明胶对多孔磷酸钙骨水泥结构及性能的影响

采用高温固相烧结法,在1250℃烧结并保温2h后迅速冷却得到斜方相磷酸钙骨水泥(calcium phosphate cement,CPC)粉体.向CPC粉体中加入不同含量、粒径不等的明胶颗粒得到多孔材料.考察了多孔材料的微观结构、力学性能和气孔率的变化,并分析明胶的成孔机制.结果表明:在CPC粉体中添加明胶后,随着明胶含量的增加,CPC水化体的气孔率逐渐增大,力学性能逐渐降低且粒径较大明胶颗粒的影响更为明显.CPC水化产物中孔隙周围结晶形态有明显变化,加入明胶之前为针状晶体;加入明胶之后为片状晶体.明胶大分子在羟基磷灰石生成过程中起固定作用,水化后溶于水,明胶微球原本占据的空间将被保留从而形成大孔.     

磷酸钙骨水泥/明胶微球复合支架的力学性能

选用α-磷酸三钙(tricalcium phosphate,TCP)系磷酸钙骨水泥(calcium phosphate based cements,CPC)和明胶微球(gelatin microspheres,GMS)复合体系,制备了仿生CPC/GMS多孔支架。比较了戊二醛交联对GMS溶胀度的影响,并考察了支架在模拟体液中降解引起的抗压强度变化。用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析了支架不同降解时期的表面形貌和晶相组成。结果表明:GMS降解后可获得水化产物羟基磷灰石,具有贯通性通孔,孔径范围在100～500μm之间的多孔骨水泥支架;明胶的加入对骨水泥水化过程有促进作用;随GMS加入量的增加,支架的孔隙率从37%增大到84%,其相应抗压强度由28.7MPa逐渐降到2.5MPa。     

双相磷酸钙多孔陶瓷的制备

以羟基磷灰石为原料,壳聚糖微球为成孔剂,明胶为分散剂,采用注浆法制备多孔双相磷酸钙陶瓷。通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对烧结体相组成、微观结构、孔径和孔分布进行了分析和观察。结果表明：起始粉末粒径为260nm的试样,在：1000℃～1180℃范围内烧结,可获得不同β-TCP/HA比的双相多孔陶瓷。与单相β-TCP陶瓷相比,β-TCP／HA双相多孔陶瓷的断口呈现出凸凹不平。     

添加两种不同工艺合成的HAP对磷酸钙骨水泥胶凝性能的影响

在α-TCP/TTCP系磷酸钙骨水泥中分别添加化学沉淀反应合成的低结晶度羟基磷灰石(HAP)及采用高温固相反应法制备的高结晶度HAP,探讨这两种晶体对磷酸钙骨水泥胶凝性能的影响.结果表明:低结晶度的HAP粉末可以起到晶核作用,降低核化势垒使水化反应速度加快,凝结时间缩短,但由于水化产物从饱和溶液中析出太快、太细,晶体发育不完整,易通过溶解再结晶使抗压强度有所下降.高结晶度的HAP会使水化反应速度减慢,凝固时间延长,相当于"骨料"存在于水泥基体中而使抗压强度有所提高.     

骨水泥自固化修饰聚氨酯多孔支架

为了改善有机多孔支架的生物活性,利用磷酸钙骨水泥在潮湿空气中的自固化特性,以α-磷酸钙骨水泥为浆料体系,采用涂覆法对多孔聚氨酯进行表面修饰,获得了表面被羟基磷灰石(Cai0(PO4)6(OH)2,HAp)修饰层包裹的多孔复合材料.结果表明:在α-磷酸钙骨水泥浆料中加入2.5%(质量分数)的聚丙烯酸铵,通过与水化中成核的羟基磷灰石相互作用,改变表面电荷,能有效抑制羟基磷灰石的生长;水化后的修饰层主要由原位生长的纳米HAp晶须和多孔构成,晶须直径约为10～30nm;多孔体结构与模板相似,为贯通式通孔,孔径范围在150～500μm之间.通过自固化修饰技术,在保持原有材料的孔结构基础上,可有效改善其生物活性.     

α-磷酸三钙水化过程研究

对制备骨水泥的主要原料α -磷酸三钙 (α-TCP)的水化过程进行了热力学分析 ,实验考察了水化温度、体系的 pH值变化、水化产物 ,分析探讨了α-TCP水化机理。     

α-磷酸三钙骨水泥自固化制备多孔磷酸钙复相陶瓷

以聚氨酯泡沫为多孔模板,α-磷酸钙骨水泥为浆料体系,将浸渍法和骨水泥自固化特性相结合,制备大孔尺寸为200～400 μm、贯穿式微孔尺寸约为1μm的多孔磷酸钙复相陶瓷支架.研究了分散剂聚丙烯酸钠对羟基磷灰石成核、生长的影响,以及烧成温度与相组成的相关性.结果表明:浆料中分散剂聚丙烯酸钠对羟基磷灰石的成核有明显抑制作用;骨水泥水化反应过程中生成的针状、片状羟基磷灰石通过交联形成微孔结构,可避免干燥时裂纹的产生;经1 200℃烧结的多孔陶瓷支架由羟基磷灰石、β-磷酸三钙和少量未水化完全的α-磷酸三钙组成.     

硅酸盐水泥熟料-煤矸石混合水泥的界面结构

用环境扫描电镜和能谱仪研究了硅酸盐水泥和硅酸盐水泥熟料-煤矸石混合水泥的界面结构.结果表明:混合水泥中多孔的活化煤矸石和水泥水化产物发生二次反应消耗界面区大量氢氧化钙,生成水化硅酸钙(CSH)凝胶和钙矾石晶体,反应产物层从煤矸石表面向内部逐渐推进,逐渐将煤矸石的开口孔填满,未反应的煤矸石残核仍为多孔状.煤矸石中不同活性的SiO2反应生成的CSH凝胶形态不同,惰性SiO2作为微集料填充在硬化浆体中.煤矸石-反应产物的界面区结构非常致密,减弱了硅酸盐水泥中硬化浆体界面区间隙和氢氧化钙富集造成的不利影响.水化28d内混合水泥中煤矸石本身的强度和煤矸石-水化产物界面的强度均大于水化产物的强度.水化近1 a的混合水泥中以长石类为主的多孔煤矸石残核的强度低于水化产物和煤矸石-水化产物界面强度,以石英为主的密实煤矸石的强度则高于水化产物和煤矸石-水化产物界面强度.     

羧甲基壳聚糖/磷酸钙骨水泥生物复合材料探讨

为了提高α-磷酸三钙骨水泥的力学性能,利用可溶性羧甲基壳聚糖良好的生物活性和胶黏性,制得羧甲基壳聚糖/d-磷酸三钙骨水泥生物复合材料,并检测了含不同添加剂复合材料的力学性能、产物组成和微观结构。方法:按不同配比称量相应质量的羧甲基壳聚糖与d-磷酸三钙骨水泥粉体,混合均匀,以蒸馏水为调和液,成型(测凝固时间)养护后获得4mm×4mm×25mm条形试样,测样品的抗弯强度、气孔率,采用XRD检测复合材料的产物组成,SEM观察断口微观结构。结果:羧甲基壳聚糖可以改善磷酸钙骨水泥的力学性能,但并不是随其加入量呈正比关系,而是有最佳值,当加入量为0.5%时增强效果最明显,抗折强度比未加羧甲基壳聚糖时提高38.13%;XRD及SEM检测发现,羧甲基壳聚糖的加入会影响磷酸钙骨水泥的水化结晶,当羧甲基壳聚糖添加量过高后,骨水泥浆体不能水化形成羟基磷灰石结晶体。     

碳纤维增强磷酸钙骨水泥复合材料

采用碳纤维为增强相以提高磷酸钙骨水泥的力学性能。利用硝酸液态氧化法对碳纤维进行表面处理。仿照天然骨的结构,将处理后的碳纤维均匀埋于材料的受力面。制得的碳长纤维增强磷酸钙骨水泥生物复合材料,其抗折强度为10．80MPa。同样制备条件下,加入未处理的碳纤维,复合材料的抗折强度为6．35MPa,未加碳纤维骨水泥材料的抗折强度为5．81MPa。因此,以碳纤维为增强相并经表面处理后,可大大提高与骨水泥之间的界面结合强度,从而有效传递载荷,得到的复合材料的力学性能显著提高。利用X射线衍射及扫描电镜对复合材料的水化产物及微观结构进行了检测。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。