Dynamic modeling and simulation of shell gasifier in IGCC

A dynamic model of the Shell gasifier in an integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is established based on physical principles, focusing on the time-dependent accumulation and flow on the walls. Numerical simulations are carried out to explore the system dynamic performance with respect to step changes in the inlet oxygen-to-coal ratio and steam-to-coal. The dynamic responses of key outlet variables, including the gas temperature, exiting slag mass flow rate, thicknesses of the solid and fluid slag layer, volume percentages of H₂, CO₂ and CO in syngas etc., are obtained. Three different coals are analyzed in this paper, and similar trends in their dynamic behaviors are found by using the gasifier model. The model and simulation method may be useful for providing insights to the operation and control of the IGCC process with respect to complex varying working conditions.     

气流床煤气化炉壁面反应模型

建立了气流床煤气化炉煤灰渣颗粒沉积和壁面反应模型,相应完善了渣层流动、传热传质和相变模型,发展了数值模拟方法,并以国内某型两段式干煤粉加压气流床煤气化中试炉为对象进行了模拟。利用建立的模型可以得到壁面反应速率、渣层含碳量、固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度、渣层平均温度和液态渣层平均速度等。结果表明:氧煤比升高,渣层平均温度升高,固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和气化炉出口灰渣含碳量降低。计算得到的灰渣含碳量在14%左右,整体碳转化率为95.2%左右,与实际值相近。通过模拟发现壁面反应对于所分析气化炉的碳转化率、排渣含碳量、壁面渣层流动和温度状态具有重要影响,进而影响气化炉的安全稳定运行。     

水冷壁气化炉熔渣流动的实验研究

水冷壁气流床气化炉的核心思想是"以渣抗渣",因此对熔渣沉积形态与流动规律的研究尤为重要。文中在实验室小型水冷壁气化炉热模装置上,以神府煤气化灰渣、柴油和纯氧气为原料模拟气流床水冷壁气化实验,采用高温内窥镜并结合数字图像处理技术研究了熔渣的沉积、流动过程。实验结果表明:气化炉操作温度高于熔渣临界黏度温度时,渣层表面灰渣处于熔融状态;运动到壁面处的灰渣颗粒主要被熔融渣层吸收;熔渣的流动速度和渣层表面温度有关系,渣层表面温度越高,熔渣流动速度越大。在实验条件下,熔渣层表面速度约为0.002 6—0.003 m/s。     

Numerical modeling for non-steady thermal stress analysis of slag layer in a membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier

Membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier (MWEFG) generally has a long service life for the protection of the solid slag layer adhered to the metal wall during operation. However, cracking will generate in the slag layer when the temperature changes greatly in the gasifier, which results from the thermal stress exceeding the strength of slag deposit. In this study, the gasification experiment was performed in a bench-scale MWEFG and a three-dimensional model was developed for non-steady thermal stress analysis of slag layer. Based on experimental data, the thermal stresses of cooling process were numerically simulated using transient thermal analysis. The results indicate that the thermal stresses of the slag layer are tensile during the cooling and the Von Mises stresses (SEQVs) increase with the reduction of temperature. Comparing the results of the selected nodes, it is found that the SEQV always increases from the slag surface to the slag-SiC interface. The contributions of slag porosity and thickness were also investigated. We draw a conclusion that the maximum SEQV decreases with the increasing porosity, while it increases with the increasing slag thickness.     

水冷壁气流床气化炉渣层热应力数值模拟方法的改进

固态渣层能够保护气流床气化炉的水冷壁,防止其受到高温合成气直接辐射以及液态熔渣的侵蚀。本文提出一种数值模拟渣层热应力的改进方法,并应用该改进方法对降温阶段渣层热应力的变化进行模拟研究。在渣层热应力的数值模拟研究中,经常假定水冷壁渣层的热应力变化基于一个固定的参考温度（比如环境温度25℃）。然而对于降温阶段的水冷壁气流床气化炉,一个固定的参考温度值并不能表征渣层"无应力"的初始状态,在此基础上计算将会得到一个不合理的渣层应力分布结果。针对该问题,提出了一种改进方法：将水冷壁渣层分割为多个子计算域,每个子计算域内单独设置参考温度,以此实现在整个水冷壁渣层上施加一个近似为降温初始时刻的参考温度分布,从而使渣层在降温初始时刻处于"无应力"状态。同时,对前人文献中的三维水冷壁渣层结构在降温过程中的热应力变化情况进行计算,以此测试改进方法的准确性,改进方法得到的模拟结果与其他参考文献得到的渣层热应力变化趋势一致。     

水冷壁式气化炉内侧渣钉对气化炉传热的影响

煤气化炉的水冷壁对于维持气化炉在高温高压下安全稳定运行具有重要作用.利用ANSYS软件对水冷壁内侧壁面的温度分布进行模拟,模拟分析了渣层内有渣钉、无渣钉和用等面积肋片代替渣钉三种状况对传热过程的影响,考察了渣钉排布方式对水冷壁传热的影响.结果 表明,布置渣钉可有效提高传热效率,及时带走气化炉内多余的热量;采用夹角小、三...     

Shell粉煤气化炉渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型

国内Shell粉煤气化炉在长周期运行中曾多次出现大块熔渣堵塞渣池出口的现象,严重制约着工业化装置的安全、经济、稳定运行。为了探讨大块熔渣形成的原因,以Shell粉煤气化炉为研究对象,建立了其渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型。该模型可以预测固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和渣层表面温度等。结果表明:气化炉运行时,由于熔渣的沉积,在渣裙表面将形成一定厚度的固态渣层。开车初期,熔渣全部被冷凝成固态渣,当渣层表面温度超过渣的临界温度,液态渣层开始出现,此后随着时间的增加,固态和液态渣层都继续增厚直至达到稳定状态。离气化炉渣口处越远,渣层厚度和表面温度就越大。气化炉渣口温度和沉积率越低,固态渣层厚度就越大,所需要的特征时间也越长。     

管壳式换热器流体流动与耦合传热的数值模拟

结合化工行业中使用的某型号管壳式换热器的结构图和工艺参数,对换热器的结构进行了合理的简化,利用ANSYS参数化建模方法建立了管壳式换热器的参数化模型。在ANSYS FLUENT14.0数值模拟软件中对换热器的流体流动以及耦合传热进行了数值模拟,得到管程和壳程流体的流速分布、压降情况、温度场变化的细节信息。该工作对于设计传热效率高、流体阻力小的换热器进行了有益探索。     

The study of the effect of gas-phase fluctuation on slag flow and refractory brick corrosion in the slag tapping hole of an entrained-flow gasifier

The service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of the entrained flow gasifier was significantly lower than that in other locations. It was critically important to study the corrosion mechanism of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole for guiding industrial production. Considering the complex flow field in the slag tapping hole, the influence of gas velocity and temperature fluctuation on the service life of refractory brick was investigated in this study. The results showed th...     

异形片式倾斜折流栅换热器壳程强化传热数值模拟

采用CFD软件FLUENT,Standard k-ε模型,借助数值模拟方法对异形片式倾斜折流栅换热器和常规帘式折流片换热器流动传热性能进行研究,并利用场协同理论分析异形片式倾斜折流栅换热器的折流栅不同倾斜角度对壳程传热性能的影响。结果表明:壳程雷诺数在6 000—10 000范围内,同常规帘式折流片换热器相比,异形片式倾斜折流栅换热器折流栅与折流片平行排布时,壳程传热系数和综合性能分别增加12.7%—13.9%和6.4%—7.6%;折流栅和折流片交错排布时,壳程压降降低18.45%—19%,壳程综合性能略高于常规帘式折流片换热器;异形片式倾斜折流栅换热器折流栅倾斜25°时,壳程传热系数和综合性能最好,且速度场和温度场协同性最优,因此25°为异形片式倾斜折流栅换热器最优倾角。     

三叶孔板换热器壳程流动及传热数值模拟

三叶孔板换热器是一种新型纵流换热器,广泛应用于核电装备领域。针对目前使用较多的壳程“单元流道”模型的局限性,建立了三叶孔板换热器壳程整体模型,包括进出口接管。采用商用软件FLUENT14.0及RNG k-ε湍流模型对壳程流体流动与传热进行了数值研究,分析了三叶孔板换热器壳程流动与传热特性。结果表明：流经第一块支撑板后,流体已充分发展,并且随着壳程结构周期性变化,传热与压降也呈现周期性变化。在支撑板附近,流体流速变大,形成射流,并且由于支撑板阻挡,在支撑板前面和尾部产生二次流,能有效冲刷管壁,减薄流动边界层,起到强化传热作用。     

扭曲管换热器壳程传热与压降性能的数值模拟

对扭曲椭圆管换热器壳程的流体流动和热量传递性能运用了可实现的k-ε模型进行了数值模拟,分析了不同的扭距对壳程传热性能的影响。结果显示努赛尔数和摩擦系数随着扭距的减小而增大。同时也分析了扭距对壳程总体传热性能的影响,结果表明壳程整体传热性能开始的时候随着扭距的增大而增大,随后随着扭距的增大而减小。并发现与相邻点相比,自支撑点的流速较小,温度较高,换热性能更好。在流道中可以发现较强的螺旋形流动,螺旋流的强度随着扭矩的减小而增大,同时能在椭圆形截面处发现不规则的二次流,二次流的大小随着扭矩的减小而增大。     

扭曲管换热器壳程流体流动及传热的数值模拟

扭曲管因具有较好的强化传热性能得到关注,针对扭曲管管内流体流动及传热性能进行了实验与数值研究.验证了扭曲管在低Re下,与普通圆管相比具有较好的强化传热性能.利用FLUENT软件,研究了扭曲管换热器壳程流体流动及传热的特性.对壳程流速在0.3-1.0 m/s的情况下,分别得到了壳程流体的速度矢量分布、温度场分布、质点迹线...     

Coupling reduced-order modeling and coarse-grained CFD-DEM to accelerate coal gasifier simulation and optimization

High fidelity three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulations of commercial-scale coal gasifiers are very time consuming and expensive. This article proposes a reduced-order modeling approach that uses quasi one-dimensional (1-D) CFD–DEM simulation results to serve as an accurate initial condition for the 3-D simulation, which significantly shortens the physical time from several hours to minutes to achieve steady states. The 3-D simulation employs a previously validated coarse-grained CFD-DEM approach, which further accelerates the simulation. Both 1-D and 3-D simulations adopt a particle shrinkage scheme to correctly account for the particle volume change due to chemical reaction and thus provides an accurate bed height. Comparison with available experimental measurements of the bed temperature and synthesis gas composition is used to validate the simulation. The final syngas composition and flowrates are strongly affected by the fuel or gasification agent rate and process operating conditions as expected. This approach is then used to optimize two important operating conditions (air and steam flows) to achieve specific gasifier performance goals for the production of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis gas and production of fuel gas for gas turbines.     

熔渣颗粒空冷相变换热的三维数值模拟

利用VOF方法结合凝固和熔化模型对熔渣颗粒在空气流中的冷却相变过程进行了三维数值模拟,讨论了熔渣颗粒直径和空气速度对冷却凝固过程演变的影响。结果表明：空冷方法能够实现熔渣颗粒表面的快速凝固成型,但同时也造成了颗粒内部的非均匀凝固。熔渣直径越小,完全凝固时间越短;空气流速越大时, 其表面换热越强, 完全冷却时间越短。颗粒初温为1673.15 K、直径为0.5~2 mm,风速为1~5 m·s^-1条件下熔渣颗粒在2 s内释放出全部凝固热,后续空气最高温度能达到900 K以上。     

折流板换热器壳程湍流流动与换热的三维数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对折流板换热器壳程湍流流动与换热进行了三维数值模拟。得到了折流板换热器的温度场、速度场、质点迹线图、压降分布图等。根据模拟得到的结果,从多个方面对折流板换热器壳程湍流流动与强化传热进行了有益的探讨。     

Coupled simulation of heat transfer and reaction in a steam reforming furnace

For design and simulation of chemical process furnaces in accordance with present-day standards, the temperature distributions in the firebox and in the reactors must be generated simultaneously. This calls for coupling of the simulations of the firebox and of the reactor. For the calculation of heat transfer in the firebox, a generalized furnace simulations program, based on the zone method, is applied. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to determine the view factors. The location of the burners is explicitly accounted for. Absorption and emission of radiation by the flue gas are calculated by considering band contributions for carbon dioxide and water. For the simulation of the steam reforming reactors, a one-dimensional heterogeneous model, which accounts for the presence of intraparticle partial pressure gradients, is used. The simulated temperature distribution in the furnace is in excellent agreement with industrial results, as is the simulated product distribution.     

外凸式波节套管换热器壳程流动与传热机理的数值模拟

针对波节套管换热器壳程中的流动和传热机理进行了k-ε的数值模拟研究。采用六面体网格结合波节区域加密的特殊划分方法,进行了首层网格间距和主流区网格间距的无关性分析。数值模拟结果与经验公式进行对比,验证了数值模拟方法的准确性。对比分析了波节管和光管中流动和传热参数（速度、温度、湍动能和湍流耗散率）的性能差异,揭示了波节管的强化换热机理。同时,分析了波节管的局部Nusselt数和阻力降沿壁面的变化规律。结果表明流体在波节的去流侧形成了一个脱体旋涡,破坏了流体的速度边界层和温度边界层,同时使得其内部的摩擦阻力和热扩散能力明显提高,起到了明显的强化换热效应。     

Modeling and simulation of heat and mass transfer during drying of solids with hemispherical shell geometry

A heat and mass transfer model was proposed to describe the moisture and temperature evolution during drying of solid products with hemispherical shell geometry (HSG). The dimensionless form of the model was numerically solved for both several drying conditions and values of a geometrical factor related with the inner radius of the HSG to obtain their moisture and temperature profiles. In addition, average drying kinetics were calculated from the volume integration of local moisture values. A theoretical and numerical approach was used to develop a mass transfer analogy between the proposed HSG and a simpler flat slab-shaped product. These analogies provide simple mathematical expressions for drying process simulation and estimation of diffusion coefficients in solids with the proposed geometry, and may be applicable to other mass and heat transfer operations. Furthermore, the presented procedure may be used to develop similar expressions in other non-traditional or dissection geometries.     

沉浸式汽化器壳程流体传热实验与数值模拟

沉浸式汽化器广泛应用于LNG接收站调峰系统,其中壳程水浴流动传热特性是影响汽化器换热效率的关键因素。为此,利用可视化实验研究与数值模拟两种手段研究了初始水位高度、烟气进气量和进气温度对水浴传热系数的影响规律。研究结果表明：壳程水浴能够吸收烟气携带的显热和水蒸汽冷凝释放的潜热,排烟温度与水浴平衡温度基本相当;水浴在大量换热气泡诱导作用下,通过围堰溢流形成的循环水流能有效冲刷管壁,减薄流动边界层,起到强化传热作用;初始水位高度和进气量匹配关系影响水浴溢流情况,溢流后水浴传热系数明显增加;燃料量和空气量配比情况影响烟气温度和水浴湍流动能,水浴湍流动能较小时,即使烟气进气温度增加水浴传热系数反而减小。本研究可以为沉浸式汽化器的设计提供参考。