量分别为:0.4~1.4、0.3~1.5、0.5~3.3粒/d,对嗜卷书虱1龄若虫的捕食量分别为0.1~0.6、0.2~1.2、0.4~2.4头/d,原若螨、后若螨和雌成螨对嗜卷书虱卵和1龄若虫的捕食功能均符合HollingⅡ型,攻击系数、捕食上限和捕食效能最高分别为0.515、8.485和4.239粒/d。     

普通肉食螨对9 种储粮害虫的捕食能力研究

研究了普通肉食螨（Cheyletus eruditusSchrank）幼螨、原若螨、后若螨、雌成螨4 种螨态对嗜卷书虱（Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel）、锈赤扁谷盗（Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens）等9 种常见储粮害虫的卵和1 龄幼虫（若虫）的捕食虫谱。研究发现,4 种螨态对9 种储粮害虫均有不同程度的捕食能力,普通肉食螨对嗜卷书虱的捕食能力较强,分别达3.3 粒/天d（卵）和2.4 头/d（1 龄若虫）。进一步探索普通肉食螨对嗜卷书虱的捕食功能反应,研究表明：在猎物密度为1～10 头（粒）范围内,原若螨、后若螨和雌成螨对嗜卷书虱卵的捕食量分别为：0.4～1.4、0.3～1.5、0.5～3.3 粒/d,对嗜卷书虱1 龄若虫的捕食量分别为0.1～0.6、0.2～1.2、0.4～2.4 头/d,原若螨、后若螨和雌成螨对嗜卷书虱卵和1 龄若虫的捕食功能均符合HollingⅡ型,攻击系数、捕食上限和捕食效能最高分别为0.515、8.485 和4.239 粒/d。     

食物引诱剂对储粮害虫最佳引诱条件的研究

食物引诱剂具有诱虫谱广,原料来源丰富、价格低等优点,它们不仅能吸引各种储粮害虫两性成虫,而且能吸引其幼虫.研究食物引诱剂对储粮害虫的最佳引诱条件不仅可以为食物引诱剂的开发利用提供理论基础,而且还将食物引诱剂和害虫信息素联合使用,增强信息素引诱害虫的效果.本研究在实验室内比较了碎麦、麦胚、燕麦片、碎花生、花生油、葵花子油、玉米油对赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹、书虱的引诱活性.结果表明碎麦、麦胚对5种害虫都有显著的引诱作用,燕麦片对锈赤扁谷盗和谷蠹有明显的引诱活性,而精练葵花籽油对多数害虫呈负趋性.碎麦诱捕器在不同虫口密度下诱捕效果明显不同.诱捕器的4个摆放位置对诱捕赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹、书虱的影响差异显著,并呈一致变化,诱捕顺序为：西南＞东南＞西北＞东北,多重比较显示其中东南方位与西北方位差别不显著,其它方位差异显著.     

三十二种花生挥发物测定及其对印度谷螟幼虫引诱作用比较

掌握不同品种花生挥发物及其中对害虫引诱作用明显的物质有助于指导花生科学储藏和将其挥发物利用于害虫防治中。在30℃下采取顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了我国32种主推花生品种的挥发物种类和相对含量。使用适用规格的Y型嗅觉仪测定了花生对印度谷螟Plodia interpunctella (Hübener)幼虫的引诱作用。32种花生测得的挥发性物种类总计有58种,其中豫花9326的挥发物种类数量最多为31种,花育25和濮黑花3号的挥发物种类数量最少仅有11种。所测试32种花生中有26种对害虫引诱效果极显著,白花生2号的引诱率最高达63.33%。有3种测试的花生品种对害虫引诱效果不明显,开农76的引诱率只有25.00%。32种花生的挥发物种类及相对含量差异显著,相应地对印度谷螟幼虫引诱作用差异显著,可能与其中某些挥发物关系密切。     

Efficacy of methoprene for control of five species of psocids (psocoptera) on wheat, rice, and maize

The insect growth regulator methoprene was evaluated for control of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis paeta Pearman (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), and Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein (Trogiidae) at application rates of 1, 5, and 10 ppm on maize, wheat, and rice. Methoprene did not completely suppress progeny production during the 40-day test period, but did cause a significant reduction in adult progeny in all psocid species at the application rates of 5 and 10 ppm. At 1 ppm, numbers of adults were reduced for all species on wheat and maize, but only for L. paeta on rice. Nevertheless, the numbers of nymphs present after 40 days generally were not reduced, relative to the controls. Methoprene applied at rates of 1 to 10 ppm to stored grain would not provide adequate control of psocids.     

An improved method for mass rearing of three liposcelid psocids (Psocoptera: : Liposcelidae) infesting stored commodities

An improved method of mass culturing liposcelid psocids is described that enables the production of large numbers of insects with minimal equipment and handling. The key factor was the provision of refuge by the addition of black chart papers (five pieces, each 10×2 cm) inside the culture jars. A culture medium comprising whole wheat (14% moisture content), kibbled wheat, wholemeal wheat flour and brewer's yeast in the proportion of 10 : 10 : 10 : 0.1 (v/v) was tested on Liposcelis bostrychophila, L. entomophila and L. paeta. When reared on this medium with initial colonies of 10 adults, there was a 12-fold increase in L. bostrychophila, 5-fold increase in L. entomophila and an 8-fold increase in L. paeta populations over a 4-week period. The method enables quick and simple extraction and handling of insects. This rearing method produced significantly (P<0.05) larger population numbers when compared with a range of published and unpublished methods.     

Efficacy of ethylenesulphonyl fluoride against stored grain psocids,Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein)

Phase-out, impending ban, and developing insect resistance to the commonly used insecticides for stored grains pose serious challenges to the scientific community and it is imperative to develop effective pest management strategies. Identification and testing of new compounds are potential options to deal with the growing threat. Ethylenesulphonyl fluoride (ESF), a new synthetic compound, is one of the most promising alternative fumigant insecticides that can be used to control the insect pests in stored-grains. However, limited evidence is available to support its efficacy to control the stored-product psocids. This study evaluates the ESF as a prospective control reagent to exterminate different life stages of the psocids Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. entomophila (Enderlein). We conducted a 4 h toxicity trials and 12 h simulated efficacy trials with adults of the two species in wheat. Adults and nymphs were highly susceptible to ESF. Complete adult and nymph mortality (LD₉₉) was also recorded at dosages ranged from 1.97 μL/L to 3.80 μL/L. Moreover, complete (LD₉₉) egg mortality was recorded at dosages between 3.59 μL/L and 7.60 μL/L. Remarkably, the mortality of adults decreased with increasing depth of the grain bulk. Our study establishes ESF as a potential reagent that can be used effectively to control a variety of commonly known stored grain psocids.     

复合米粉挤压膨化制品配方的研究

以大米为基料,面粉、糯米粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉为辅料,采用挤压膨化工艺制作膨化制品,研究了大米粉进料颗粒度、各辅料添加量对膨化制品L值、b值、吸水性、水溶性、容重、硬度等品质指标的影响,筛选出了大米粉最佳进料颗粒度为60目。在此基础上设计正交试验,优选出最佳配方为以大米粉为基准(计为100),辅料配比为面粉25%、糯米粉20%、玉米淀粉15%、马铃薯淀粉15%;利用该配方制得产品的L值为59.69、b值为12.96、水溶性指数为30.95%、吸水性指数为5.08g/g、容重为126.72g/L、硬度为617.3g,产品感官品质优良。     

改性对玉米粉饼干品质影响的研究

利用快速粘度分析仪（RVA）,对玉米饼干专用粉的峰值粘度等指标进行了测定,并且通过物性分析仪对面团以及玉米粉饼干的质构特性进行了分析。分别比较了玉米饼干专用粉与玉米粉、低筋小麦粉的各个指标的差异,客观地分析了改性对玉米粉饼干品质的影响。试验结果表明,与普通玉米粉相比,改性实现了玉米粉的成团及玉米粉饼干的成型,且制作的玉米粉饼干的硬度、脆性适中。但是,与低筋小麦粉相比玉米饼干专用粉还存在一些不足,其硬度、脆性以及糊化特性等品质特性略差。     

玉米馒头品质影响因素研究

为研究影响玉米馒头品质的因素,以玉米粉添加量、小麦粉筋力、玉米粉粒度和食用多糖种类为主要因素,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验。结合主成分分析法,通过馒头质构分析和感官评价实验,考察了上述因素对玉米馒头品质的影响,并对玉米馒头的配方进行了优化。结果表明,使用高筋粉、添加50%玉米粉、玉米粉80目时制作的玉米馒头品质最佳。     

Antistaling of rice starch in a gel model system and Korean rice cake: the role of wheat flour in retrogradation-retardation technology

This study focused on the mechanisms of retrogradation-retardation technology for applications in garaetteok (steamed and extruded cylinder-shaped rice cake) production. Based on the comparison of conventional and retrogradation-retardation methods, the addition of raw wheat flour was selected as a key process. The rheological properties of gelatinized rice starch pastes after treatment with raw or autoclaved wheat flour and Novamyl L were investigated. Among them, raw wheat flour and Novamyl L resulted in significantly lowered the elastic modulus. The textural properties of garaetteok treated with raw or autoclaved wheat flour were examined by texture profile analysis (TPA) during storage for 3 days at 4°C. The hardness of garaetteok made with raw wheat flour was maintained for up to three days. In contrast, autoclaved wheat flour did not affect elastic modulus or hardness. As a result, raw wheat flour effectively retards starch retrogradation through starch hydrolysis induced by amylase in wheat flour.     

基于秀珍菇固态发酵粟谷的锅巴制作工艺研究

目的 粟谷作为锅巴制作的主要原料, 其传统的加工方式造成了资源的极大浪费。 方法 以秀珍菇固态发酵后的粟谷为原料，通过单因素试验和正交试验优化粟谷粉、面粉、淀粉及膨松剂添加量对锅巴品质影响, 以感官评定法对产品品质进行评分, 获得锅巴最佳配方。结果 发酵后的粟谷抗营养因子降低约95%, 粟米粉、面粉、淀粉及膨松剂等对锅巴感官品质影响非常显著, 其添加量分别为33%、67%、5%和1.6%时, 所制得的粟谷锅巴品质最佳, 此时锅巴颜色均匀, 表面完整, 无裂纹, 结构致密均匀, 焦香酥脆, 硬度适宜, 具有一定的粟谷及蘑菇独特风味。结论 基于固态发酵粟谷锅巴制作的研究增加了市场锅巴的营养, 促进了粟谷价值的充分挖掘。     

Growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on rice flour and brown rice as affected by time and temperature

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, is a cosmopolitan stored product insect that infests a variety of raw grains and processed grain products. Although this pest is prevalent in rice mills, there is a comparative lack of data on growth and development on rice by-products and fractions compared to other grains. In this study, ten mixed-sex adults were exposed on 200 g of either rice flour or brown rice, and populations were assessed after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months at 22, 27, or 32 °C. At 22 °C, the number of adults, pupae and larvae on rice flour and brown rice remained low throughout the 12-month storage period. At 27 °C, the number of adults on rice flour increased to a maximum at 8 months, while adult populations on brown rice remained relatively constant from 2 to 10 months, with few pupae or larvae in the samples. At 32 °C, adult populations on rice flour and brown rice were constant after month 2, with low numbers of pupae and larvae. Adult predation could have accounted for low numbers of pupae and larvae. Using the original 10-month data, populations were projected for an additional 14 months to predict population patterns. Adult numbers showed an increase over time at all temperatures on rice flour and brown rice at 22 °C but numbers seemed to stabilize at 27 and 32 °C. For both diets at 27 and 32 °C, projected pupae and larvae numbers remained steady but low compared to adults. However, populations would not be expected to increase indefinitely because at some point the resources would become limited and populations would crash or decline. Results show T. castaneum can deplete fixed resources such as bags of rice flour or brown rice when temperatures equal or exceed 27 °C.     

Comparative studies with Tribolium (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)—I: Productivity of T. castaneum (Herbst) and T. confusum Duv. on several commercially-available diets

Productivity (measured as the number of adult progeny produced in a given interval by a number of females) and relative developmental rates (the number of adult progeny found at specific intervals) have been determined for T. castaneum and T. confusum on a variety of different media. The media tested were flours of corn (C), rice (R), soy (S), whole wheat (W), a mixture of corn, rice, soy and whole wheat flour (M), white wheat (WW) and brown rice (BR) with and without a supplement of brewer's yeast.

In T. confusum the ranking of productivity on these seven media was found to be M>W>C>BR>R>WW>S in both unsupplemented and yeast-supplemented media, but the performance on all media was somewhat increased by the addition of yeast. The order of productivity on these media with T. castaneum was similar to that obtained for T. confusum, except that the response to yeast supplements was much more pronounced for all media except soy. In particular, white wheat, brown rice and rice, which must be considered “poor” media for T. castaneum in the absence of yeast, compared very favorably, in terms of productivity, with whole wheat and corn when these media were supplemented with yeast. These data are summarized in Table 6 and Fig. 1.

These productivity results are supported by information obtained about the developmental rates of the two species on these media-in general, developmental rate was much slower on those media showing the lowest productivity.

From considerations of the content of the flours used, the data suggest that soy is more toxic to T. castaneum than to T. confusum, and that T. castaneum requires more vitamins and/or minerals than does T. confusum. This conclusion is largely judged by the performance of the two species on white and brown rice, and their performance on yeastless and yeast-supplemented media. The data are given in Table 5 and shown in graph form in Fig. 2.

It is suggested that T. castaneum may require greater amounts of leucine, alanine, and aspartic acid than T. confusum, and that T. confusum requires larger amounts of threonine, tyrosine and possibly methionine than T. castaneum.