EFFECT OF PRETREATMENT ON KINETICS OF CONVECTION DRYING OF ONION

ABSTRACT

Onion of two varieties, i.e. Oporto and Blonska was dried by convection at 60°C and 2 m/s. Prior to drying sliced onion was subjected to following treatments: soaking in water, dipping in starch solution, dipping in starch solution supplemented either with ascorbic acid or CaCl₂, and dewatering by osmosis in sucrose solution. Drying of raw onion was taken as a reference.

It has been found that both variety and pretreatment affect the course and rate of drying. Soaking in water and dipping in starch solution either increase rate of drying or have no effect on the kinetics of the process. Supplementing the starch solution with ascorbic acid or CaCl₂ adversely affects the rate of drying. Unfavorable effect on the rate of drying has also osmotic dewatering preceding convective drying.     

DEHYDRATION BY DESORPTION AND BY SPRAY DRYING OF DAIRY PROTEINS: INFLUENCE OF THE MINERAL ENVIRONMENT

A drying method by desorption in a water activity meter was used to simulate the conditions of spray drying and to determine the water transfer inside dairy concentrates towards the surface and from the surface to the drying air. The concentrates were also spray dried and solubility index of powders were determined during reconstitution. Whey protein concentrates (WPC) and native phosphocaseinate suspensions (NPCS) were used to study the effect of NaCl (420 mM), CaCl₂ (222 raM), sodium phosphate (173 mM) and sodium citrate (238 mM) on the water transfers. The decrease in water transfer during drying was explained by the high hygroscopicity of added mineral salts to WPC. NaCl addition to NPCS decreased the water transfer during drying, but increased the solubility index. Citrate and phosphate addition to NPCS increased the water transfer during drying and reconstitution. CaCl₂ increased the water transfer during drying but the solubility index was always low. Results are discussed as a function of the aqueous environment, of the nature of mineral salts, of the structure of dairy proteins and of protein solvation.     

蒸发冷却条件下管内LiCl和CaCl2溶液降膜除湿性能对比

介绍了一种基于蒸发冷却的外冷型溶液除湿装置设计原理及实验样机结构。分别以LiCl和CaCl₂溶液为除湿剂,以除湿率和除湿空气出口温度为评价指标,通过实验对比分析了LiCl和CaCl₂在蒸发冷却条件下的除湿性能差异。结果表明：在所有实验条件下,浓度为0.35的LiCl溶液与浓度为0.45的CaCl₂溶液除湿性能相似,其除湿率与对应空气出口温度均高于浓度为0.35的CaCl₂溶液;浓度为0.35的LiCl溶液比浓度为0.35的CaCl₂溶液的除湿率要约提高73%,并且空气流量越大其绝对提高值越大。另外,蒸发冷却空气流量增加除使除湿率增加外还会降低空气出口温度,约1.4℃;改变喷淋水温度对CaCl₂溶液除湿性能的影响比对LiCl溶液更为明显。研究结果为该种外冷型溶液除湿器的实际应用提供参考。     

三元体系AlCl3+CaCl2+H2O，AlCl3+FeCl3+H2O和CaCl2+FeCl3+H2O在35℃时的相平衡

缺少含AlCl₃、CaCl₂和FeCl₃的溶液相平衡,使通过蒸发结晶从粉煤灰盐酸浸取液中制备纯净的AlCl₃·6H₂O变得比较困难。采用等温溶解法研究了三元体系AlCl₃+CaCl₂+H₂O,AlCl₃+FeCl₃+H₂O和CaCl₂+FeCl₃+H₂O在35℃时的相平衡关系,测定了相应的溶解度及密度,并绘制了相应相图及密度-组成图。实验结果表明：三元体系AlCl₃+CaCl₂+H₂O和AlCl₃+FeCl₃+H₂O分别有两条溶解度曲线,两个单盐结晶区,无复盐和共溶体产生,同离子效应导致增加溶液中CaCl₂和FeCl₃浓度会有效降低AlCl₃的溶解度;CaCl₂+FeCl₃+H₂O体系会形成复盐CaCl₂·2FeCl₃·7H₂O;所得35℃相图与25℃相图相比,三元体系AlCl₃+CaCl₂+H₂O和AlCl₃+FeCl₃+H₂O中AlCl₃·6H₂O结晶区增大,CaCl₂·6H₂O结晶区转变成CaCl₂·4H₂O结晶区,CaCl₂+FeCl₃+H₂O体系中CaCl₂·2FeCl₃·8H₂O结晶区转变为CaCl₂·2FeCl₃·7H₂O结晶区。     

氯化钙溶液喷雾闪蒸再生特性模拟及试验分析

燃煤电厂排放的烟气中含有大量水蒸气，氯化钙溶液循环除湿技术具有较好的除湿潜力。为了研究吸湿后的氯化钙溶液的再生性能，使用Matlab软件对液滴闪蒸过程进行了数值模拟，并搭建了氯化钙溶液喷雾闪蒸试验台。考察了闪蒸压力，溶液初始温度、浓度、溶液流量等因素对氯化钙溶液再生量的影响。试验结果表明了数学模型的准确性；溶液表面蒸气压和再生压力的差值以及溶液过热度是影响再生量的关键因素；闪蒸出口水蒸气经冷凝后Cl^–含量不足0.2 mg/L。浓度为35%的溶液在再生温度为60℃、再生压力为10 kPa、流量为0.2 m³/h的情况下，可以实现5 kg/h以上的水分回收量。     

Fabrication of 3D-networks of native starch and their application to produce porous inorganic oxide networks through a supercritical route

Herein an effective method for fabrication of three dimensional networks of starch is presented. In this method, the native starch was dissolved in hot water to form solution, resulting in the formation of starch gel after cooled to room temperature. Then the water in the starch gel was exchanged by ethanol, followed by drying with supercritical (SC) CO₂ extraction, the nano-networks of starch were prepared. The obtained starch aerogel was composed of starch fibers and presented porous structure. Changing the initial concentration of native starch and controlling the drying conditions could control the microstructure of the starch networks. The resulting starch networks were utilized as a directing template to prepare the hierarchically ordered TiO₂ networks. In this process, TiO₂ precursor dissolved in SC CO₂ diffused onto the surface of starch gel, and reacted with the hydroxyl groups and adsorbed water molecules on the starch surface, to form an organic/inorganic hybrid material. After calcining the composites at 500 °C, the networks composed of anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals were produced, which accurately replicated the fine structures of the starch gel and possessed higher BET surface area and total pore volume compared with those of other TiO₂ materials templated by some biomaterials or polymer gels.     

海藻化工以氢氧化钙作为钙化剂的新型钙化工艺研究

研究了海藻化工中以氢氧化钙作为钙化剂的新型钙化工艺,使用氢氧化钙+氯化钙作为褐藻酸钠的钙化剂替代传统的单一氯化钙。确定的双钙钙化工艺条件：每升褐藻酸钠胶液（褐藻酸钠质量浓度为2.5 g/L）,添加氯化钙溶液29.0 mL（质量分数为5%）,添加氢氧化钙溶液13.75 mL（质量分数为5%）,复合钙化剂中氯化钙与氢氧化钙物质的量比为1.19∶1。与传统工艺相比,新型钙化工艺褐藻酸钠的产率未有明显变化,得到的褐藻酸钠粘度稍有降低,粘度由275.1 mPa·s降低至241.3 mPa·s;氯化钙使用量降低40%以上,总钙添加量减少19%。双钙钙化工艺实现了对钙化废水的再利用,废水中钙质量浓度经处理由483 mg/L降到20 mg/L左右,电导率由6.84 mS/cm降至4.28 mS/cm;经脱钙处理的钙化废水回用后对产品褐藻酸钠的产率和粘度没有显著影响。新工艺操作简单,不仅有效减少了钙化废水中离子的引入,同时可以实现低成本地脱钙,脱钙后的废水可以作为冲稀水回收利用,减少了水资源的消耗,为海藻化工行业的减排提供了一条新的工艺途径。     

THE DEHYDRATION OF GARLIC 2. THE EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENTS ON DRYING KINETICS

The kinetics of drying of pretreated garlic slices of thickness 1.5 - 5.0 mm were determined at between 40 and 60°C using an air flow rate of 2.5 m/s. Pretreatmenl consisted in immersion of the slices in water or solutions of K₂CO₃, K₂CO₃ with olive oil, Na₂S₂O₅ or NaOH, at 25°C for 60 or ISO s. The effects of each pretreatmenl on the drying kinetics and the quality of the dried product were evaluated, in the latter case by determining its rehydration ratio. Pretreatment with water or the Na₂S₂O₅ solution gave good results regardless of the thickness of the garlic slices, whereas pretreatment with a dilute NaOH solution gave good resuhs for thin slices (≤2.5 mm). The experimental kinetic data were satisfactorily fitted by a difiusional kinetic model developed in Part 1 of this work.     

解配位剂配比对CaCl_2/PA6干纺纤维结构和性能的影响

以相对黏度19.44的PA6为原料、甲酸为溶剂、CaCl_2为配位剂,制备CaCl_2/PA6纺丝原液并进行干法纺丝,所得纤维经拉伸后于不同配比的解配位剂水/乙醇混合溶液中解配位处理,得到CaCl_2/PA6干纺纤维,并利用X射线分析、差示扫描量热法、扫描显微镜、红外光谱分析等手段对纤维进行表征。结果表明:随着混合溶液中乙醇含量的增加,解配位处理后纤维(002)晶面对应的呈α结晶形态的晶粒尺寸先减小后增加,而晶粒含量和纤维熔点则表现出先增加后降低的规律;解配位处理后纤维的-NH伸缩振动频率随乙醇含量的增加而增加,直至达到纯PA6纤维数值;解配位剂中乙醇体积分数40%～60%较佳。     

蛭石/氯化钙复合吸附剂的吸附特性和储热性能

为了储存120℃以下的热能,提出了以水为介质的热化学吸附储热方法。配制了一种以膨胀蛭石为多孔基质、氯化钙为反应盐的新型复合吸附剂,并对其进行了微观形貌表征、吸附性能测试、同步热分析测试和储热密度的理论计算。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观测显示膨胀蛭石特有的片层状的大孔结构产生了相对巨大的孔体积;利用恒温恒湿箱实验排除有溶液泄漏问题的含盐量;通过恒温恒湿箱对30℃、3种相对湿度下的动态吸附过程进行测试,分析了含盐量和相对湿度对吸附特性的影响,证实了该复合吸附剂具有3个不同的吸水阶段,包括物理吸附、化学吸附和溶液的气-液吸收过程;利用同步热分析测试（STA）和数值计算进一步对上述3个吸附过程的吸水量、吸附热和反应温度进行分析。最终优选出含盐量47.9%（质量分数）的复合吸附剂,其吸水量高达1.24 g·g^-1,质量和体积储热密度分别高达1.25 kW·h·kg^-1和213.56 kW·h·m^-3。     

聚乙烯醇基高透湿高阻隔三元混合基质全热交换膜制备和性能

探讨了通过蒙脱土（MMT）和无水氯化钙（CaCl₂）共混掺杂改性,来打破透湿和阻气性之间的博弈 （trade-off）效应,全面提升聚乙烯醇（PVA）全热交换膜性能的可行性。本文系统研究了氯化钙和蒙脱土的含量对膜的形态、接触角、热稳定性、力学性能、气体透过率和总换热效率的影响。实验数据表明,适量氯化钙的杂化可以引入水传导通道,提升膜的水蒸气透过率和焓交换效率,适量蒙脱土掺杂可以提升膜的高CO₂气体阻隔性能、改善其热稳定性和机械性能,同时提升粗糙度、提高湿度和焓交换效率;但是当无水氯化钙和蒙脱土含量过高时,膜的机械性能、透湿度和CO₂气体阻隔性能又会变差。综合考虑,PVA∶CaCl₂∶MMT的质量比为8∶1.6∶0.8的三元混合基质膜不仅具有高的透湿性和焓交换效率（68%）,而且保持了聚乙烯醇膜的极高CO₂气体阻隔性,有望作为节能通风系统中全热交换膜的优化选项。     

AlCl3·6H2O在FeCl3、CaCl2、KCl及KCl–FeCl3溶液中溶解度的实验及预测

如何将AlCl₃·6H₂O从众多组分中选择性地结晶分离是从煤矸石中提Al的关键,而AlCl₃·6H₂O在煤矸石酸浸体系中的热力学平衡数据对于结晶过程的控制至关重要。在25～85℃的温度范围内,测定了不同温度和溶液浓度下AlCl₃·6H₂O在FeCl₃、CaCl₂、KCl及KCl-FeCl₃溶液中的溶解度。实验发现温度对AlCl₃·6H₂O在所有溶液体系中溶解度的影响均不明显,溶解度只随温度的升高略有增加;溶液浓度是影响溶解度的主要因素,AlCl₃·6H₂O在所有溶液体系中的溶解度均随溶液浓度的升高而明显下降,分析其原因是由于溶液浓度的增大使得Cl^–同离子效应增强。为了提高OLI软件预测结果的准确性,对其嵌入Bromley-Zemaitis模型中“Al³⁺–Cl<...     

盐酸法磷酸萃取相的洗涤和磷酸反萃取过程初探

研究了从以磷酸三丁酯（TBP）为主的萃取相中反萃取磷酸的过程,考察了一步法流程（以硫酸溶液通过沉淀反应去除磷酸萃取有机相中氯化钙的同时反萃取磷酸）以及二步法流程（先以硫酸沉淀反应去除氯化钙,后用去离子水反萃取磷酸）所得的反萃磷酸的净化效果。结果表明,采用一步法时,反萃取磷酸的品质受到硫酸钙溶解平衡的影响,钙含量较高;而采用二步法时,反萃磷酸中氯化钙的质量分数可降低至0.002 7%以下,n（磷酸）/n（钙离子）提升了65倍以上,但有机相中磷酸的洗损为20%左右;利用聚焦光反射测量技术（FBRM）对洗涤过程中硫酸钙在有机相中的结晶过程进行了在线监测,通过扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）等手段对副产硫酸钙的晶体形貌和物相组成进行了分析,结果表明实验条件下洗涤10 min时,体系中的Ca²⁺生成半水石膏（CaSO₄·0.5H₂O）。计算表明,该盐酸法磷酸工艺洗涤过程中副产石膏值（以二水硫酸钙计）仅为二水硫酸法的8.7%,显著降低了湿法磷酸过程中的石膏处理量。     

338.15 K时四元体系CaCl2-SrCl2-BaCl2-H2O相平衡测定及溶解度计算

采用等温溶解平衡法研究338.15 K时三元体系CaCl₂-SrCl₂-H₂O、CaCl₂-BaCl₂-H₂O和SrCl₂-BaCl₂-H₂O的稳定相平衡,进一步研究四元体系CaCl₂-SrCl₂-BaCl₂-H₂O的相平衡。根据实验数据,分别绘制了三元体系的相图和密度-组成图,四元体系空间立体图、相图、水图和密度-组成图。研究结果表明：CaCl₂-SrCl₂-BaCl₂-H₂O四元体系在338.15 K时没有复盐和固溶体生成,稳定平衡相图由1个共饱点、3条单变量溶解度曲线,3个结晶区组成,分别对应BaCl₂·2H₂O结晶区、SrCl₂·mH₂O（m=2,6）结晶区和CaCl₂·2H₂O结晶区。采用DFT模型进行338.15 K三元体系CaCl₂-SrCl₂-H₂O、CaCl₂-BaCl₂-H₂O和SrCl₂-BaCl₂-H₂O的溶解度计算,计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。针对CaCl₂-SrCl₂-BaCl₂-H₂O四元体系及三元子体系的稳定相平衡研究,可为综合开发利用油田卤水中的钙-锶-钡资源提供数据基础。     

Drying of Tomato Pretreated with Calcium

Pieces of tomato pericarp were pretreated by soaking in CaCl₂ solution before convective drying. Drying was interrupted at prescribed water contents and volume of the piece, its area, perimeter and shape factor were measured. It was found that pretreatment cause shrinkage of tomato pieces by some 15%. Drying causes further shrinkage, which in both nontreated and pretreated tomato is larger than the volume of evaporated water. Microscopic examination showed that pretreatment of tomato with calcium ion causes larger tissue structure alterations in comparison to those observed in nontreated tomato. Calcium concentration gradients cause variable resistance of the tissue to deformation. During dehydration tissue is torn apart and large cavities are formed. It results in faster drying of pretreated tomato in comparison to drying of nontreated tomato.     

平板式超声对污染聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜清洗

Polyvinylidenefluoride （PVDF） hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane is frequently employed in water treatment. However, the fouling of ultrafiltration membranes affects the economic effectiveness of such process significantly. The ultrasound generated by flat plate transducer （UFPT） was used to clean the polluted PVDF ultrafiltration membrane with 2 g·L^-1 of citric acid aqueous solution in our study. The effects of UFPT intensity on the membrane surface were studied. The new membrane was easy to be polluted by the saturated CaCl2 solution. A synergistic effect of UFPT and 2 g·L^-1 citric acid aqueous solution could remove the foul of the membrane, and its flux could be recovered about 81%. The flux recovery of old membrane polluted was increased to 73.2% after 7 h soaking in citric acid aqueous solution, but its flux recovery without soaking was only increased to 56.2%.     

CaCl2对聚间二苯砜对苯二甲酰胺/DMF溶液特性的影响

为了研究CaCl₂对聚间二苯砜对苯二甲酰胺(mt-PSA)在DMF中分子构象和形态的影响,采用流变仪测定了mt-PSA/DMF/CaCl₂浓溶液的流变行为,并通过乌氏黏度计和激光光散射研究其稀溶液的溶液黏度和高分子形态尺寸。结果表明:CaCl₂的加入增大了大分子与溶剂在mt-PSA/DMF/CaCl₂浓溶液和其稀溶液中的相互作用,同时CaCl₂使大分子链段得到舒展。但大分子的重均分子量没有发生明显的变化,说明CaCl₂未使mt-PSA高分子链段发生聚集或者坍塌。     

活性氧化铝基质新型复合吸附剂的制备和储热性能

研制了一种以活性氧化铝为基质、CaCl₂为吸湿盐的新型复合吸附剂,可用于以水为吸附质的热化学吸附储热系统,并对其内部结构、吸附性能和储热性能进行了研究。利用恒温恒湿箱确定出现溶液泄漏现象的最大含盐量,并对30℃和多种相对湿度工况下的动态和平衡吸附特性进行测量,研究了含盐量和相对湿度对吸附剂的吸附特性的影响,结果表明含盐量和相对湿度越大,复合吸附剂的吸水能力越强。利用全自动比表面积与孔隙度分析仪测量材料的比表面积和孔体积,利用同步热分析仪测试了复合吸附剂的储热密度,其中含盐量最高的复合吸附剂的储热密度最高,质量和体积储热密度分别达到0.51 kW·h/kg和610.2 kW·h/m³,具有良好的储热性能。     

CaCl2-LiNO3/H2O三元工质对的热物性及应用

围绕以LiBr/H₂O为工质对的单级太阳能吸收式制冷循环因对太阳能集热温度要求高而难以实现产业化工程应用的问题,本文提出了一个创新性的技术途径。即以改变工质对的吸收特性为切入点,探索具有优于LiBr/H₂O的制冷吸收特性的新工质对。研究发现,CaCl₂/H₂O溶液具有良好的制冷吸收特性,并从利用CaCl₂/H₂O的制冷吸收特性出发,筛选出了制冷吸收特性明显优于LiBr/H₂O、以廉价CaCl₂为主成分的新工质对,即CaCl₂-LiNO₃（1.8：1）/H₂O。系统地测定了其结晶温度、饱和蒸气压、密度、黏度、比热容和比焓,并与LiBr/H₂O进行了比较。结果表明,采用CaCl₂-LiNO₃（1.8：1）/H₂O作为单级太阳能吸收式制冷循环的工质对时,在同一制冷工况条件下,其发生温度亦即太阳能集热温度比采用LiBr/H₂O的情况低6.9℃,且浓溶液的结晶温度为5.0℃,比发生器温度低69.1℃,比吸收器温度低32.0℃,因而运行时不会出现结晶问题。另外,采用浸泡失重法测定了Q235碳钢和T6紫铜在CaCl₂-LiNO₃（1.8：1）/H₂O中的腐蚀速率,并与LiBr/H₂O的情况进行了比较,结果表明其腐蚀性较低,可满足实际工程应用的要求。     

四元体系CaCl2-CaSO4-CaB6O10-H2O 308.15 K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系CaCl₂-CaSO₄-CaB₆O₁₀-H₂O在308.15 K下的稳定相平衡。测定了该体系的溶解度及平衡溶液的物化性质(包括折射率、密度和pH)。根据实验数据,分别绘制了该四元体系的干基图、水图以及相应的物化性质–组成图。研究结果表明：该体系在308.15 K时有1个共饱点(CaCl₂·4H₂O + CaSO₄·2H₂O + CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O),3条单变量溶解度曲线,3个单盐结晶区,分别对应于CaCl₂·4H₂O、硬石膏(CaSO₄·2H₂O)和高硼钙石(CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O)。其中,硬石膏CaSO₄·2H₂O结晶区最大、高硼钙石CaB₆O₁₀·5H₂O结晶区次之,而CaCl₂·4H₂O结晶区最小,表明硬石膏最易于结晶析出。此外,该四元体系在308.15 K下没有复盐和固溶体生成,属于简单水合物I型。平衡液相的物化性质随着CaCl₂浓度的增大呈规律性变化,并在共饱点处发生转折。其中,折射率和密度的变化规律相近,而pH的变化规律则与之相反。对该四元体系的稳定相平衡进行研究,将为综合开发利用油田卤水中的钙、硼等资源提供理论依据。