锅炉汽包下降管焊缝区裂纹问题综合研究

汽包在锅炉运行中,承受着压力、热载荷、自重等复杂载荷,其内部应力分布情况也异常复杂。汽包下降管由于其几何不连续,会产生应力集中,属于应力危险区;而下降管焊缝区由于其焊缝残余应力的存在,其应力状态则更加复杂,是裂纹多发区。针对上海某电厂高压汽包下降管焊缝裂纹问题,采用ANSYS有限元软件分析整个启动停机过程中,锅炉汽包的应力分布情况,得出汽包下降管及其焊缝区运行时最大应力。同时,采用盲孔法测试下降管焊缝区不同处理方式下的焊缝残余应力。将测试所得焊缝残余应力与ANSYS计算所得运行过程中产生的应力进行叠加,通过综合分析,研究裂纹产生原因,并给出相应的安全性能评估。     

转化气余热锅炉管板结构的温度耦合分析

转化气余热锅炉入口温度达到860℃,管壳程温差载荷较大,管板承受内压和温差载荷的双重作用,在管板管程侧、换热管管板部位和旁通管内部设计了防热材料,管板的管壳程的连接结构采用H型锻件,在温差载荷和管壳程设计压力相互作用的三种工况条件下,依据JB4732对设备相应部位进行应力评定,评定结果合格,为工程设计人员提供可参考的数据。     

高压给水加热器管板单元的有限元分析

高压给水加热器管板上换热管呈正三角形排布.采用ANSYS通用有限元软件,对任意三根管子围成的单元进行分析.首先计算单元上的瞬态温度场,然后将节点温度作为载荷求解模型热应力;还有热载荷和机械载荷同时作用时的应力.得出布管区的管板温度能够在短时间内达到平衡;在管板与管子连接处热应力影响较大;耦合后应力主要受热应力影响,且随...     

多种载荷下超临界二氧化碳向心透平变形及应力研究

基于超临界二氧化碳(SCO2)工质的动力循环系统是目前先进动力系统的研究热点和发展方向，向心 透平作为SCO2动力循环中的核心部件，其运行的安全性至关重要。本文采用热流固耦合分析方法，对一SCO2 向心透平叶轮进行了强度特性分析，得到了多种载荷对于叶轮变形和应力分布的影响。结果表明:温度 载荷对于变形大小占据主导地位，气动载荷及离心力载荷对变形影响较小，全部载荷工况下叶轮最大总位移 为2.421 mm，位于叶轮轮盘外径处;离心力载荷对等效应力贡献最大，温度载荷导致叶轮叶片根部前缘圆角 处的应力集中，气动载荷对叶轮等效应力贡献较小，全部载荷工况下叶轮最大等效应力为267.91 MPa，位于 叶轮轮背凸台段过渡圆弧处 。     

大型风力机偏航回转支承连接螺栓应力分析

目前大型风力机偏航回转支承连接螺栓应力分析主要着眼于孤立螺栓和有限工况而忽略了扭矩,计算不够全面。为了更全面地分析螺栓的受力状况且得到较为合理的结果,提出了一种考虑所有螺栓、所有工况和多个载荷分量的综合分析方法,即基于VDI2230高强度螺栓计算方法,采用有限元软件ANSYS加入了一个虚拟连接螺栓,构建了偏航回转支承与主机舱座和塔顶法兰的连接螺栓的整体模型,利用BLADED软件遍历了所有工况的时序载荷,将最大合弯矩按大小和角度分别进行了一定数量的等分,考虑多个载荷分量对螺栓的作用,并由此得出了极限载荷工况,进而结合连接螺栓在不同等分载荷下的应力,使用分段线性插值方法,计算出了偏航回转支承连接螺栓的最大应力及其对应的位置,为螺栓连接设计和优化提供了参考依据。     

机车组合式活塞温度应力耦合场有限元分析

本文以280机车组合式活塞为研究对象，利用Pro／E进行了实体建模，然后导入有限元分析软件中，采用间接耦合法对活塞原设计及其改进方案在各工况下的温度场以及热载荷和外加载荷综合作用下的应力场进行了分析对比，结果表明改进后在易失效的部位温度值稍有降低，应力值则有明显下降，且对比计算出了危险点的应力降幅。计算结果证明了改进设计的有效性，为活塞的改进方案提供了有力依据。     

螺旋盘管式换热器管板的分析设计

螺旋盘管式换热器的设计标准为ASMEⅧ-1-2010,本文对管板组件进行局部应力分析,按照ASMEⅧ-2进行分析评定。按照标准的规定将管板简化成当量实心圆平板,开孔区设置不同的等效参数。管板组件的应力分析采用两种方法进行,分别为：基于弹性应力分析的应力分类法与基于塑性失效准则的极限载荷分析法。本文旨在促进弹性分析法与极限载荷分析法的联合使用。     

基于ANSYS的旋喷泵叶轮流固耦合分析

为获得旋喷泵叶轮在设计工况下的等效应力及变形分布情况,基于FSI原理对旋喷泵叶轮进行了结构分析。采用多物理场协同仿真平台ANSYS Workbench,基于单向流固耦合原理对旋喷泵叶轮结构进行了仿真计算,同时对单独施加离心力载荷或流场压力载荷的旋喷泵叶轮应力与变形分布情况进行了仿真。结果表明,在设计工况下叶轮应力分布不均且在局部区域存在应力集中现象;叶轮变形随半径的增大而增大,并在叶轮边缘达到最大值0.095 887 mm;离心力惯性载荷是影响叶轮应力与变形分布主要因素。     

基于多体动力学的连杆强度分析

连杆作为发动机最重要的零部件之一,工作过程中受急剧变化的动载荷影响,容易发生断裂失效,必须具有较高的强度和可靠性。采用多体动力学仿真进行边界条件求解,确定连杆的最大压载荷和最大拉载荷,在此基础上进行静强度计算得到三个工况下的应力分布,计算出危险截面的安全系数。分析结果表明连杆在4000 r/min时承受载荷最大,在此工况下应力集中截面为连杆小头与杆身过渡处、连杆大头与杆身过渡处、油孔及小头孔内部下半部分,最大应力值为641Mpa,在材料许用应力范围内。几个危险截面中安全系数最小为1.34,设计安全,并具有一定的强度储备。     

汽轮机零部件多轴应力状态下的强度设计和寿命预测

介绍了汽轮机零部件多轴应力状态下的强度设计方法和低周疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测方法,分析了汽轮机零部件多轴应力状态下稳态额定工况的极限载荷与分析设计判据,以及瞬态变工况强度的安定载荷与分析设计判据,提出了汽轮机零部件多轴应力状态下寿命预测使用的等效应力和等效应变正负号的确定方法,给出了汽轮机零部件多轴应力状态下的等效应力与等效应变的换算公式以及强度和寿命设计的安全系数.应用这些设计判据和安全系数,进行汽轮机零部件的强度设计和寿命预测,为汽轮机零部件的长周期安全运行提供了依据.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.