基于耦合水动力模型的广州市东濠涌流域洪涝模拟

东濠涌流域位于广州市中心城区越秀区内,调研分析流域内积水点淹没成因与利用数值模拟方法研究该城市流域洪涝过程并获得一定可靠性和精度的洪涝水情信息,可为相关部门抢险救灾决策提供理论参考和科学依据。根据城市洪涝过程的水文水力学方法原理,以SWMM作为一维模型基础,采用动态链接库文件(DLL)方法耦合二维水动力模型,通过侧向、正向和垂向的连接构建耦合水动力模型,以东濠涌流域为研究区域构建基于耦合水动力模型的东濠涌流域洪涝模型并选用两场实测降雨对模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:模型在一维排水系统的排水能力与二维地表积水的模拟均具有较好的精度和可靠性。该耦合水动力模型在东濠涌流域的应用进一步证明了耦合模型连接算法的合理性和可行性,对城市洪涝模拟分析有较好的应用价值。     

城市洪涝模型及CPU-GPU异构并行计算技术研究进展

在全球气候变暖和城市化背景下，城市洪涝问题日益严峻。为尽可能减少城市洪涝灾害造成的损失，提高城市对突发性强降雨事件的应急处理水平，开展城市洪涝数值模拟技术研究具有十分重要的意义。本文从城市洪涝精细化和高效模拟角度出发，综述了城市洪涝模型、CPU-GPU异构并行计算的研究进展，系统总结了产汇流模型、一维河道/管网模型、二维地表模型、耦合模型、快速城市洪涝模型的构建方法和CPU-GPU异构并行计算的关键技术。针对当前城市洪涝模型研究中的不足之处，需要开展城市洪涝过程全物理机制模拟研究，深入分析全水动力城市洪涝模型的适用性、模拟精度和计算效率；还需基于异构并行计算技术，实现城市洪涝模型一维河道/管网、二维地表淹没的快速模拟，为城市暴雨洪涝精细化与高效模拟奠定基础。     

山区流域洪涝预报水文与水动力耦合模型研究进展

受人类活动及气候变化的影响,我国山区流域洪涝灾害频发,研制洪涝模拟及预报模型对于流域洪涝灾害防治及水环境综合整治具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。论文评述了洪涝模拟与预报使用的水文及水动力模型的优缺点,指出单一的水文或水动力模型的局限性。基于此,分析并比较了国内外已有的水文模型与水动力模型的不同耦合方式,包括水文模型与水动力模型的串联耦合、水文模型与一维水动力模型的动态单向耦合、水文模型与二维水动力模型的动态单向耦合。总结了各类耦合模型的优势和适用性,评价了已有耦合模型在计算精度、数值格式稳定性和计算效率等方面所取得的创新。论文探讨了流域洪涝发生和发展的水文过程与水动力过程的互馈机制,分析了水文模型与水动力模型新的耦合方法及可行性,介绍了水文与二维及一维水动力的动态双向耦合模型。动态双向耦合模型预期能更加真实地反映流域洪涝发生及发展物理机制,具有提高洪涝模拟预报精度和计算效率的潜力。各类耦合模型各有其自身优势,可以根据流域及城市防洪实际,选取合适的水文与水动力耦合模型,为山区流域洪涝模拟和预报提供技术支持。     

基于复杂高密度管网结构优化技术的银川城区排水过程高效模拟方法

为高效高精度模拟大尺度城区的排水过程,掌握城市地表径流机制和管网排水规律,以银川市约310 km²的城区为研究区域,应用耦合地表径流及城市地下管网排水过程的GAST模型,结合当地污水处理厂、管网、地形和土地利用等特征,基于普适性的数字地形高程DEM数据处理、土地利用类型划分、合流制排水管网和污水处理厂概化等技术,提出了一种基于复杂高密度管网结构优化技术的城区排水过程高效模拟方法。采用理想地形和实际地形对该方法模拟的精度和效率进行了验证,结果表明：对一级支管做删除概化处理对实际的管网排水过程模拟结果影响较小,20.46 km²区域内一二维耦合节点数可削减27.8%,模型计算效率提高12.18%,且研究区域越大,计算效率提升越明显;模拟结果与实测值误差在6%以内,在保证模拟精度的同时大幅提高了计算效率。     

地表径流速度对城市内涝影响规律

为分析地表径流速度对城市内涝的影响,采用一维地下排水管网与二维城区地形的动态耦合模型,选取大连市某排水区块作为研究区域,设置4种地表径流速度10种设计降雨场景,模拟分析在不同重现期设计降雨及不同地表径流速度下研究区的内涝积水特性.结果表明:随着地表径流速度降低,管道排水压力变小,管道排水达标率最高可提升48.05％,且...     

一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型Ⅱ：验证

根据室内外试验观测数据和模拟结果,对比分析了基于混合数值解法求解的一维畦灌地表水流运动模型以及基于二阶时间离散精度有限差分法-四阶空间离散精度有限体积法解算的一维土壤水动力学模型的模拟效果,检验了现有迭代耦合模式改善后的模拟性能。结果表明,利用混合数值解法求解一维畦灌地表水流运动模型具有比Roe有限体积法更好的数值计算稳定性和收敛性;与一阶时间离散精度有限差分法-二阶空间离散精度有限差分法及一阶时间离散精度有限差分法-二阶空间离散精度有限体积法相比,采用二阶时间离散精度有限差分法-四阶空间离散精度有限体积法解算一维土壤水动力学模型具备较好的模拟精度、质量平衡性和收敛速率。与此同时,改善后的迭代耦合模式呈现出较好的模拟精度和质量守恒性,且计算效率平均提高0.7倍以上。基于数值解法和迭代耦合模式同步改进后构建的一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型,具有提高模拟精度和计算效率的良好能力。     

地表水流与地下管流耦合的数值模拟研究

借助于HydroInfo水利计算云平台,针对城市雨洪建模过程中的地表与地下排水管网水流交换问题进行了数值模拟研究。提出了一维地下排水管网与二维城市地表动态耦合的分区匹配算法。通过水从地表流向排水管网、水从管网溢出到地面和溃坝洪水流经管网区等算例的数值计算,与实验室结果进行了比较,对稳态以及非稳态水力条件下计算平台处理地表-地下管网流量交换问题的能力进行了检验。结果分析表明了采用的云计算平台模拟该问题的可行性以及算法的正确性。     

基于多重网格的地表水文与二维水动力动态双向耦合模型研究

针对流域洪涝模拟模型的计算精度、格式稳定性及计算效率等问题,本文提出基于多重网格技术的地表水文与二维水动力动态双向耦合模型(M-DBCM)。地表水文模型采用非线性水库法模拟降雨产流和径流;二维水动力模型采用浅水方程模拟洪水演进过程。采用不同分辨率的网格划分计算区域,在粗网格区域采用地表水文模型模拟降雨径流过程;在细网格区域采用二维水动力模型模拟洪涝积水区的水流运动。地表水文和二维水动力模型通过内部耦合移动界面(Coupling Moving Interface, CMI)实现无缝连接,保证通过CMI的水量和动量等通量守恒,提高模型的模拟精度。采用时间显式格式同时求解地表水文和水动力模型,在不同区域采用不同的计算时间步长,以提高模型的计算效率。通过典型案例验证本文构建的耦合模型的性能,结果表明本文提出的动态双向耦合模型能够在保证模拟精度的同时提高计算效率。     

基于两种建模方式的嵌套式城市雨洪模型研究与应用

全球气候变化和快速城镇化打破了城市水循环平衡,造成近些年来我国城市暴雨洪涝事件频繁发生。城市暴雨洪涝(雨洪)模型是应对城市洪涝事件的重要技术保障。然而,对于城市暴雨洪涝模拟,模拟精度和计算效率往往是一对矛盾体。本文总结了目前两种应用比较广泛的建模方式,即基于部分物理机制的水文单向驱动水动力模拟方式和基于完整物理机制的全过程双向耦合模拟方式。在此基础上,为了提高防汛应急处置工作的前瞻性和准确性,本文提出基于上述两种建模方式的嵌套式模拟方法。针对昆明主城区及其局部汇水区的模拟应用研究表明,嵌套式模拟方法在一定程度上缓解了城市雨洪模型在“整体”和“局部”、“精度”和“效率”之间的矛盾,具有较好的实用价值。     

基于耦合模型的城市流域洪涝灾害治理研究——以广州某片区为例

城市洪涝灾害已成为影响城市发展的最主要的灾害之一,对其进行研究具有重大的现实意义。以广州某片区为例,基于流域系统整体观构建综合考虑河道、管网和地表的耦合水动力模型,并利用模型分析采取洪涝防治措施前后的效果。结果表明：(1)模拟风险点与静态洪涝风险图的风险点基本一致,表明所构建的耦合模型结果较为合理;(2)现状条件下,研究区遭遇100年一遇暴雨存在较高的洪涝风险,急需采取相应措施减缓该地区洪涝风险;(3)通过实施管网改造和泵站扩建等改造措施,可较好缓解研究区洪涝风险,表明改造方案较为合理。通过对横沙涌河口泵站的改建,有效减缓了横沙涌下游段的内涝情况,表明从流域整体观出发考虑流域洪涝灾害治理更加科学合理。     

Calibration of a 1D/1D urban flood model using 1D/2D model results in the absence of field data

Recently increased flood events have been prompting researchers to improve existing coupled flood-models such as one-dimensional (1D)/1D and 1D/two-dimensional (2D) models. While 1D/1D models simulate sewer and surface networks using a one-dimensional approach, 1D/2D models represent the surface network by a two-dimensional surface grid. However their application raises two issues to urban flood modellers: (1) stormwater systems planning/emergency or risk analysis demands for fast models, and the 1D/2D computational time is prohibitive, (2) and the recognized lack of field data (e.g. Hunter et al. (2008)) causes difficulties for the calibration/validation of 1D/1D models. In this paper we propose to overcome these issues by calibrating a 1D/1D model with the results of a 1D/2D model. The flood-inundation results show that: (1) 1D/2D results can be used to calibrate faster 1D/1D models, (2) the 1D/1D model is able to map the 1D/2D flood maximum extent well, and the flooding limits satisfactorily in each time-step, (3) the 1D/1D model major differences are the instantaneous flow propagation and overestimation of the flood-depths within surface-ponds, (4) the agreement in the volume surcharged by both models is a necessary condition for the 1D surface-network validation and (5) the agreement of the manholes discharge shapes measures the fitness of the calibrated 1D surface-network.     

Influence of Time Step Synchronization on Urban Rainfall-Runoff Simulation in a Hybrid CPU/GPU 1D-2D Coupled Model

The 1D sewer - 2D surface coupled hydrodynamic model has increasingly become an essential tool for simulating and predicting the flood process and is widely used in the study of urban rainfall-runoff simulation. The current method of using the smaller time step of the sub model in the coupled model as the synchronization time greatly limits the computational efficiency, especially in the case of the large data amount or models executed in different platforms and in various types of codes. To evaluate the impact of time synchronization on the rainfall-runoff process in a coupled hydrodynamic model, a new model that couples the 2D GPU accelerated shallow water model and the 1D SWMM is applied to two urban catchments to simulate the rainfall-runoff-drainage processes, the fixed time step (5 s, 10 s, 30 s, 60 s, 120 s, 180 s and 300 s) is adopted to ensure the calculation efficiency and precision of the model. The results show that the time computational efficiency can be improved by 7.27%–27.37% in different scenarios compared with the method applying 2D model time step as the synchronization time; the surface runoff process is hardly affected as the synchronization time changes; and the relative error of the drainage process is less than 2.5% when the synchronization time is less than 60 s. Therefore, the fixed synchronization time method is recommended in the 1D-2D coupled model to improve the computational efficiency for flood and inundation simulation. Based on the advantage that the fixed synchronization time is easy to realize in the programming of the model and the high efficiency of the fixed synchronization time method concluded above, this work is expected to provide a reference for model coupling applications.

     

基于一二维耦合技术的溃坝洪水模拟研究

以印度尼西亚巴丹托鲁水电站溃坝洪水模拟为例,对于地形条件复杂的河流,利用MIKE软件基于一二维耦合技术构建溃坝洪水计算模型,对拟定的溃坝工况进行数值模拟。建立的溃坝洪水一二维耦合模型适用于不规则计算域和地形,通过引入了新的动态耦合技术,避免了采用单一模型时遇到的计算效率、网格精度和准确性方面的问题。通过数值模拟得到了溃口流量过程和下游海滩地区洪水演进过程,并对下游敏感区域进行淹没影响分析。模拟成果为水电站工程设计、溃坝洪水风险分析和灾害损失评估提供了技术支撑。     

溃口近区二维数值模拟与溃坝洪水演进耦合

基于黏土心墙砂石坝的溃决过程,以及溃坝洪水传播和运动的特性,建立黑河金盆水库大坝溃口近区二维数值模型和下游地区溃坝洪水演进耦合数学模型。使用DAMBRK法计算逐渐溃坝,并应用其结果进行后续模拟。采用Abbott-Ionescu六点隐式有限差分格式求解一维模型,采用单元中心的有限体积法求解二维模型方程。采用侧向连接方式,将黑河两岸计算水位点与二维网格单元相连,实现一、二维模型的耦合。采用所建立的二维模型对溃口近区进行计算与模拟,得到计算区域某一时刻的水深及流速分布。应用所建耦合模型对黑河金盆水库万年一遇入库洪水漫顶致溃坝洪水进行数值模拟,得到一维河道内各断面的水位和流量变化过程,以及二维计算区域内不同时刻的水深分布图、流速矢量图和淹没范围变化过程。溃口的形成过程不仅包括漫顶水流的直接作用,同时包括溃口形成过程中两侧漩涡状水流的反冲刷作用。耦合模型可以同时兼顾河道内的水流变化以及河道外计算区域内的洪水演进过程,从而减少由于计算结果偏大或偏小所带来的防洪资源浪费和防洪措施不利等不良影响。     

Multi-objective Evaluation of Urban Drainage Networks Using a 1D/2D Flood Inundation Model

The present paper describes a framework for the evaluation of a drainage system’s capacity in order to get a better understanding of the interactions between three rehabilitation measures: the Upgrading of Pipes (UP), Distributed Storage (DS) and the combination of both (UP+DS). It is posed as a multi-objective optimisation problem with the aim of minimising rehabilitation costs and flood damage. The approach of Expected Annual Damage Cost (EADC) was also introduced as the probabilistic cost caused by floods for a number of probable flood events (i.e. the accumulation of damage during a timeframe). The study combines computational tools such as a 1D/2D flood inundation model and an optimisation engine in the loop to compute potential damages for different rainfall events and to optimise combinations of rehabilitation measures. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated on a real-life case study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The optimal solutions confirm the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed approach where both rehabilitation and damage costs are reduced by the optimal implementation of the UP and DS measures. In addition, the results of the proposed EADC approach indicate a damage cost reduction of at least 56% by implementing UP and of 27% by implementing DS, and both measures have lower rehabilitation costs. The proposed approach can be found appealing to water/wastewater utilities who are often challenged to achieve optimal design and rehabilitation of urban drainage systems.     

An integrated modeling approach to predict flooding on urban basin.

Correct prediction of flood extents in urban catchments has become a challenging issue. The traditional urban drainage models that consider only the sewerage-network are able to simulate the drainage system correctly until there is no overflow from the network inlet or manhole. When such overflows exist due to insufficient drainage capacity of downstream pipes or channels, it becomes difficult to reproduce the actual flood extents using these traditional one-phase simulation techniques. On the other hand, the traditional 2D models that simulate the surface flooding resulting from rainfall and/or levee break do not consider the sewerage network. As a result, the correct flooding situation is rarely addressed from those available traditional 1D and 2D models. This paper presents an integrated model that simultaneously simulates the sewerage network, river network and 2D mesh network to get correct flood extents. The model has been successfully applied into the Tenpaku basin (Nagoya, Japan), which experienced severe flooding with a maximum flood depth more than 1.5 m on September 11, 2000 when heavy rainfall, 580 mm in 28 hrs (return period > 100 yr), occurred over the catchments. Close agreements between the simulated flood depths and observed data ensure that the present integrated modeling approach is able to reproduce the urban flooding situation accurately, which rarely can be obtained through the traditional 1D and 2D modeling approaches.     

基于1D CNN-LSTM模型的红旗水库水位序列模拟

为了提升水库水位模拟的精度,通过1D CNN-LSTM模型与五种常用的机器学习模型对安徽省红旗水库历史水位数据和降雨量数据实现未来7天的水位模拟并进行对比验证。CNN和LSTM能够表现出比较好的模拟性能,结合两种模型的优势能够更加显著的提升模型的模拟效果;1D CNN-LSTM具有较高鲁棒性,对于未来3天以内水位模拟都有较好的预测效果和精度,虽然3天以后的模拟效果有明显下降,但对未来第7天的模拟NSE和KGE依然能够达到0.8以上,在不发生极端天气的情况下,模型对于水位趋势的模拟依然具有相当的参考价值。1D CNN-LSTM模型对于红旗水库的水位模拟优于其他五种传统的机器学习模型,并具有相当高的精度。     

含多个行洪区的淮干中游段洪水模拟Ⅰ:模型建立

淮干中游分布着16个行洪区,堤内有堤。建立具有良好模拟精度和较高计算效率的洪水模拟模型是科学管理淮河流域洪水的难点和关键。基于MIKE11软件,以行洪时间和蓄洪量不变为原则,把行洪区概化为一维河道;提出了在缺少行洪区实测地形资料的情况下,利用行洪区水位-库容关系曲线概化行洪区河道断面的方法;针对行洪区各口门的不同控制方式,采用相应的概化方法并设置合理的控制参数,模拟洪水在主河道与多个行洪区之间的转换过程;采用2007年和2003年实测洪水资料,对模型进行率定和验证,结果表明该模型精度较高,能快速模拟行洪区进退洪过程及其调度规则。模型可服务于淮河中游洪水的科学安排与实时决策,其建模思路对闸坝众多的复杂河道洪水演进模拟具有一定借鉴意义。