Technische Prototypen für die Altreifen-und Kunststoff-Pyrolyse

Industrial prototypes for the pyrolysis of used tyres and waste plastic materials . The increasing amounts of old tyres and waste plastics are creating problems regarding their disposal and recycling. Such wastes, however, can be converted by pyrolysis into almost residue-free organic raw materials. Various processes, particularly for the pyrolysis of old tyres, are described which have been tested in Japan, the USA, Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. In indirectly heated fluidized sand beds whole automobile tyres can be decomposed to give up to 20 wt-% gas, 30 wt-% aromatics, 40 wt-% carbon black, and 10 wt-% steel scrap.     

Performance,emission and combustion studies of a DI diesel engine using Distilled Tyre pyrolysis oil-diesel blends

Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) derived from waste automobile tyres were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. However, the crude TPO has a higher viscosity and sulphur content. The crude TPO was desulphurised and then distilled through vacuum distillation. In the present work, DTPO-diesel blends were used as an alternate fuel in a diesel engine without any engine modification. This paper presents the studies on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke air cooled DI diesel engine running with the Distilled Tyre pyrolysis oil (DTPO).     

Pyrolytic carbon: factors controlling in-rubber performance

Abstract

Pyrolysis of waste tyres not only tackles the environmental issues associated with disposal, but also enables the recovery of valuable products such as oils and carbon fillers for elastomeric materials. This study was instigated to benchmark the in-rubber properties of pyrolytic carbon (often referred to as pyrolysis carbon black, pCB) and to understand the compositional parameters that dictate performance. Colloidal properties suggest the pCB materials to have a reinforcing potential between that of N330 and N550 carbon blacks, whereas physical property data suggest that they are more akin to the N700 series. Fundamentally, this disparity in performance appears to be the result of carbonaceous residues on the pCB surface, which both reduce surface activity and dispersability of the recyclate. Both thermogravimetric and dynamic mechanical analyses confirmed a number of pCB samples to have the same specific surface activity, regardless of the pyrolysis process or feedstock utilised.     

Production of active carbons from waste tyres--a review

A review of the production of activated carbons from waste tyres is presented. The effects of various process parameters, particularly, temperature and heating rate, on the pyrolysis stage are reviewed. The influence of activating conditions, physical and chemical, nature of the activation chemicals, on the active carbon properties are discussed. Under certain process conditions several active carbons with BET surface areas over 1000 m²/g have been produced with extensive micropore volumes, over 40% of the total pore volume.A review is carried out of the reaction kinetic modeling applied to the pyrolysis of tyres and the chemical activation of tyres. The models cover one step and two step pyrolysis models, plus more recent models which are based on the actual chemical components such as natural rubber, SBR and other additives.     

Neuere Entwicklungen und Perspektiven auf dem Gebiet des technischen Kohlenstoffs

New developments and outlook for technical carbon. The present world production of technical carbon amounts to 20 Mio. t/a (metallurgical coke as well as petroleum and pitch coke not included). More recent developments in the field of technical carbon are discussed in detail. Topics covered include: production and utilization of technical carbon and graphite products in metallurgy; recent advances in the use of carbon black as reinforcing material for car tyres; the significance of activated carbon for waste gas purification including the recovery of valuable materials; high-performance materials from carbon such as carbon fibres, carbon composites, and full-matrix carbons; synthesis of diamond for technical applications; preparation of diamond or diamond-like films by carbon vapor deposition; structure, preparation, and properties of fullerite, a new form of carbon, and conceivable future applications.     

A Preliminary Study of the Plasma Pyrolysis of Waste Tyres

Thermal plasma pyrolysis of waste tyres for recovering energy was performed in a nitrogen plasma reactor. The main gaseous products were identified by chromatography as H2, CO, CH4, C2H2 and so on. From a series of experiments, the effects of the process parameters of thermal plasma pyrolysis were investigated. Under our experimental conditions with steam injection, the total contents of H2 and CO reached up to 38.3% in the gas product, C2H2 up to 4%, and the maximum calorific value of the pyrolysis gas was 8.96 MJ/m3. The results indicate that plasma-assisted thermal decomposition of waste tyre particles may be a useful way for recovering energy and useful chemicals.     

废旧轮胎裂解炭黑的改性及其应用进展

废旧轮胎作为对环境有害的固体废弃物，其组成包括炭黑、白炭黑和胶粉等多种有价值的资源。在现有回收技术中，废轮胎热裂解技术可有效回收裂解油、炭黑和钢丝等，在国内获得了广泛应用。相对于已经普遍利用的热解油和钢丝来说，热解炭黑含有质量分数14-21%的灰分和胶质层，它的高价值利用是实现废旧轮胎循环回用的关键。很多研究者开展了热解炭黑不同的改性处理工艺研究，改性后的热解炭黑可被应用于多个领域。该文主要概括了热解改性炭黑在橡胶生产中的补强作用、改性活性炭吸附剂、电池材料、以及沥青和油墨填料等方面的应用，综述了上述应用领域内热解炭黑的处理和改性方法，并指出今后热解炭黑高价值回用的方向和改性方法。     

固体废弃物微波技术处理及其资源化

随着国民经济的快速发展,废旧橡胶轮胎、废旧塑料、废旧纤维素以及污泥等固体废弃物的量迅猛增加,固体废弃物的处理和资源化已迫在眉睫。在固体废弃物的处理及资源化过程中,微波技术具有加热速率快、加热均匀和固体废弃物有价值资源的选择性好等优点。采用微波技术处理废旧橡胶轮胎时,产物中的液体有机物选择性比较高,对炭黑和钢丝等物料的回收也比较简单,国外已有日均处理(6 000~7 000)条废旧轮胎的工业化生产线,可以实现废旧轮胎100%资源化再利用;在废旧塑料聚丙烯中添加石墨等微波吸收物质,然后进行微波技术处理,烯烃类组分的液体产物可以达到48.16%;废旧纤维素及其制品可以在较低温度下进行微波处理,废纸在200℃进行微波裂解可以获得15%的裂解气、42%的裂解油和43%的炭黑;含油污泥进行微波技术处理不但可获得液体有机物,还能够实现污泥的油水分离。因此,采用微波技术处理固体废弃物是一个废物的减量化、无害化和资源化过程,具有很好的应用前景。对近年来采用微波技术处理这些固体废弃物及其资源化的研究进展进行总结和评述,以期对我国固体废弃物处理和资源化的发展提供参考。     

废橡胶热裂解技术现状及发展方向

废橡胶是继白色污染之后又一大污染——黑色污染,是世界性的又一大难题,其中比重最大的就是废轮胎,世界各国尤其是发达国家纷纷致力于轮胎的回收利用研究.特别是其回收产品的再利用:一方面解决资源的短缺;另一方面获取较高的经济价值.经长期的探究,人们发现与翻新、制造胶粉和再生胶、作沥青填料、直接作为燃料焚烧等处理方法相比,热裂解...     

废旧轮胎催化裂解研究进展

废旧轮胎因产量高、难降解、污染环境,被称为最难处理的“黑色垃圾”之一。催化裂解是一种处理废旧轮胎的重要手段,可以实现其高效转化与资源化利用,同时得到高附加值的化学产品,如单环芳烃、低碳烯烃与柠檬烯等。本文基于轮胎的物理结构与化学组成、催化裂解过程与裂解产物特征、反应器类型与特征、催化剂类型与作用原理、工艺条件等问题综述了废旧轮胎的催化裂解产物分布规律。通过对比反应器、催化剂与工艺条件对产物分布的影响,进一步分析了当前实现废旧轮胎催化裂解工业化的问题,并基于当前废旧轮胎催化裂解的研究现状,提出应集中设计适应于大规模处理的反应器与配套工艺,同时开发高稳定性与对特定产物高选择性的催化剂,从而实现对废旧轮胎以低能耗、高转化、高价值为特点的资源化利用。     

废胎胶利用现状和加工技术

介绍了废胎胶利用现状和加工技术进展。国外废胎胶主要用于制能、道路建设、热裂解制轻馏份油、液体燃料和炭黑等，发达国家已不再发展废胶脱硫生产再生胶。我国废胶利用每年为１６～２０万ｔ，且几乎全部用于橡胶加工行业。另有６０％的废胶应开发新的应用领域。     

A comparison of surface morphology and chemistry of pyrolytic carbon blacks with commercial carbon blacks

The surface morphology and chemistry of CBp obtained by pyrolysis of waste tyres at 500 and 700 °C, respectively was studied compared with a commercial tyre carbon blacks by laser particle size analyzer, X-ray diffractogram (XRD) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The distribution of CBp aggregates was the mixed particle distribution of commercial carbon blacks added to tyres in fabrication. The concentration of inorganic compounds and carbonaceous deposits (the organic compounds deposited on the surface of the CBp) depends on the pyrolysis temperature. The chemical nature of the CBp from pyrolysis at 700 °C was found to be closer to the commercial tyre carbon blacks than the CBp from pyrolysis at 500 °C.     

废轮胎热解炭黑的表面修饰及其在平版印刷油墨中的应用

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable products. Pyrolytic carbon black （PCB） is one of the most important products resulting from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications of modified pyrolytic carbon black is its use as pigment for offset printing ink to obtain high added values. Inverse gas chromatography （IGC） results show that a large quantity of inorganic matters and carbonaceous deposit are removed by treating the pyrolytic carbon black with nitric acid solution. Plenty of active sites originally occupied by inorganic ash and coke are recovered. The surface energy of pyrolytic carbon black （TWPC） modified by titanate-coupling agent-especially the specific interaction γs^SP determined by the specific probe molecule, toluene-shows the strong interaction between the TWPC and the synthetic resins. The offset printing ink performance confirms the IGC prediction. And TWPC has the great potential of applications in printing ink industry as pigment.     

Value-added products from waste: Slow pyrolysis of used polyethylene-lined paper coffee cup waste

The objectives of this study were to examine how to recycle cup waste efficiently and effectively and to determine if cup waste can be converted into liquid, solid, and gas value-added products by slow pyrolysis. The characteristics and potential utilizations of the pyrolysis products were investigated. The study included the effects of temperature, heating rate, and different feedstocks. The yield of pyrolysis oil derived from cup waste increased from 42% at 400°C to 47% at 600°C, while the yield of char decreased from 26% at 400°C to approximately 20% at 600°C. Acetic acid and levoglucosan were identified as the main components of the pyrolysis oil. The char obtained at 500°C was physically activated at 900°C for 3 h with CO₂. The adsorption capacity of the activated char was investigated with model compounds, such as methyl orange, methylene blue, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the activated char was similar to that of commercial activated carbon produced from peat. The higher heating value of the produced gas stream calculated at 400°C was 19.59 MJ/Nm³. Also, conventional slow pyrolysis (CSP) and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) technologies were compared to determine the differences in terms of products yields, composition and characteristics of the pyrolysis oil, and their potential applications. The CSP yields higher liquid products than MAP. Also, the pyrolysis oil obtained from the CSP had significantly more levoglucosan and acetic acid compared to that of the MAP.     

浅谈无剥离微负压废旧轮胎热解技术产业化

结合工程实践，详细介绍了无剥离、微负压废旧轮胎热解技术的技术特点、工艺流程、主要设备选型及主要技术指标。并分析了废旧轮胎热解技术产业化的前景。     

塑料催化热解制备高附加值产品的研究进展

塑料催化热解技术可定向或联产制备低碳烯烃、单环芳烃、碳纳米管（CNTs）和氢气等能源产品,其调控过程简单,且产物选择性好、附加值高,因而受到了广泛的关注。在较短的停留时间（＜1 s）和较高的反应温度（＞800℃）下,塑料热解可得到较高产率的烯烃单体,而芳烃产物的形成更依赖催化剂的酸位点和孔结构。Fe、Co、Ni基催化剂可将塑料热解产生的含碳挥发分转为CNTs和富氢气,其CNTs产率和氢转化效率可分别达到30%（质量）和90%以上。总结了塑料催化热解制备高附加值能源化工产品的研究进展,讨论总结了温度、停留时间、催化剂等因素对产物分布和品质的作用机制,并对各类产物形成机理和制备方法分别进行了回顾与展望。     

粉煤灰（FA）在橡胶加工领域应用进展

简要介绍了我国最大的废弃排放物粉煤灰（FA）在橡胶中的应用情况,通过对一些科研单位的研究结果的详尽分析,并结合自身的科研数据,指出FA通过适当的处理是可以在橡胶制品中全部代替碳酸钙（CaCO3）,而活化的FA与部分碳黑（如中超耐碳黑ISAF）并用也能达到半补强碳黑（SRF）的实际应用水平,一种以FA为基材制得的新型橡胶补强剂（XRF）可全部等量代替SRF用于各种常规及半常规橡胶制品中。     

Recycling polymeric wastes by means of pyrolysis

Different polymeric wastes, which include materials from the automobile industry, such as tyres, automobile shredder residues (ASR) and sheet moulding compound (SMC), and materials from municipal solid wastes (MSW), such as cardboard, tetrabrik and plastics (LDPE, PP, PS, PET and PVC), pure and mixed, have been pyrolysed in a 3.5 dm³ autoclave at 500 °C for 30 min in a nitrogen atmosphere. The amount and characteristics of the solid, liquids and gases obtained are presented. The suitability of the different materials for the pyrolysis recycling process is discussed. It is concluded that pyrolysis is a very promising technique for recycling tyres, SMC, one type of ASR (heavy ASR), and LDPE, PP and PS, either pure or mixed; with all of them valuable solid, liquid and gaseous products are obtained in pyrolysis. On the contrary, light ASR, tetrabrik and cardboard do not yield valuable products in the pyrolysis process and therefore their recycling by pyrolysis is not of interest, except as a way of volume reduction. PET and PVC turned out to be troublesome in the pyrolysis experiments; for a proper study of their recycling by pyrolysis other operating conditions and installations are required. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Continuous pyrolysis of waste tyres in a conical spouted bed reactor

Continuous pyrolysis of scrap tyres has been carried out in a conical spouted bed reactor and the results (yields, composition of the volatile fraction and carbon black properties) have been compared with those obtained operating in batch mode in a previous study. Continuous operation in the 425-600 °C range gives way to a yield of 1.8-6.8 wt.% of gases, 44.5-55.0 wt.% of liquid fraction (C₅-C₁₀ range hydrocarbons, with a maximum yield of limonene of 19.3 wt.% at 425 °C), 9.2-11.5 wt.% of tar and 33.9-35.8 wt.% of char. The main differences between the continuous and batch processes are in the yield of light aromatics, which is higher in the continuous process, and in that of the heavy liquid fraction or tar, which is higher in the batch process. These are the advantages of the continuous process, although hydrogenation of the liquid fraction is required even in this case in order to use it as fuel. The high yield of limonene, the flexibility in the operating conditions and the capacity for a continuous removal of the residual carbon black from the reactor are the advantages of conical spouted bed technology. The excellent performance of the conical spouted bed reactor for the tyre pyrolysis process is due to the solid cyclic movement, the good contact between phases, the high heating rate and the reduced residence time of the volatile products.     

塑料催化热解制备高附加值产品的研究进展

塑料催化热解技术可定向或联产制备低碳烯烃、单环芳烃、碳纳米管（CNTs）和氢气等能源产品,其调控过程简单,且产物选择性好、附加值高,因而受到了广泛的关注。在较短的停留时间（＜1 s）和较高的反应温度（＞800℃）下,塑料热解可得到较高产率的烯烃单体,而芳烃产物的形成更依赖催化剂的酸位点和孔结构。Fe、Co、Ni基催化剂可将塑料热解产生的含碳挥发分转为CNTs和富氢气,其CNTs产率和氢转化效率可分别达到30%（质量）和90%以上。总结了塑料催化热解制备高附加值能源化工产品的研究进展,讨论总结了温度、停留时间、催化剂等因素对产物分布和品质的作用机制,并对各类产物形成机理和制备方法分别进行了回顾与展望。