疲劳裂纹扩展两参量驱动力的一个新模型

在考虑载荷循环中裂纹尖端塑性变肜导致柔度变化的基础上,对结构钢SM400B进行了疲劳测试.提出了基于两参量修正的裂纹驱动力模型:△Kdrive=(Kmax)n(△K∧)1-n.在预测应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响时,该模型比文献中报道的△K=Kmax-Kmin,△Keff=Kmax-Kop和△K*=(Kmax)a(△K+)1-a更有效.     

波型与电位对A537钢疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

研究了A537钢在3.5%NaCl水溶液中阴极极化与阳极极化条件下加载波型对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响并研究了相应电位条件下应变电极的电化学响应规律,结果表明,在外加电位为-800mV(SCE)以上时阳极溶解机制起主导作用,在-800mV以下时氢脆机制起主导作用,在阳极极化条件下,持续应变型加载波型的影响主要体现于低△K范围,而在阴极极化条件下,其影响体现于高△K范围,持续应变导致了自腐蚀电位的下降与阳极溶解电流密度的大幅度提高     

低合金钢在水介质中的应力腐蚀机构

用抛光的恒位移试样跟踪观察了具有广泛拉伸强度范围的四种低合金钢在各种水溶液中(高纯水、阳极极化和阴极极化下的水溶液,0.1NK_2Cr_2O_7水溶液)以及含痕量水的有机溶剂中(无水酒精,丙酮等)应力腐蚀裂纹产生和扩展的动态过程。结果表明,当钢的强度和K_1大于临界值后,在所用的各种水溶液中都能产生氢致滞后塑性变形,即加载裂纹前端的塑性区及其变形量随时间而逐渐增大。当这个氢致滞后塑性变形发展到临界状态时,就会导致应力腐蚀裂纹的形核和扩展。无论是阳极极化、阴极极化还是加缓蚀剂均不改变这类滞后塑性变形的特征,也不改变滞后塑性变形和应力腐蚀裂纹的相互关系。     

极化电位下高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的表征

研究了不同极化电位下高强钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中疲劳裂纹扩展速率的变化规律.在强阴极极化(-1100 mV～-1200 mV)和阳极极化(-200 mV～-400 mV)条件下,高强钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展寿命明显缩短,而极化电位为-800 mV～-1000 mV时,高强钢腐蚀疲劳寿命延长.在Paris经验公式的基础上,引...     

7050铝合金应力腐蚀敏感性和钝化膜引起的膜致应力随电位变化的一致性

用流变应力差值法测量了不同极化电位下7050铝合金在3.5%NaCl 水溶液（pH=10）腐蚀过程中表面钝化膜形成的拉应力,并用慢应变速率拉伸法测量了不同极化电位下的应力腐蚀敏感性。结果表明:7050铝合金在溶液中自然腐蚀时,表面钝化膜会产生一定的拉应力;阳极极化使表层拉应力明显上升,且随着电位升高应力增大;阴极极化时,当电位E ≥-1100mV时表层拉应力随着电位的升高而降低,当电位≤E-1100mV时拉应力随着电位升高而升高。应力腐蚀敏感性随外加电位变化规律和钝化膜引起的附加拉应力变化完全一致。     

阴极极化对7050铝合金应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用阴极极化、慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)和定氢仪研究阴极极化对7050铝合金应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:当阴极极化电位高于-1100 mV时,7050铝合金的应力腐蚀敏感性(Iscc)随着极化电位的负移而升高;而当阴极极化电位低于-1100 mV时,Iscc则随着极化电位的负移而下降。外加极化电位对不同时效状态7050铝合金Iscc的影响程度不同,即阴极极化对欠时效状态下铝合金的Iscc影响显著,对过时效状态铝合金Iscc的影响最小,对峰时效状态下铝合金Iscc的影响居中。铝合金的应力腐蚀机理为阳极溶解和氢脆共同作用,且氢对铝合金应力腐蚀的作用随着氢浓度的增加而增加。     

STRESS CORROSION AND HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING BEHAVIOUR IN AN Al ALLOY

用恒位移试样跟踪观察了铝合金在电化学充氢和应力腐蚀条件下氢致裂纹的产生和扩展过程。结果表明,裂纹前端的塑性区及其变形量随时间延长而逐渐增大,当它发展到临界条件时就导致氢致滞后裂纹和应力腐蚀裂纹的产生和扩展。 试验温度、外加极化电压以及氯离子对K_(ISCC)以及da/dt的影响和它们对浸泡充氢后的放氢总量的影响相一致。     

铝合金的应力腐蚀和氢致裂纹研究

用恒位移试样跟踪观察了铝合金在电化学充氢和应力腐蚀条件下氢致裂纹的产生和扩展过程。结果表明,裂纹前端的塑性区及其变形量随时间延长而逐渐增大,当它发展到临界条件时就导致氢致滞后裂纹和应力腐蚀裂纹的产生和扩展。试验温度、外加极化电压以及氯离子对K_(ISCC)以及da/dt的影响和它们对浸泡充氢后的放氢总量的影响相一致。     

X70管线钢在近中性及高pH值溶液中的电化学行为和SCC敏感性

采用动电位极化曲线测试法研究了温度、通气条件和pH值对X70管线钢在NS4溶液和0.5 mol/LNa2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3溶液中的电化学极化行为的影响,并用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了X70管线钢在这些溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,X70管线钢在NS4溶液中不出现活化—钝化转变区,随外加电位负移,SCC敏感性增加,表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征;在0.5 mol/L Na2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3高pH值溶液中出现活化—钝化转变区,在阴极极化区,也表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征,但在阳极极化区,发生的是阳极溶解型应力腐蚀破裂(ADSCC)。     

外加电位对X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位扫描方法和慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)研究了X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,并用扫描电镜观察分析了不同外加电位下的断口形貌。结果表明,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的极化曲线具有典型的活性溶解特征。随外加电位的负移,X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性明显增加。阴极极化条件下,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的SCC的开裂机制为氢致破裂(HIC)。     

介质和阴极保护电位对12CrNi3MoV钢长短疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

<正> 一、前言 船体钢在海水中的腐蚀疲劳是船舶结构破坏的主要形式。设计舰船壳体阴极保护系统时通常着眼于防腐蚀效果,并不考虑对船体结构强度的影响。已有的研究资料指出,阴极保护可提高光滑试佯的腐蚀疲劳强度,但对疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的看法存在分岐。有人认为,阴极保护加速疲劳裂纹扩展;也有人认为,在一定条件下阴极保护会阻碍疲劳裂纹扩展。本工作在实验室条件下研究介质和阴极保护电位对长、短疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。 二、材料及试验方法 试材采用调质态12CrNi3MoV钢,化学成份见表1,机械性能见表2。     

An ambiguity of the cathodic polarization effect on crack growth during stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloys

The kinetics of crack growth under the conditions of stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloys in electrolytes with different anion composition and pH values from 0 to 13 has been studied. It is shown that for the majority of alloy-electrolyte systems anodic polarization accelerates whereas cathodic polarization decelerates crack growth. For “chromic acid – sodium chloride” electrolyte it is shown that cathodic polarization under the conditions of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has an ambiguous effect on crack growth. The behaviour of A127-;1 alloy is taken as an illustration of such SCC cracking growth in these electrolytes.     

Kinetics and mechanism of crack growth during stress corrosion cracking of zirconium alloys

Using the electroresistivity method the influence was investigated of the anodic and cathodic polarization on the crack growth rate during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Zr alloys in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. The ambiguous effect of the cathodic polarization on CGR was observed. The role of local dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement by SCC of Zr alloys has been discussed in terms of the previously developed method of identification of the SCC mechanism.     

Factors controlling crack velocity in 7000 series aluminium alloys during fatigue in an aggressive environment

Results obtained for the corrosion fatigue of the aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy 7017-T651 in seawater at frequencies from 0.1 to 70 Hz are examined on the basis of existing models for predicting crack growth rates. The enhanced growth rates in seawater, compared with dry air, are not compatible with the simple superposition model that may be applied to 7079-T651, unless some secondary process produces several orders of magnitude increase over the stress corrosion rates observed under static loading. The changes in fracture mode observed at certain critical crack velocities, and their dependence upon the square root of the reciprocal of the frequency of loading, are shown to be consistent with an environment-enhanced crack growth rate involving diffusion of hydrogen ahead of the crack tip during each fatigue cycle. Examination of the reported frequency dependence of crack growth rates during corrosion fatigue in steels and other aluminium alloys indicates a need for further work to identify the rate-determining steps for crack propagation during corrosion fatigue. Theories proposed to date are found to be inadequate.     

Effect of microstructure and load ratio on fatigue crack growth behavior of advanced Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag Alloys

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of recently developed three Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloys, Weldalite 049, X 2095 and MD 345, was examined in air at load ratios of 0.1 and 0.75. It was found that all three alloys showed better resistance to fatigue crack growth than conventional high strength Al alloys. The morphologies of crack growth paths were generally linear, but some showed deflection and branching. And the alloys revealed rough and transgranular fracture surfaces. Among the factors contributing to the excellent resistance of Al-Cu-Li alloys to fatigue crack growth are enhanced slip reversibility and high surface roughness causing a high crack closure level, thus reducing ΔK_eff for crack extension. The fatigue threshold decreased and fatigue crack growth rates increased significantly with increasing the load ratio. This is caused by the decrease in crack closure level at high load ratio. But the fracture mode did not show a significant change with increasing the load ratio.     

Superior fatigue crack growth resistance, irreversibility, and fatigue crack growth–microstructure relationship of nanocrystalline alloys

While previous studies have reported that nanocrystalline materials exhibit poor resistance to fatigue crack growth (FCG), the electro-deposited nanocrystalline Ni–Co alloys tested in this paper show superior resistance to FCG. The high damage tolerance of our alloy is attributed to the following: alloying with Co, low internal stresses resulting in stability of the microstructure, and a combination of high strength and ductility. The high density of grain boundaries interact with the dislocations emitted from the crack tip, which impedes FCG, as predicted by the present model and measured experimentally by digital image correlation. Further, the addition of Co increases the strength of the material by refining the grain size, reducing the fraction of low angle grain boundaries, and reducing the stacking fault energy of the material, thereby increasing the prevalence of twinning. The microstructure is stabilized by minimizing the internal stress during a stress relief heat treatment following the electro-deposition process. As a result grain growth does not occur during deformation, leaving dislocation-mediated plasticity as the primary deformation mechanism. The low internal stresses and nanoscale twins preserve the ductility of the material, thereby reaching a balance between strength and ductility, which results in a superior resistance to FCG.     

Fatigue mechanics of WC–Co cemented carbides

The fracture and fatigue behavior of a fine-grained WC–10 wt% Co hardmetal is investigated. Mechanical characterization included flexural strength and fracture toughness as well as fatigue limit and fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior under monotonic and cyclic loads, respectively. Considering that fatigue lifetime of cemented carbides is given by subcritical crack growth of preexisting defects, a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach is attempted to assess fatigue life–FCG relationships for these materials. Following the experimental finding of an extremely high dependence of FCG rates on the applied stress intensity for the hardmetal studied, the LEFM analysis is concentrated, from a practical design viewpoint, on addressing the fatigue limit–FCG threshold correlation under infinite fatigue life conditions. Thus, fatigue limit associated with natural flaws is estimated from FCG threshold experimentally determined for large cracks under the assumptions that (1) similitude on the FCG behavior of small and large cracks applies for cemented carbides, and (2) critical flaws are the same, in terms of nature, geometry and size, under monotonic and cyclic loading. The reliability of this fatigue mechanics approach is sustained through the excellent agreement observed between estimated and experimentally determined values for the fatigue limit under the different load ratios investigated.     

2050铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

研究取样方向、应力比以及微观组织对2050铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:取样方向和应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展速率在近门槛区和快速扩展区的影响显著,而在稳态扩展区的影响则相对较小;L-T取样方向的速率最低,T-L取样方向的速率次之,S-L取样方向的速率最高,这主要与合金的晶粒取向、织构取向和第二相粒子取向有关;应力比为0.5的裂纹扩展速率高于应力比为0.1的速率,这在近门槛区主要与裂纹闭合效应有关,在快速扩展区主要受最大应力场强度因子Kmax的影响。     

The mechanisms of crack growth in stress corrosion cracking of aluminium alloys

Modern understanding of possible mechanisms of crack growth in corrosion cracking of aluminium alloys immersed in various corrosion media such as aqueous solutions, saturated and undersaturated vapour, gaseous hydrogen, etc. is discussed in this review. The experimental data used as a basis to conclusions about the mechanisms of corrosion cracking in aluminium alloys are critically examined. A special emphasis is given to new methods to determining the effect of local anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement in crack growth, i.e. the method of comparative tension and torsion tests deformations of types I and III, and the method based on evaluating ambiguous effect of cathodic polarization on crack growth.     

A theoretical evaluation of the influence of mechanical variables on the concentration of oxygen in a corrosion fatigue crack

The oxygen concentration in a corrosion fatigue crack has been evaluated theoretically assuming that oxygen was consumed by cathodic reduction on the walls of the crack and mass transport occurred by diffusion and advection (forced convection) with the latter resulting from the sinusoidal variation of the displacement of the crack walls. Using parameters relevant to a compact tension specimen the time-dependent distribution of the oxygen concentration in the crack was calculated as a function of ΔK (the range of the stress intensity factor), R-value (minimum load/maximum load), frequency, crack length and electrode potential (within the constraint of no significant potential drop in the crack). The influence of advection was to enhance significantly the mass transport of oxygen in the crack compared to “diffusion-only” even at low frequencies and low values of ΔK. Regions in the crack were identified in which advection dominance or diffusion dominance of the mass transport of oxygen occurred.