大型铸钢支承辊充型和凝固过程数值模拟

在应用ViewCast软件模拟实际铸钢支承辊的凝固过程时，发现原始工艺易导致缺陷残留在上下辊颈中。根据计算机模拟结果改进原工艺设计，调整模具壁厚，达到良好效果。通过对原工艺和改进工艺进行模拟对比。模拟结果显示改进工艺可以使辊身与下辊颈快速凝固，整个铸件顺序凝固，从而使缩孔、宏观偏析最重的位置集中在冒口部位。采用底注式切线型内浇道的浇注系统，金属液充型过程平稳。     

旋回破碎机上机架厚大部位缩孔与缩松的模拟

针对大型铸钢件旋回破碎机上机架铸造生产过程中存在的缺陷问题,利用Pro CAST模拟软件中临界固相率对厚大部位的凝固过程进行模拟分析,从而判断出缩孔产生的热节区位置;同时基于Niyama判据预测了冒口补缩区域缩松缺陷的产生。在此基础上,修改原工艺设计方案,即将原设计的一个暗冒口改为两个对称分布的暗边冒口。模拟结果表明,改进后的工艺满足顺序凝固条件,消除了孤立的热节区域,Niyama判据满足不形成缩松的临界值要求,避免了缩孔缺陷的产生。模拟实验与实际生产吻合较好。     

电子称重技术在轧辊浇注工艺中的应用

大型整体铸钢轧辊辊身长与直径比大于2.5时,采用传统浇注工艺冒口、辊身中心部位常产生缩孔和疏松,成品探伤超标率高,邢机集团公司在浇注大型整体铸钢轧辊时采用国际上的先进无流浇注工艺,实现边浇注边冷却边凝固的顺序凝固方式,增加内部组织的致密性,减少探伤超标、疏松、缩孔的发生几率.     

重卡轮毂铸造工艺改进

介绍了重卡轮毂铸件的结构特点以及在粘土砂水平造型线上生产的难点,并对先期工艺方案进行了分析,参照传统工艺,在法兰处设置两个冒口进铁,结果铸件热节处缩孔、缩松缺陷严重,缩孔集中在冒口侧铸件厚大部位.通过CAE铸造模拟软件进行充型模拟和凝固模拟,按照顺序凝固原则,改进冒口颈设计,延长冒口补缩有效时间,解决了铸件的缩孔问题.     

球铁后盖铸件缩孔缺陷的消除措施

分析认为球铁后盖铸件热节部位产生缩孔的原因是：原工艺在热节部位设置冒口,使热节增大;而且由于冒口颈偏小,早于铸件热节凝固封闭,使铸件热节不可能通过冒口颈获得补缩。为此采取如下改进措施：1）使冒口远离铸件热节,避免热节增大;2）在热节处设置厚大冷铁,使热节提早凝固收缩,从而可以通过冒口颈获得补缩。改进工艺后,缩孔问题得到了解决。     

铸钢轧辊浇注系统分析

铸钢轧辊采用下注式浇注系统,只对钢水平稳上升有利,整个轧辊的热量分布不利于冒口补缩,小轧辊易出现缩孔、二次缩孔,大轧辊易在下辊颈内浇道在入处附近出现气缩孔缺陷,气缩孔缺陷在下注式浇注系统是很难从根本上解决的。上注式浇注系统符合顺序凝固规律,能从根本上解决上述缺陷,但需采取工艺措施防止产生冲砂、夹砂问题。     

排气歧管铸件的铸造工艺设计与优化

针对排气歧管铸件孤立热节多,又无法设置冒口的情况,采用华铸工艺分析软件模拟铸件的凝固过程,预测缩孔、缩松缺陷出现的部位;采用铸件均衡凝固理论,设计浇注系统和冒口补缩系统,采用“宽、薄、短、斜”的冒口颈是充分利用石墨化膨胀自补缩作用的关键,采用该技术并优化相关工艺参数后,有效地克服了排气歧管铸件的缩孔、缩松缺陷,大幅度提高了铸件的工艺出品率和成品率,取得了显著的经济效益.     

薄壁铝合金铸件低压铸造的数值模拟与工艺优化

利用ViewCast软件研究了薄壁铝合金筒状铸件的低压铸造充型凝固过程,获得了低压铸造过程中温度场、流动速度场的分布.模拟结果显示,铸件上法兰处将产生缩孔、缩松缺陷.根据模拟结果及理论分析改进初始工艺,在产生缺陷的上法兰处安放冒口.对改进后的工艺重新进行模拟,结果表明,冒口有效地补缩了上法兰部位,消除了缩孔、缩松缺陷.     

大型常法辊铸造工艺设计与优化

大型轧辊铸件在铸造中很容易产生缩孔等铸造缺陷。本文从浇注方式、电加热技术、造型材料选用等方面进行研究,并利用“华铸CAE”铸造工艺分析软件,优化浇注温度、冒口参数等工艺参数。研究结果表明,这些改进措施可使每支大型常法辊的工艺出品率由80%提高到83%,节省成本约1.03万元。     

均衡凝固工艺在灰铸铁件上的应用

铸件在凝固过程中，由于合金的液态收缩和凝固收缩，往往在铸件的最后凝固的部位出现缩孔和缩松。为了防止这些缺陷的产生，必须确定正确的铸造工艺方案。同时凝固强调的是减小应力、裂纹和变形；定向凝固强调冒口要晚于铸件凝固，冒口要放在铸件最高最厚实部位热节处。１...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.