太阳能加热炉往输油管道上的应用设计

提出“能量接力”和“能量参和”的节能方法，设计一台太阳能加热炉应用于输油管道。     

太阳能加热炉在输油管道上的应用设计

提出“能量接力”和“能量参和”的节能方法,设计一台太阳能加热炉应用于输油管道。     

加热炉辐射段热负荷的选择

我国“三高”(高粘度、高含蜡、高凝固点)原油在油田集输、储存和管道长距离输运过程中,需要加热,以降低原油的粘度,并使原油温度保持在凝固点以上。因此,在油田集输和长输管道沿线需建设多个加热炉。目前运行中的加热炉多数是70年代末和80年代初设计建造的“方箱式”加热炉,其设计方法是采用Lobo—Evans法。 “方箱式”加热炉把换热区域分为辐射段(即燃烧室或称炉膛)和对流段两部分。     

热管技术在油田加热炉节能改造中的应用

热管是一种高效的传热元件,被誉为热的“超导体”。针对大庆油田广泛使用的1.745MW火筒式加热炉,本文阐述了应用热管技术进行加热炉节能改造的方案,现场试验结果和改造推广情况。经测试,改造前后加热炉额定负荷下热效率提高了7%以上,加热炉每天节气410m∧3,总共改造的36台加热炉每年将节约天然气560万m∧3节能效果显著,因而应用热管技术改造加热炉的方式具有推广价值。     

21世纪的"绿色加热炉"

在保证金属均匀加热及炉子高效率的条件下,降低能耗和物耗,消除污染,并使炉子在低成本下运行,是现代加热炉设计和操作的重要内容。通过对加热炉的节能,环保,效率和成本的分析,探讨了现代加热炉的发展方向,即集低消耗（节能型）、低污染（环保型）、低成本和高效率为一体的“绿色加热炉”。     

KKD车轮淬火加热动态测温试验及分析

通过采用“黑匣子”耐高温温度测试仪对车轮在淬火加热炉内的温度进行动态跟踪测试,验证了马钢车轮轮箍分公司在淬火加热炉完成技改后所用临时工艺是合理的,同时提出了工艺优化的方向。     

热煤炉技术中的用热系统设计

热煤炉技术中的用热系统设计陆云雷常州建材二五三厂一、前言载热体燃煤加热炉（简称煤炉）是国家“七·五”攻关项目、“八·五”重点推广项目。这项技术在以煤代电、代油、代气，节能和安全上有显著的经济效益和社会效益。这项技术在加热炉及供热系统上，大家研究得都比...     

高温有机载热体燃煤加热炉

高温有机载热体加热炉又称导热油炉、该炉是石油、化工、纺织、印染、轻工等工业等常用的能量转换设备，具有其他工业锅炉所不能比拟的工艺特点。其最大特点是“低压高温”且不发生相变。这种加热炉早已被国外一些国家所利用、尤其是美、俄、日、英、法等国。在40年前就形成自己的系列产品被广泛应用。国外这种加热炉的加热方法均为燃气或燃油。采用这种燃料，在我国大城市以外的部分地区不能满足要求，所以开发高温有机载热体燃煤加热炉在我国有广阔的发展前景。     

蓄热器在锻造工业中的应用

一、引言 锻造工业的能源浪费主要表现在: 1.锻造加热炉的排烟温度高,热利用率低。 加热炉是一种低效用能设备,物料吸收的有效能量只有10％左右,大量的热量损失在排烟之中,排烟温度在900℃左右。虽然用烟气的余热来预热空气不失为节能的一种有效办法,但因烟气的温度较高,因而对预热设备的材质要求较高,给余热回收带来一定的困难。对于需要使用蒸汽的企业而言,利用余热锅炉产生蒸汽、利用蒸汽蓄热器来     

太阳能“厨房”

印度专家研制成功一种能够随身携带的太阳能“厨房” ,非常适合野外工作者或外出旅游者使用。这种太阳能“厨房”包括 1个太阳能加热炉和全套炊具 (包括烧水、煮饭、热菜等用具 )。在天气晴朗时 ,加热温度可达 14 0℃。全套“厨房”用具装在一个塑料容量中 ,总重量仅 3 2kg太阳能“厨房”     

Analysis of a glass solar air heater

A matrix solar collector fabricated from broken glass pieces is being supposed to be a thermally efficient and economically cheap system for heating air. In this communication, we develop an analysis to study the performance of such a system. Typical cases considered are (i) top surface blackened, (ii) all glass pieces blackened and (iii) bottom surface blackened. Numerical calculations have been performed to study the effect of single and double glazing and insulation at the bottom, besides the effect of other physical parameters.     

A new type of solar water heater

This investigation reports a new type of solar water heating system without water pipes on the collector surface or a separate storage tank. The water to be heated continuously flows perpendicularly from an upper transparent cover to a porous absorber and is stored in a small volume beneath this assembly. Three different systems were designed, manufactured and tested but only one proved to be successful; this design indicated higher thermal efficiency compared to conventional collectors at high flow rates whereas at low flow rates the opposite is true.     

Modelling and performance analysis of an electric heater

Electric heaters are used extensively in many industrial applications. There are several interacting parameters that affect heater performance and contribute to its cost. Such parameters are: coil length, coil diameter, helix diameter, coil pitch, number of turns, coil emissivity, heater wall emissivity, applied voltage, air flow rate, air temperature at the heater outlet, insulation thickness, and the heater dimensions. Three conical heater configurations were selected for preliminary optimization. A conical heater configuration with outer ring coils was found to give the highest heater efficiency, the easiest and least expensive to manufacture, and was selected for detailed modelling. In the simulation model, the heater wall was divided into four annular sections and the continuous heater coil was divided into four segments of four ring coils. Energy and heat transfer equations were written for each ring coil, each section of the wall, and the air past each ring coil. Equations for coil resistance and power, air properties, heater geometry, and configuration factors are added to form a system of 220 nonlinear equations. Engineering equation solver (EES) was used to solve the system of equations. The results were checked by comparing the heater efficiency based on the average inlet and outlet air temperatures, and the heater efficiency based on the heater losses. Both efficiencies matched well in all calculations. The effects of varying the identified heater parameters on the heater performance were studied and discussed. The results indicate that increasing the coil length and airflow rate, while reducing coil emissivity, wall emissivity, and wire diameter could improve heater performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cost optimization of a conical electric heater

Electric heaters are used extensively in many industrial applications including air conditioning, water heating, and drying of crop and other materials. There are several interacting parameters that affect heater performance and contribute to its operating and manufacturing costs. The design parameters of interest included coil length, coil diameter, helix diameter, coil pitch, number of turns, coil emissivity, heater wall emissivity, applied voltage, air flow rate, air temperature at the heater outlet, insulation thickness, and the heater dimensions. An objective function for the heater cost was defined in terms of the total annual costs for energy usage and manufacturing. The manufacturing cost included the material cost of the heater, the cost of coating the heater coil, and the cost of insulating the heater. A detailed model describing the performance of a conical heater was utilized to evaluate and minimize the objective function. The optimization problem was completely defined by introducing fourteen inequality constraints, three equality constraints, and ten design variables. The univariate search was used to reduce the number of inequality constraints. The direct search and variable metric methods were used to optimize the objective function at different values of the applied power and air temperature at the heater outlet, leading to the same results. The optimization results indicate that the optimum heater design was found at the minimum values of the coil diameter, conical angle, coil emissivity, and the maximum value of coil temperature. The maximum operating temperature of the optimum heater design (a heater with a silver coated coil) is substantially lower than the maximum normal operating temperature so that longer life for the heating element is expected. The effect of varying the applied power on the objective function showed that as the applied power increases the objective function may increase or decrease, depending on the combined effect of increasing the coil length and heater efficiency and decreasing the insulation thickness. The effect of varying the air temperature at the heater outlet on the objective function indicated that as the air temperature increases the objective function increases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3. Industry Aspects of Wind Turbine Development

This paper attempts to give a brief overview and general interpretation of how the Danish wind turbine industry views the various aspects and market development possibilities for the current and near future of the European wind turbine market.     

Long term performance of large scale solar water heating systems: Forced circulation mode

This paper presents a mathematical model of a solar water-heating system. The model is duly supported by experiment. The solar water heating system, comprised of 12 collectors and a storage tank for both natural and forced circulation with and without withdrawal of hot water from the storage tank, has been studied. The analysis has also been made for various configurations of the system viz. series, parallel and a combination. It is concluded that, under thermosyphon, true parallel, and in forced circulation, true series combinations perform better.     

Review on solar air heating system with and without thermal energy storage system

In order to produce process heat for drying of agricultural, textile, marine products, heating of buildings and re-generating dehumidify agent, solar energy is one of the promising heat sources for meeting energy demand without putting adverse impact of environment. Hence it plays a key role for sustainable development. Solar energy is intermittent in nature and time dependent energy source. Owing to this nature, PCMs based thermal energy storage system can achieve the more popularity for solar energy based heating systems. The recent researches focused on the phase change materials (PCMs), as latent heat storage is more efficient than sensible heat storage. In this paper an attempt has been made to present holistic view of available solar air heater for different applications and their performance.     

Refrigerant-charged integrated solar water heater

The performance of two R-11-charged integrated solar water heater collectors was investigated experimentally for forced and natural circulation water flows. The heat transfer from the refrigerant loop to the hot water storage tank took place through a condenser of novel design integrated within the collector frame. The effect of the condenser inclination on the system efficiency was remarkable for natural circulation water flow but had no significant effect for forced circulation flow. The difference in thermal response between the refrigerant and water loops caused buildup of stored energy in the condenser. This energy affected the buoyancy forces and generated flow pulsation that caused a harmonic-like variation of the system efficiency. This effect vanished with forced water circulation flow. The system efficiency varied between 20 and 50% depending on the solar insolation.     

Simple transient analysis of a tubular collector

In this technical note, a simple transient analysis of a tubular solar collector has been presented, incorporating the effect of tube length on its performance. It is observed that the effect of tube length on the outlet water temperature is significant.     

酮苯（轻油）加热炉节能改造对策

大庆石油化工总厂炼油分厂酮苯车间滤液，蜡液加热炉节能改造，首先应考虑加工流程和控制方案；选择１号炉为改造对象采取合理的改造方案，达到节能的目的。