Combustion and emission characteristics of a turbo-charged common rail diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-DEE blends

The combustion and emission characteristics of a turbo-charged, common rail diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-DEE blends were investigated. The study reports that the brake-specific fuel consumption of diesel-biodiesel-DEE blends increases with increase of oxygenated fuel fractions in the blends. Brake thermal efficiency shows little variation when operating on different diesel-biodiesel-DEE blends. At a low load, the NO_x emission of the diesel-biodiesel-DEE blends exhibits little variation in comparison with the biodiesel fraction. The NO_x emission slightly increases with increase in the biodiesel fraction in diesel-biodiesel-DEE blends at medium load. However, the NO_x emission increases remarkably with increase of the biodiesel fraction at high load. Particle mass concentration decreases significantly with increase of the oxygenated-fuels fraction at all engine speeds and loads; particle number concentration decreases remarkably with increase of the oxygenated-fuels fraction. HC and CO emissions decrease with increasing oxygenated-fuels fraction in these blends.     

Comparative assessment of a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine with rice bran oil methyl ester,pongamia oil methyl ester and palm oil methyl ester as pilot fuels

The present study tries to explore the potential of three different types of biodiesel viz. Rice bran oil methyl ester (RBME), Pongamia oil methyl ester (PME) and Palm oil methyl ester (POME) as pilot fuels for a biogas run dual fuel diesel engine designed for power generation. The results indicated that under dual fuel mode, RBME-biogas produced a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 19.97% in comparison to 18.4% and 17.4% respectively for PME-biogas and POME-biogas at 100% load. The emission study divulged that under dual fuel mode, on an average, there was an increase of CO emission by 25.74% and 32.58% for PME-biogas and POME-biogas, respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas. Furthermore, on an average, the HC emissions for PME-biogas and POME-biogas increased by 11.73% and 16.27%, respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas. On the other hand, on an average, there was a decrease in NO_X emission by 5.8% and 14%, respectively for PME-biogas and POME-biogas respectively in comparison to RBME-biogas.     

Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection diesel engine fueled with Fischer-Tropsch diesel

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel is characterized by a high cetane number, a near-zero sulphur content and a very low aromatic level. On the basis of the recorded incylinder pressures and injector needle lifts, the combustion characteristics of an unmodified single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine operating on F-T diesel fuel are analyzed and compared with those of conventional diesel fuel operation. The results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits a slightly longer injection delay and injection duration, an average of 18.7% shorter ignition delay, and a comparable total combustion duration when compared to those of conventional diesel fuel. Meanwhile, F-T diesel fuel displays an average of 26.8% lower peak value of premixed burning rate and a higher peak value of diffusive burning rate. In addition, the F-T diesel engine has a slightly lower peak combustion pressure, a far lower rate of pressure rise, and a lower mechanical load and combustion noise than the conventional diesel engine. The brake specific fuel consumption is lower and the effective thermal efficiency is higher for F-T diesel fuel operation. Translated from Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2006, 40(1): 5–9 [译自: 西安交通大学学报]     

Combustion of jojoba methyl ester in an indirect injection diesel engine

An experimental investigation has been carried out to examine for the first time the performance and combustion noise of an indirect injection diesel engine running with new fuel derived from pure jojoba oil, jojoba methyl ester, and its blends with gas oil. A Ricardo E6 compression swirl diesel engine was fully instrumented for the measurement of combustion pressure and its rise rate and other operating parameters. Test parameters included the percentage of jojoba methyl ester in the blend, engine speed, load, injection timing and engine compression ratio. Results showed that the new fuel derived from jojoba is generally comparable and good replacement to gas oil in diesel engine at most engine operating conditions, in terms of performance parameters and combustion noise produced.     

The use of Koroch seed oil methyl ester blends as fuel in a diesel engine

An experimental investigation was carried out on a small direct injection (DI) diesel engine, fuelling the engine with 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 30% (B30) and 40% (B40) blending of Koroch seed oil methyl ester (KSOME) with diesel. The performance and combustion characteristics of the engine at various loads are compared and analyzed. The results showed higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for the KSOME blends. The engine indicated power (IP) was more for the blends up to B30, but found to be reduced for the blend B40 when compared to that of diesel. The engine combustion parameters such as pressure crank angle diagram, peak pressure, time of occurrence of peak pressure, net heat-release rate, cumulative heat release, ignition delay and combustion duration were computed. The KSOME blends exhibited similar combustion trend with diesel. However, the blends showed an early start of combustion with shorter ignition delay period. The study reveals the suitability of KSOME blends up to B30 as fuel for a diesel engine mainly used in generating sets and the agricultural applications in India without any significant drop in engine performance.     

Performance of a common rail diesel engine using biodiesel of waste cooking oil and gasoline blend

High viscosity, high pour point and low volatility are the major application blocks for biodiesel. In this study gasoline is mixed with biodiesel and they can be soluble with each other at any proportion. Combustion and emission characteristics are investigated on a turbocharged, in-line 6-cylinder, common rail diesel engine. Results showed that pour points, viscosities and distillation temperatures obviously decrease with gasoline ratio. Peak combustion pressures of biodiesel/gasoline blend fuels increase slightly. Ignition delays, peak heat release rates and combustion temperatures increase at partial and medium loads. HC and CO emissions increase at partial and medium loads and drop at high loads. NO_X emissions of blend fuels grow by 4.2% and 6.7% compared with biodiesel averagely at 1400r/min, while soot emissions decline by 31.6% and 38.6%. For ultrafine particles (<220 nm), diameters to peak number concentration of blend fuels are smaller than that of biodiesel. Number concentrations decrease by 30% and 49% averagely compared to biodiesel. Especially, gasoline plays a significant reduction role on ultrafine particles at low and medium loads and soot emissions at high loads.     

Synergetic effect OF CI engine characteristics when fuelled with neem oil methyl ester enriched with a oxy-hydrogen gas

The Neem-oil methyl ester (NME) produced from transesterification of Neem-oil was mixed with diesel fuel in the share of 10%(N10) and 20%(N20) were used with varying flow rate of oxy-hydrogen gas (HHO) gas at 5%,10% and 15% energy share along with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in a 3.7 kW CI engine. Presence of fuel-borne oxygen in NME, facilitates increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at high load related to neat diesel operation. Further the BTE was improved by introducing varying flow rate of HHO gas in order to maintain energy share of 5, 10 and 15% at all loads. The BTE was found as 33.80% and 35.40% for N20 + 10%HHO and N20 + 15%HHO compared to 31.5%, 30.4% and 29.4% for N20, N10 and Neat diesel fuel respectively. Significant emission reduction of CO, CO₂, uHC and smoke opacity were observed during NME + HHO gas operation, but NOx emission was augmented which was controlled using EGR along with further improvement in the engine characteristics.     

Comparative studies on fly ash coated low heat rejection diesel engine on performance and emission characteristics fueled by rice bran and pongamia methyl ester and their blend with diesel

In this study, for the first time, fly ash was used as a thermal barrier coating material in a diesel engine. The study consists of three phases. In first phase, biodiesel was prepared in a laboratory scale setup by single step base catalyzed transesterification method. In the second phase, engine combustion chamber elements such as cylinder head, cylinder liner, valves and piston crown face were coated with fly ash, which is a thermal power plant waste, to a thickness of 200 μm by using plasma spray coating method. In third phase, experiments were carried out on fly ash coated single cylinder diesel engine fueled by methyl ester of rice bran, pongamia oil and its blend (20% by volume) with diesel. The test run was repeated on uncoated engine under the same running conditions and the results were compared. An increase in engine power and decrease in specific fuel consumption, as well as significant improvements in exhaust gas emissions (except NOx) were observed for all test fuels used in the fly ash coated engine compared with that of the uncoated engine.     

Direct injection diesel engine performance,emission, and combustion characteristics using diesel fuel,nonedible honne oil methyl ester,and blends with diesel fuel

Honne oil methyl ester (HOME) is produced from a nonedible vegetable oil, namely, honne oil, available abundantly in India. It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used for diesel engines. The present research is aimed at investigating experimentally the performance, exhaust emission, and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine (single cylinder, water cooled) typically used in agricultural sector over the entire load range when fuelled with HOME and diesel fuel blends, HM20 (20% HOME + 80% diesel fuel)–HM100. The properties of these blends are found to be comparable with diesel fuel conforming to the American and European standards. The combustion parameters of HM20 are found to be slightly better than neat diesel (ND). For other blend ratios, these combustion parameters deviated compared with ND. The performance (brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake‐specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature) of HM20 is better than ND. For other blend ratios, BTE is inferior compared with ND. The emissions (CO and SO) of HM20–HM100, throughout the entire load range, are dropped significantly compared with ND. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions of HM20–HM40, throughout the entire load range, is slightly decreased, whereas for other blend ratios, it is increased compared with ND. NO_x emissions of HM20, throughout the entire load range, is slightly increased, whereas for other blend ratios, it is slightly decreased. The reductions in exhaust emissions together with increase in BTE made the blend HM20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel fuel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental investigation on a DI diesel engine fuelled with Madhuca Indica ester and diesel blend

Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, which is renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterification. One of the popularly used biodiesel in India is Mahua oil (Madhuca Indica). In the present investigation Mahua oil was transesterified using methanol in the presence of alkali catalyst and was used to study the performance and emission characteristics. The biodiesel was tested on a single cylinder, four stroke compression ignition engine. Engine performance tests showed that power loss was around 13% combined with 20% increase in fuel consumption with Mahua oil methyl ester at full load. Emissions such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon were lesser for Mahua ester compared to diesel by 26% and 20% respectively. Oxides of nitrogen were lesser by 4% for the ester compared to diesel.     

Extent of replacement of methyl ester of rice bran oil by producer gas in CI engine

The methyl ester of rice bran oil (MERBO), known as bio‐diesel, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engine. Although MERBO has several advantages over fossil diesel, in the present scenario, the use of MERBO is restricted due to its high cost. Therefore, use of producer gas to fuel a CI engine along with MERBO seems to be the most interesting option for substitution of fossil diesel. In the present study MERBO was partially replaced by producer gas. The performance of CI engine was compared with fossil diesel partially replaced by producer gas in the CI engine. It was found that MERBO blended with producer gas give higher brake thermal efficiency than fossil diesel producer gas mixture. The addition of producer gas to MERBO has significantly reduced NO_x, but it also increases the concentration of other pollutants. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combustion and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil

In this study, the biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil was prepared by a method of alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. The important properties of biodiesel were compared with those of diesel. Diesel and biodiesel were used as fuels in the compression ignition engine, and its performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of the engine were analyzed. The results showed that biodiesel exhibited the similar combustion stages to that of diesel, however, biodiesel showed an earlier start of combustion. At lower engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure, the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate during premixed combustion phase were higher for biodiesel than for diesel. At higher engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure of biodiesel was almost similar to that of diesel, but the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate were lower for biodiesel. The power output of biodiesel was almost identical with that of diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption was higher for biodiesel due to its lower heating value. Biodiesel provided significant reduction in CO, HC, NO_x and smoke under speed characteristic at full engine load. Based on this study, biodiesel can be used as a substitute for diesel in diesel engine.     

Emission characteristics of diesel engine operating on rapeseed methyl ester

Biofuels are being investigated as potential substitutes for current high pollutant fuels obtained from the conventional sources. In the past, fuels were generally selected on the basis of lowest cost relating to the requirements of the engine, and no attention was given to the possible effects of their use on the environment. Recent concerns over the environment, increasing liquid fuel prices and scarcity of supply in the last decade have promoted interest in the development of alternative sources of liquid energy. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential of rapeseed methyl ester (RME) as a liquid fuel for diesel engines in relation to meeting emission requirements. The test results showed that RME and its blends with diesel fuel emitted high CO₂ compared to test results on diesel fuel. A very significant reduction in emissions of hydrocarbon (HC) were recorded when running on RME and the blends. HC emissions were noted to increase with increased amount of diesel fuel in the blend. The fuel economy was a little worse when running on RME due to its low energy content. There were no marked difference noted for the exhaust temperatures of the blends, RME and diesel fuel at high speed operation. However, the diesel fuel operation produced high exhaust temperatures at low engine speed. Lubricating oil analysis showed reduction in viscosity indicating oil dilution.     

Combustion of algae oil methyl ester in an indirect injection diesel engine

An experimental study has been carried to use raw Algae oil and its methyl esters in an indirect injection diesel engine. Effects of engine speed, engine load output, injection timing of the algae biofuel and engine compression ratio on the engine output torque, combustion noise (maximum pressure rise rate), maximum pressure and maximum heat release rate have been studied. Raw oil extracted from microalgae and two versions of its methyl ester (0.1 and 0.2 methyl ester versions) have been evaluated in a Ricardo E6 engine. It has been shown that the algae oil methyl ester’s properties are similar to diesel fuel and its use has been successful in running the diesel engine smoothly. However, its use reduced the engine output torque slightly and increased the combustion noise. The engine output can be increased and the combustion noise can be reduced by controlling the engine design parameters e.g. injection timing and compression ratio.     

Effect of hydrogen enrichment in the intake air of diesel engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend and diesel

In the current investigation, the enrichment of hydrogen with the honge biodiesel blend and diesel is used in a compression ignition engine. The biodiesel is derived from the honge oil and mixed with diesel fuel by 20% (v/v). Thereafter, hydrogen at different volume flow rates (10 and 13 lpm) is introduced into the intake manifold. The outcomes by enrichment of hydrogen on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics are investigated by examining the brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, HC, CO, CO₂, NOₓ emissions, in-cylinder pressure, combustion duration, and rate of heat release. The engine fuelled with honge biodiesel blend is found to enhance the thermal efficiency, combustion characteristics. Compare to diesel, the BTE increased by 2.2% and 6% less fuel consumption for the HB20 + 13H₂ blend. Further, reduction in the emission of exhausts gases like CO and HC by 21% and 24%, respectively, are obtained. This is due to carbon-free structure in hydrogen. Moreover, due to high pressure in the cylinder, there is a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen emission compare to diesel. The combustion characteristics such as rate of heat release, combustion duration, and maximum ₂rate of pressure rise and in-cylinder pressure are high due to hydrogen.     

An experimental study on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester

Tobacco seeds are a by product of tobacco leaves production. To the author’s best knowledge, unlike tobacco leaves, tobacco seeds are not collected from fields and are not commercial products. However, tobacco seeds contain significant amounts of oil. Although tobacco seed oil is a non-edible vegetable oil, it can be utilized for biodiesel production as a new renewable alternative diesel engine fuel. In this study, an experimental study on the performance and exhaust emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester was performed at full and partial loads. The results showed that the addition of tobacco seed oil methyl ester to the diesel fuel reduced CO and SO₂ emissions while causing slightly higher NO_x emissions. Meanwhile, it was found that the power and the efficiency increased slightly with the addition of tobacco seed oil methyl ester.     

Effects of injection timing and rail pressure on combustion characteristics and cyclic variations of a common rail DI engine fuelled with F-T diesel synthesized from coal

The use of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel synthesized from coal in automobiles can alleviate the shortage of petroleum and promote clean utilization of coal. In this study, the effects of injection timing (IT) and rail pressure (RP) on the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), combustion characteristics, and cyclic variations of F-T diesel were investigated on a turbocharged, 6-cylinder, common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. The results indicate that increasing RP results in higher BTE, whereas advancing IT results in an initial BTE increase and a subsequent BTE decrease. In comparison with petroleum diesel, the BTE of F-T diesel increased by 0.54% on average and by a maximum of 1% under different conditions. When the IT was advanced from 2 °CA to 18 °CA BTDC, the ignition delay periods (IDP) first decreased and then increased, whereas the combustion durations (CD) first lengthened and then shortened; peak cylinder pressure (PCP), peak pressure rise rate (PPRR), and peak combustion temperature (PCT) gradually increased; peak heat release rate (PHRR) first decreased and then increased at the low loads, whereas it always increased at medium and high loads. In comparison with petroleum diesel, the IDP of F-T diesel decreased by 22–31% at various conditions, and the CD was slightly longer than that of petroleum diesel at most conditions. Additionally, increasing RP resulted in a decrease in the IDP and CD, and a significant increase in PCP, PPRR, PHRR, and PCT. At low loads, the PPRR and PHRR of F-T diesel were 32.72% and 32.13% lower than that of diesel owing to the shorter ignition delay. This implies that using F-T diesel can help in attaining smoother engine running and has lower combustion noise. Advancing the injection timing or increasing the engine loads can decrease the cyclic variations, whereas increasing rail pressure results in the increment of COVp_max at low loads and the significant decrement of COVp_max at medium and high loads. In comparison with petroleum diesel, F-T diesel exhibits higher combustion stability owing to the better volatility and higher fuel reactivity.     

Combined impact of varying biogas mass flow rate and rice bran methyl esters blended with diesel on a dual-fuel engine

ABSTRACT

For fetching day-to-day energy needs, current energy requirement majorly depends on fossil fuels. But ambiguous matter like abating petroleum products and expanding air pollution has enforced the experts to strive for another fuel which can be used as an alternative or reduce the applications of fossil fuels. Considering the issues, the main objective of the present study is to find the feasibility by using blends of rice bran oil biodiesel and diesel which are used as pilot fuels by blending 10% and 20% biodiesel in fossil diesel and biogas, introduced as gaseous fuel by varying its mass flow rate in a dual-fuel engine mode. An experimentation study was carried out to find the performance and emission parameters of the engine relative to pure diesel. The results were very much similar to the majority of researchers who used biodiesel and gaseous fuels in a dual-fuel engine. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the engine was noticed to have increased, while brake thermal efficiency was on the lower side in dual fuel mode in comparison with regular diesel. In relation with conventional diesel, it was noticed that combined effect of rice bran methyl esters and varying mass flow rate of biogas showed a decrement in NO _x and smoke emissions, whereas HC and CO exhalations were on higher side when biogas and biodiesel were utilized collectively in dual-fuel engine. Hence, it was concluded that combination of blends of biodiesel and diesel and introduction of biogas in the engine can be a promising combination which can be used as a substitute fuel for addressing future energy needs.     

Evaluating combustion,performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using karanja oil methyl ester biodiesel blends enriched with HHO gas

With a specific end goal to take care of the worldwide demand for energy, a broad research is done to create alternative and cost effective fuel. The fundamental goal of this examination is to investigate the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using biodiesel blends enriched with HHO gas. The biodiesel blends are gotten by blending KOME obtained from transesterification of karanja oil in various proportions with neat diesel. The HHO gas is produced by the electrolysis of water in the presence of sodium bicarbonate electrolyte. The constant flow of HHO gas accompanied with biodiesel guarantees lessened brake specific fuel consumption by 2.41% at no load and 17.53% at full load with increased the brake thermal efficiency by 2.61% at no load and 21.67% at full load contrasted with neat diesel operation. Noteworthy decline in unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon-dioxide emissions and particulate matter with the exception of NO_x discharge is encountered. The addition of EGR controls this hike in NO_x with a slight decline in the performance characteristics. It is clear that the addition of HHO gas with biodiesel blends along with EGR in the test engine improved the overall characterization of engine.     

Performance and emissions of a diesel tractor engine fueled with marine diesel and soybean methyl ester

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is cleaner than petrodiesel. Biodiesel can be used directly as fuel for a diesel engine without having to modify the engine system. It has the major advantages of having high biodegradability, excellent lubricity and no sulfur content. This paper presents the results of investigations carried out in studying the fuel properties of soybean methyl ester (SME) and its blend with marine diesel fuel from 5%, 20% and 50% blends by volume and in running a diesel engine with these fuels. The results indicate that the use of biodiesel produces lower smoke opacity (up to 74%), but higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) (up to 12%) compared to marine fuel (MF). The measured carbon monoxide (CO) emissions of B5 and B100 fuels were found to be 3% and 52% lower than that of the MF, respectively.