化肥信息

用硫酸废水治理造气含氰废水造气工段的洗气箱和洗气塔是造气废水之源。吴泾化工厂采用硫酸废水对造气污水处理进行了小试和中试,取得了满意的效果。连续8天的监测表明,造气污水中氰的去除率达到99.15％,可使造气污水不外排。采用此法每年可减缴排污费108万元。     

造气生产优化控制系统

0引言造气工艺的特殊性决定了其控制系统的特殊性。我公司造气控制系统先后经历了PC控制机、自动控制寻优机、分散控制系统。为了更好地优化造气控制系统,经过大量的调查研究,决定选用河北德隆机电设备公司开发的造气综合优化控制系统。该造气生产综合优化控制系统是可靠性高、功能齐全、     

固定床造气系统的优化操作

众所周知,煤造气的原料消耗占造气成本的95%以上。为了有效降低造气成本,应主要从降低原料煤消耗上下功夫。我公司通过优化固定床造气系统的操作,使造气车间的吨氨煤耗控制在了1 150 kg左右。在此将我公司的操作经验做一介绍,供各兄弟化肥厂借鉴、探讨。     

提高造气炉单炉产气量的技改方法

0 前言　造气车间是化肥企业的龙头,我厂一直把造气车间作为全厂生产的管理重点.自1999年以来,总共投资180万元对该车间的设备、工艺进行了技术改造,同时加强了对造气车间的管理,使造气生产达到了高产低耗、单炉日产合成氨达到了45 t的水平.     

造气废水处理中的冷却塔设计

造气废水含有多种对环境有害物质，排放温度高。本文论述了造气废水处理工艺中的一种冷却塔－横流式造气废水冷却塔设计，并介绍了其在造气废水处理中的工程实例。     

造气工段自动化方案的设计与实现

论述了集散型控制系统在造气工段中的应用,造气工段自动化方案与实现的整个过程以及造气相关程序的编制思想。     

吹风气总管压力对造气岗位的影响

通过对河南心连心化肥有限公司四套造气装置和对应吹风气装置的介绍,以及造气炉况相对于吹风气总管不同压力下的操作,发现吹风气总管阻力对炉况和煤耗的影响较大,并通过实验数据得到了最佳的操作压力,为造气生产的节能降耗找到了新的突破点。     

全闭路循环是处理造气污水的合理途径

一、前言在我国,鉴于小合成氨厂分布各地,其造气污水大都未经处理;有些城市煤气的造气污水虽经处理,但也存在不少问题。因而,造气污水的危害是普遍存在的。例如,有些合成氨厂的造气污水淹没农田,造成庄稼大面积的死亡;有些城市煤气的造气污水污染了饮用水源     

造气生产实践（下）：降低造气系统阻力 提高造气水平

造气系统阻力对造气生产影响很大，根据经验总结，有固定阻力，变动阻力，特种阻力３种。不同的阻力因素对造气生产有着不同的影响，本文介绍了采取各种措施，尽可能降低造气系统的阻力，提高造气系统的生产水平的经验。     

吹风气余热回收装置运行中存在的问题及解决

我公司具有年产氨醇60kt、碳酸氢铵120kt、复合肥30kt、编织袋2亿条和钎具30万套的生产能力。合成氨系统造气岗位有咖（2600～2800）mm固定床常压造气炉6台,原来因节能减排设施缺乏,造气吹风气全部直接排入大气,造成大量的能源浪费和环境污染。2007年在造气岗位配套建设了1台12t／h吹风气余热回收装置,以回收造气岗位的吹风气,     

植物热值研究综述

对国内外植物热值早期的研究进行了概括,并从森林植物群落、草原植物群落、农业生态系统、灌木和沙生植物及园林植物等几方面总结了我国近年来关于植物热值的研究进展.     

Corn Plants Treated with Jasmonic Acid Attract More Specialist Parasitoids, Thereby Increasing Parasitization of the Common Armyworm

We investigated whether corn plants treated with jasmonic acid (JA) increases the ability of the parasitic wasp, Cotesia kariyai, to find and control the common armyworm (Mythimna separata) under laboratory conditions. The rank order of attractiveness increased from intact plants treated with distilled water (DW) (2 d), JA-treated intact plants (2 d), DW-treated infested plants (2 d) to JA-treated infested plants (2 d). Single JA-treatment to either infested or uninfested plants increased attractiveness to C. kariyai over a period lasting at least 10 d. We then showed that the increase in attractiveness of infested corn plants by JA-treatment resulted in increased parasitism by C. kariyai. These results hold a promise for field application of JA-treatment. First, JA-treatment not only promotes the attractiveness of uninfested plants, but also armyworm-infested plants. Thus, parasitoids are not likely to waste time on JA-treated uninfested plants when JA-treated infested plants are available. Second, the effect of JA-treatment is lasting for at least 10 d, a result now obtained in two independent studies.     

黄连木叶过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶酶谱分析

用愈创木酚法测定黄连木叶中过氧化物酶活性,用PAGE技术分析雌雄株同工酶酶谱,结果:雌雄株的叶子同工酶谱存在差异。结论:雌雄株过氧化物酶活力有逐渐降低到稳定值的规律性差异,雌雄株间过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱也存在明显差异,雄株酶带都比雌株多,酶谱带差异可以作为鉴定雌雄株的依据!     

Plant virus-induced changes in aphid population development and temporal fluctuations in plant nutrients

Cucurbita pepo plants were infected with zucchini yellow mosaic virus or maintained noninfected.Aphis gossypii, which transmits the virus, lived longer and produced more offspring on infected than on noninfected plants. On infected plants, the intrinsic rate of natural increase forA. gossypii increased with time after inoculation. In a similar experiment, concentrations of phloem sap nutrients, including free amino acids, total protein, and sugars from infected and noninfected plants were compared for 37 days after inoculation. Significant differences in levels of individual amino acids from phloem exudate between infected and noninfected plants were found, yet the concentration of total amino acids was not substantially different between infected and noninfected plants. Beginning four days after inoculation, the total protein content of phloem exudate generally was lower in infected plants than noninfected plants. Likewise, the total sugar content of phloem exudate from infected plants was lower than that of noninfected plants beginning nine days after inoculation. In contrast with the results from analyses of phloem exudate, foliage from infected plants had higher levels of almost all amino acids than noninfected foliage beginning nine days after inoculation. Concentrations of individual and total amino acids in infected foliage increased throughout the experimental period. Although no temporal effects were observed in the foliage sugar content for either individual or total sugars, starch content decreased with time in infected plants, while in noninfected plants, starch content remained level.     

Present or Past Herbivory: A Screening of Volatiles Released from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis> Under Caterpillar Attacks as Attractants for the Solitary Parasitoid, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cotesia vestalis</Emphasis>

Females of the solitary endoparasitoid Cotesia vestalis respond to a blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from plants infested with larvae of their host, the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), which is an important pest insect of cruciferous plants. We investigated the flight response of female parasitoids to the cruciferous plant Brassica rapa, using two-choice tests under laboratory conditions. The parasitoids were more attracted to plants that had been infested for at least 6 hr by the host larvae compared to intact plants, but they did not distinguish between plants infested for only 3 hr and intact plants. Although parasitoids preferred plants 1 and 2 days after herbivory (formerly infested plants) over intact plants they also preferred plants that had been infested for 24 hr over formerly infested plants. This suggests that parasitoids can distinguish between the VOC profiles of currently and formerly infested plants. We screened for differences in VOC emissions among the treatments and found that levels of benzyl cyanide and dimethyl trisulfide significantly decreased after removal of the host larvae, whereas terpenoids and their related compounds continued to be released at high levels. Benzyl cyanide and dimethyl trisulfide attracted parasitoids in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the other compounds were not attractive. These results suggest that nitrile and sulfide compounds temporarily released from plants under attack by host larvae are potentially more effective attractants for this parasitoid than other VOCs that are continuously released by host-damaged plants.     

Systemic Induction of Allelochemicals in Glanded and Glandless Isogenic Cotton by Spodoptera exigua Feeding

Induction of systemic resistance to feeding of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, was investigated in two isogenic lines of Stoneville 213 cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, that differed in the presence of pigment glands. In laboratory bioassays, larvae strongly preferred to feed on glandless cotton plants when presented a choice between undamaged terminal leaves of undamaged glanded and glandless plants. Feeding damage inflicted by S. exigua larvae on the two oldest leaves of glanded plants seven days prior to feeding bioassays caused larvae to prefer by 33-fold the undamaged terminal foliage from undamaged plants compared to that from damaged plants. Feeding damage on glandless plants caused only a 2.6-fold greater preference for terminal foliage from undamaged plants over foliage from previously damaged plants. Extracts of terminal foliage from glanded cotton damaged seven days earlier had significantly greater quantities of terpenoid aldehydes (hemigossypolone, gossypol, and heliocides) than did foliage from undamaged glanded plants. Terpenoid aldehydes were undetectable in extracts of both undamaged and previously damaged glandless plants. The profile of volatile compounds collected from the headspace of mechanically damaged terminal leaves of undamaged glanded and glandless plants differed. Both cotton isolines released large quantities of lipoxygenase products (hexenyl alcohols, acetates, and butyrates), but glandless plants released only small amounts of mono- and sesquiterpenes compared to glanded plants. Glandless plants damaged seven days prior to volatile collection released significantly greater quantities of lipoxygenase products, -ocimene, and - and -farnesene than did undamaged glandless plants. Previously damaged glanded plants released significantly greater quantities of all mono- and sesquiterpenes and hexenyl acetates and butyrates, but not alcohols. The relative importance of volatile compounds versus terpenoid aldehydes in induced feeding deterrence in cotton to S. exigua larvae is still unclear.     

大型空分装置在煤化工中的应用与发展

在煤化工产业发展的推动下,以深冷分离为主的空气分离技术在产业链中日趋重要,空分装置逐渐成为产业链中的核心和龙头装置,业界对空分装置的可靠性、能耗、投资等方面提出了更高要求.近年来,空分装置在装置大型化、产品多样化、系统集成化方面取得了显著进步,国产空分装置的设计、制造水平显著提高.     

In vivo Volatile Emissions from Peanut Plants Induced by Simultaneous Fungal Infection and Insect Damage

Peanut plants, Arachis hypogaea, infected with white mold, Sclerotium rolfsii, emit a blend of organic compounds that differs both quantitatively and qualitatively from the blend emitted from plants damaged by beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua) larvae or from uninfected, undamaged plants. Attack by BAW induced release of lipoxygenase products (hexenols, hexenals, and hexenyl esters), terpenoids, and indole. The plant-derived compound methyl salicylate and the fungal-derived compound 3-octanone were found only in headspace samples from white mold infected plants. White mold-infected plants exposed to BAW damage released all the volatiles emitted by healthy plants fed on by BAW in addition to those emitted in response to white mold infection alone. When BAW larvae were given a choice of feeding on leaves from healthy or white mold-infected plants, they consumed larger quantities of the leaves from infected plants. Exposure to commercially available (Z)-3 hexenyl acetate, linalool, and methyl salicylate, compounds emitted by white mold-infected plants, significantly reduced the growth of the white mold in solid-media cultures. Thus, emission of these compounds by infected plants may constitute a direct defense against this pathogen.     

Jasmonic Acid-Induced Changes in <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Brassica oleracea</Emphasis> Affect Oviposition Preference of Two Specialist Herbivores

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a key hormone involved in plant defense responses. The effect of JA treatment of cabbage plants on their acceptability for oviposition by two species of cabbage white butterflies, Pieris rapae and P. brassicae, was investigated. Both butterfly species laid fewer eggs on leaves of JA-treated plants compared to control plants. We show that this is due to processes in the plant after JA treatment rather than an effect of JA itself. The oviposition preference for control plants is adaptive, as development time from larval hatch until pupation of P. rapae caterpillars was longer on JA-treated plants. Total glucosinolate content in leaf surface extracts was similar for control and treated plants; however, two of the five glucosinolates were present in lower amounts in leaf surface extracts of JA-treated plants. When the butterflies were offered a choice between the purified glucosinolate fraction isolated from leaf surface extracts of JA-treated plants and that from control plants, they did not discriminate. Changes in leaf surface glucosinolate profile, therefore, do not seem to explain the change in oviposition preference of the butterflies after JA treatment, suggesting that as yet unknown infochemicals are involved.     

Compatible and Incompatible Xanthomonas Infections Differentially Affect Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emission by Pepper Plants

Recent studies have alerted us to the potential for conflicts between pathogen- and herbivore-induced plant defenses. The lack of studies on the induced chemical changes that simultaneous insect and pathogen attacks have on the host plant has become apparent. In the present study, we found that pepper plant volatile profiles can be differentially induced by compatible and incompatible bacterial infection and beet armyworm (BAW) damage when applied alone or in combination upon the same host. We also found that plants under simultaneous compatible bacterial and BAW attack are able to produce volatiles in quantities greater than those produced by healthy plants in response to BAW feeding. In contrast, plants exposed to the incompatible pathogen challenge showed a total volatile release below the level of healthy plants exposed to BAW damage. This suppression of BAW-induced volatiles coincided with increased methyl salicylate production from incompatible bacteria-infected plants. Feeding choice experiments revealed that, when given a choice, BAW larvae fed significantly more on leaves of plants infected with the incompatible bacteria as soon as 2 d after inoculation, while a significant increase in insect feeding on the plants infected with the compatible bacterial strain was not seen until day 4 after inoculation. Additionally, survival for third instars to pupation was significantly higher when feeding on infected plants than on healthy plants, regardless of compatibility. These results are indicative of lowered herbivore defenses due to disease progression on the plants.