基于WAMS的继电保护静态特性监视及其隐藏故障诊断

继电保护系统的隐藏故障对电网的运行威胁很大,而隐藏故障的在线诊断十分困难。文中 提出利用广域测量系统（WAMS）的测量计算值与继电保护装置的测量计算结果二者的差异,对继 电保护装置静态特性进行实时监测,从而发现其隐藏故障,并建立了相应的判据。以输电线路光纤 纵差保护为例,分析了隐藏故障判据门槛值的整定计算方法。     

基于贝叶斯网络的扰动后预想事故分析方法

针对连锁故障影响因素复杂、演变过程随机及故障组合多样的分析难点，在分析和总结连锁故障发生、发展过程及其特点的基础之上，抽取初始扰动后的潮流转移过程作为研究重点，建立了能在不确定性环境下进行概率推理并具有良好可扩展性的贝叶斯网络相继开断模型，同时考虑继电保护隐藏故障的线性概率模型，提出了基于贝叶斯网络的扰动后预想事故分析方法，以量化分析线路过载和保护装置的动作行为对连锁故障发展过程的影响。该方法抓住了连锁故障防控的有效阶段及本质特征并简化了分析的复杂度，为特定扰动下的具体故障发展模式研究提供了快速分析手段。算例结果表明模型合理、方法有效，具有在线应用的前景。     

基于隐性故障模型和风险理论的关键线路辨识

在大规模电网中，由简单故障触发的电力系统连锁故障常常会引起大停电的灾难性后果。为了研究复杂电网连锁故障的传播机理，同时找出对连锁故障产生重要影响的关键线路，文中基于模拟连锁故障的隐性故障模型和风险理论，提出了复杂电力系统的线路故障风险评估方法，并辨识出了对系统大停电产生重要影响的一系列关键线路。模型考虑了线路过负荷保护、隐性故障、控制策略及系统运行等参数，对IEEE 118节点系统仿真结果表明，在重负荷状态运行下只对辨识出的少量关键线路加以改善，就可以使系统停电概率大幅减小，特别是大停电概率;在临界状态运行下改善少量关键线路，则可以使系统脱离临界状态，避免大停电发生。     

输电线路风偏故障分析及应对措施

通过对输电线路运行情况进行全面的调研分析,风偏故障是造成输电线路跳闸的一个主要因素。结合一些输电线路跳闸统计情况,从风偏机理、天气、地理环境、线路本体设计等方面综合分析了风偏故障的成因,进一步分析了风偏防治措施。在全面借鉴行业先进经验的基础上,依据风偏防治的原则和规范,给出了相应的风偏故障防范措施;并结合相关的电网事故案例,对输电线路风偏防治的现行状况提出了进一步的整改措施,从设计、施工、运维方面提出风偏反措建议。     

利用GPS的输电线路行波故障测距研究

输电线路发生了故障后，故障点将产生向两侧变电站母线运动的行波，利用GPS记录两侧行 波波头到达的时间，可实现输电线路精确故障测距。根据这一原理研制成功的输电线路行波 故障测距装置XC-11已投入试运行。模拟试验结果表明：该装置具有很高的准确度。     

750 kV输电线路保护与三相重合闸动作的研究

750 kV输电线绝缘子能承受的过电压裕度较小，因此继电保护及自动重合闸等操作在保证系统稳定的同时，还要确保跳合闸操作不产生危及设备和绝缘子的过电压。针对750 kV输电线路分布参数特性，阐述了空载长线的电容效应及互感效应，并据此提出了线路两端继电保护的跳闸顺序及时间的配合要求。分析了产生重合过电压的原理，对750 kV线路三相重合闸操作进行了可行性分析与比较，指出单相接地故障采用三相重合闸的缺点。在理论研究与电磁暂态程序仿真的基础上，对750 kV线路两端三相重合闸的操作顺序、时间配合提出了具体的三相重合闸方案。仿真测试结果表明，所提出的三相重合闸方案更有利于750 kV输电线路的可靠供电与安全操作。     

利用RTDS测试输电线路行波故障定位装置

针对输电线路行波故障定位装置的测试问题，利用RTDS仿真一个小型的500 kV环网，在其线路上设置各种特征故障，来测试输电线路行波故障定位装置的性能，并结合高精度测量仪器分析其误差。在分析误差的基础上，结合RTDS的计算步长和D/A转换时间等，总结出一种提高RTDS波形精度的补偿算法。输入补偿算法后的数据，获得了较理想的仿真效果。模拟试验表明，用RTDS对该装置进行试验是一种较好的方法。     

统一潮流控制器对继电保护运行影响的仿真研究

利用基于实际法建立的RAZFE型距离保护的仿真软件，对含有统一潮流控制器( UPFC)的交流系统进行了仿真 计算；并通过设置不同类型的故障，将此系统与普通的交流 输电系统继电保护装置的动作行为进行分析比 较，发现UPFC安装在保护线路的背后时，保 护动作信息将有所变化，但不影响保护的正确动作。这 种将保 护装置的数字仿真与含有UPFC的FACTS系统的数字仿真相结合的方式，为研究FACTS元 件对输电系统原有继 电保护的影响提供了一条新的途径。     

某水电站10 kV厂用电失电分析及其处理措施

分析了某水电站一起因馈线线路相间短路造成继电保护越级动作,导致10 kV厂用电母线失电事件的原因,并提出针对性的处理措施,避免此类继电保护越级跳闸导致厂用电失电的风险。     

稳定控制所用交流设备跳闸判据的分析及应用

电力系统安全稳定控制装置的动作行为直接影响电网的安全运行。对设备跳闸、尤其是交流输电线路跳闸的正确判断是稳定控制装置正确动作的重要前提。论述了用电气量判断输电线路跳闸的必要性，研究、分析了线路跳闸电气量的变化特征，以及潮流转移、失步振荡、低频振荡等动态过程中电气量变化与线路跳闸的区别;对目前使用的跳闸判据及有关判别条件的正确含义进行了解释，分析了现场运行中所出现的误判事件的原因，指出目前使用的跳闸判据的正确性;提出了防止误判跳闸的有效措施。文中讨论的内容将有助于澄清目前国内在这方面存在的分歧和认识方面的误解，以提高安全稳定控制系统运行的可靠性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。